# 161A Y. A. MAMARDE AND ORS v. AUTHORITY UNDER THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT" - **Citation:** [1973] 1 S.C.R. 161 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1972-04-12 - **Case number:** C.A. No. 1704 and 1937 of 1967 - **Bench:** C. A. Va!Dialjngam1 I. D. Dua, G. K. Mitter - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/161a-y-a-mamarde-and-ors-v-authority-under-the-minimum-wages-act-5774 - **Pages:** 11 ## Headnote c D E F G H Minimum Wages Act, 1948-S. 20-Whet~er the workmen entitled to double the wages with regard to overtime work done by rthem orr weekly reSt·days under Rule, 25 of the M.P. Minimum Wages Rules, 1951. Nine employees of the octroi department, 13 employee; of the water works department ant a time keeper of Nagpur Corporation applied under s. 20 of the Minimum Wages Act to the .Small Causes Court of Nagpur for ovtrtime wages at the rate of double the wages for the period th.ey worked beyond prescribed hours and holidays. The authority raised several issues but they -.ere decided against th" applicants and their applications were dismissed.· Being aggri~ved 1he said decision, four applications were plresented before the High Court under Art. 227 of the Constitution and the High Court also upheld the view of the authority, It was contended by the appellants that under Rule 25 of M.P. Minimum Wages Rules, r95l, they were entitled to overtime wages at, double the ordinary rate of wages for the period they worked beyond prescribed hours and holidays. Fdr their claims they relied on 2 minimum wage<> notifications-one dated ;21-2-51 .an4, the other dated 23-2-56. . ' ,) ' ,· : \:, '''··~ ., ;·: '':~' '> ' . On behalf of the appellants the : olily ·point can""5Sed before this Court wao the rejection Of their claim with regard to overtime work done by th>!m and work done on weekly ,rest days. The respondent contended that as the employees of the Corporation were paid higher wages than those fixed under ·the Act as minimum wages, the Act did not operate, 1111d the employer could not be compelled to pay higher wal[es.. Secondly, the second notification did not supersede the first notification-which only applied to unskilled labo·Jr-So as to cover all employee.•, skilled or unskilled. Further, the provis;on inquiring payment at double the ordinary rate of wages contained in Rule 25 must be read as the ordinary rate of minimum wages fixed, Allowing the appeal, HELD : (i) Rule 25 contemplates overtime work at double the rate of wages, which the worker actuall\' receives, including the casual requisite •.nd other advantages mentioned in the explanation. By using the phra'e "double the ordinary rate of wages", the rule making authority intended that the worker should be the recipient of double the remunerhticm which he, in fact, ordinarily receives, and not double the rate of minimum wages fixed for him under the Act. Had it been intended to provide for. mere)y double the minimum rate of wages fixed under the Act. the· rule making authority could have so expressed its intention in clear and explicit \jlOrds. Th~ \\UTd "Ordinary" used ln rule 25 reflects the actuality rather than the wbrkers' minimum entitlement under the Act. [169A-Dl . (ii) The second notification was not applicable to all categories of labour a• wronBlv held bv the High Court. The second notification has to be read in the background of the first notification with the result that 162 SUPREME CQURT REPORTS [197 3 J 1 s.c.R. the later notification must also ·to be ·held to be confined to unskilled Jabour in so far as lt variCs or 'revises some. of the rates fixed in the earlier notification without extending its operational tuundo.ries by deleting the word "unskilled"' from the explanation "unskilled labour". [1700) Union of Jndia v. B. D. Rathi, A. I. R. 1963 Born. 54, referred to and ·distinguished. ## Text 161A Y. A. MAMARDE AND ORS. v. AUTHORITY UNDER THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT" (SMALL CAUSES C:OURT) NAGPUR & ANR. April 12, 1972 B (C. A. VA!DIALJNGAM1 I. D. DUA AND G. K. MITTER, JJ.] c D E F G H Minimum Wages Act, 1948-S. 20-Whet~er the workmen entitled to double the wages with regard to overtime work done by rthem orr weekly reSt·days under Rule, 25 of the M.P. Minimum Wages Rules, 1951. Nine employees of the octroi department, 13 employee; of the water works department ant a time keeper of Nagpur Corporation applied under s. 20 of the Minimum Wages Act to the .Small Causes Court of Nagpur for ovtrtime wages at the rate of double the wages for the period th.ey worked beyond prescribed hours and holidays. The authority raised several issues but they -.ere decided against th" applicants and their applications were dismissed.· Being aggri~ved 1he said decision, four applications were plresented before the High Court under Art. 227 of the Constitution and the High Court also upheld the view of the authority, It was contended by the appellants that under Rule 25 of M.P. Minimum Wages Rules, r95l, they were entitled to overtime wages at, double the ordinary rate of wages for the period they worked beyond prescribed hours and holidays. Fdr their claims they relied on 2 minimum wage<> notifications-one dated ;21-2-51 .an4, the other dated 23-2-56. . ' ,) ' ,· : \:, '''··~ ., ;·: '':~' '> ' . On behalf of the appellants the : olily ·point can""5Sed before this Court wao the rejection Of their claim with regard to overtime work done by th>!m and work done on weekly ,rest days. The respondent contended that as the employees of the Corporation were paid higher wages than those fixed under ·the Act as minimum wages, the Act did not operate, 1111d the employer could not be compelled to pay higher wal[es.. Secondly, the second notification did not supersede the first notification-which only applied to unskilled labo·Jr-So as to cover all employee.•, skilled or unskilled. Further, the provis;on inquiring payment at double the ordinary rate of wages contained in Rule 25 must be read as the ordinary rate of minimum wages fixed, Allowing the appeal, HELD : (i) Rule 25 contemplates overtime work at double the rate of wages, which the worker actuall\' receives, including the casual requisite •.nd other advantages mentioned in the explanation. By using the phra'e "double the ordinary rate of wages", the rule making authority intended that the worker should be the recipient of double the remunerhticm which he, in fact, ordinarily receives, and not double the rate of minimum wages fixed for him under the Act. Had it been intended to provide for. mere)y double the minimum rate of wages fixed under the Act. the· rule making authority could have so expressed its intention in clear and explicit \jlOrds. Th~ \\UTd "Ordinary" used ln rule 25 reflects the actuality rather than the wbrkers' minimum entitlement under the Act. [169A-Dl . (ii) The second notification was not applicable to all categories of labour a• wronBlv held bv the High Court. The second notification has to be read in the background of the first notification with the result that 162 SUPREME CQURT REPORTS [197 3 J 1 s.c.R. the later notification must also ·to be ·held to be confined to unskilled Jabour in so far as lt variCs or 'revises some. of the rates fixed in the earlier notification without extending its operational tuundo.ries by deleting the word "unskilled"' from the explanation "unskilled labour". [1700) Union of Jndia v. B. D. Rathi, A. I. R. 1963 Born. 54, referred to and ·distinguished. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : C.A. No. 1704 and 1937 of 1967. Appeals by special leave. from the judgment and order dated August 19, 1966 of the Bombay High Court, Nagpur Bench in Special Civil Applications No. 853 and 941 of 1965 respectively. H. W. Dhabe and A. G. Ratnaparkhi, for the appellants (in .both the appeals) . W. S. Barlingay and P. C. Bhartari, lor. respondent No. 2 (in lt.>th the appeals) . The Judgment of the Court was delivered by-. Dua, J.-These two appeals by special leave (C. As Nos. 1704 and 19.37 of 1967) are directed against th~ judgment of a Di.vision Bench of the Bombay High Court dated August 19, 1966- of skilled or semi-skilled labour can apply under section 20 of the Mini.awn Wages Act ? 3. Whether the applicants have worked on weekly days of rest (Sundays) ? · (a) It so, whether they are entitled to wagu; for work .done on the weekly days of rest ? 4. Whether the Chowkidars and Motor-drivCirs have worked in excess of the number of hours constituting a normal working day ? (a) If so, to what wages for overtime work are they entitle.d ?" p Under issue no. 1 the wireman was held to be a skilled worker and the time-keeper and lineman, semi-skilled, disagreeing with their contentions that they were unskilled workers. Under issue no. 2 the Authority held that the second notification of 1956 only provided for the minimum rates of wages of unskilled labour including casual Jabour in the employment of the City of Nagpur G Corporation. The applicants mentioned in issue no. 2 who had worked on weekly days of rest i.e.; Sundays were accordingly held disentitled to claim wages for work done on those days in the absence of any provision made by the State Government under s. 13(l)(c) of the Act. Rule 25 of the M.P. Minimum Wages Rules was held not to provide for payment for work on a day B ot rest envisaged by s; 13 (l )( c) of the Act. Though in view of this decision under issue no. 2 issue no. 3 was held not to sum~. srill a decision on issue no .. 3 was also recorded, the details of whlcll Y.A. MAMAllDE V. AUTHOlllTY UNDEil MINIMUM WAGES 16$ (Dua, /.) A are not necessary to mention. Under iSsue no. 3(a) in the absence cif a provision by the State Government under s. 13 (1) (c) of the Act for payment for work dcine on weekly days of rest the appli-. cants were held disentiled to claim payment under the Act. Issue No. 4 and 4 (a) were decided againsf the chowkidars and the motordriver concerned. All the four applkations were accord- .I ingly dismissed with costs. Feelirtg aggrieved by ihe order of the Authority four special civil applications were presented in the B0mbay High Court, Nagpur Bench: under Art. 227 of the Constitution. The High Court disagreed with the view of the Authority on the interpretation of the seeond notification and held that the second notification was <: intended to apply to all employees and was not confined only to unskilled workmen as was the case with the notification of 1951. It, however, upheld the view of the Authority that ordinary rate of wages contemplated by r. 25 means ordinary minimum rate of wages, considering this view to be in accordance with the view taken· by the Bombay High Court in the Union of India v. B. D. D Ralhi('). On behalf of the appellants the only point canvassed in theee two appeals arises out of the rejection of thW 1:laim with regard to overtime work done. by them and work dOl\C by them on weekly rest days. On behalf of the respondents, however, it was cO!ltended that the High Court was wroug in the construction·placed.by it on I. the notification of 1956. Minimum Wages were fixed by the Gowrnment by means of a notification under s.· 5 of the Act on February 21, 1951. According to this notification the Government fixed "minimum rates of wages for unsk.illed labour including casual labour in respect of F scheduled employments" ·mentioned in the schedule in that notification. The item which concerns us is item No. 2 which reads as "employment under any Local Authority". Y arious rates were fixed for certain categories of employees against this item. This notification so far as r~levant reads : G H "Nagpur, the 21st February, ~951. No. 848-1758-XXIII of 1950-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (2) of .s . . 5 vf the Minimum Wages Act 1948 (XI of 1948) the State Government are pleased to fix the following minimum rates of wages for unskilled labour including casual labour in respect of the scheduled employments as mentioned in the schedule below, the same having been l)l'CViously published as inquired by clause (b) of sub-section ( 1) of (I) A.I.R. 1%9 Dom. 54. 1-66 .SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] 1 S.C.R. ~e said section and further to direct that they shall come A mto force at once :- Schedule of the Minimum rates of Wages Serial No. and nam;: of S;;hedule empMinimum rates of wages for unskilled loyrnent labour (including casual labour) 2. Em'Jl'Jym~nt un1er any loc'll authority Re. -12/- Per day for adult female lab;:iur at an other c:ntres. Re. I/- Per day for adult mal~ at Nagpur town and in Bhandara, and }3alaghat Districts. Re. -/14/- in Wardha, Bu!dana, Akola, Nimar, Hoshangabad and Nagpur districts (including Nagpur town). Re. -/13/- in Jaba!pur, Katni, and Sagar towns and plac:s within 10 miles radius of these towns. Re. -/12/- in Aril.ravati, Yeotamal, Betul and. Chanda Districts. B c In this notification minimum wages in respect of some other cate- [) gories of employees which do not concem us were also fixed. On February 23, 1956 the Government issued the following n:itification ~.ing revised minimum rates of waj\Cs in supersession of those fixed under the. notification of 1951 : "No. 566-451.•XXIII.-In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (b) of sub-section. (1) of section 3 read with sub-section (2) of section 10 of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 ({CT of 1948) and after consulting the Advisory Committee and tb¢ Advisory Board as required by sub-section (1) of section 5 ·thereof, the State Gov(lmment are pleased to revise the minimum rates of wages, in respect of the scheduled employment as mentioned in schedule below in supersession of those fixed under this department notification no. 484-1758-XXllI of 1950 dated the 21st February, 1951 and to further direct that the minimum rates of wages so revised shall come into force at once : -SCHEDULE Name uf scheduled employment : {Employment under anv local .authority). E F G Minimum rates of wages : Re. 1 /2/- per day for adult H male and Rs. -/12/- for adult female labour at Nagpur, Jabalpur and Akola. Re. -/ 14/- per day for adult male and Re. -/9 /- for adult female labour in all other centres. A B c D E 'F G H Y.A. MAMARDE V. AUTHORITY UNDER MINIMUM WAGES 167 (Dua, /.) The above rates are inclusive of dearness allowance or compensatory cost of living allowance and are subject to reduction on account of concessions in respect of supplies of essential commodities at concession rates supplied by the employer when so authorised under section 11 of the said Act." As observed earlier, the respondents raised the question that the second notification did not supersede the earlier notification so as to take within its fold all employees as held by the High Court but it was only confined to unskilled labour including casual labour the minimum rates of whose wages were determined under the earlier notification of 1951. To this aspect we will revert !Mer. The point strenuously canvassed on behalf of the a·ppellants relates to the construction to be placed on r. 25 of the M. P. Minimum Wages Rules, 1951 made under s. 30 of the Act. That rule prov ides for extra wages for overtime and reads : "25 .. Extra wai:es for overtime : When a worker works in an employment for more than nine hours on any day or for more than fifty-four hours in an week, he shall, in respect of overtime work, be entitled to wages-_ (a) in the case of employment in agriculture, at one and a half time the ordinary rate of wages; (b) in the case of any other scheduled employment, at double the ordinary rate of wages. Explanation.-The expression 'ordinary rate of wages' means the basic wage plus such allowances in eluding the cash equivalent of the advantages accruing through the concessional sale to the person employed of food-grains and other articles as the perwn employed is for the time being· entitled to but does not include bonus. (2) A register showing overtime payments shall be kept in Form IV. (3) Nothing in tliis rule shall be deemed to affect the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948.:' It is common ground between the parties that1 Sunday has been declared to be a day of rest and the normal working hours per day are 9 hours a day or 54 hours a wee)<:. According to Shri Jhab~ the appellants' learned counsel the words "at double the ordinary 'tate of wages" used in cl. (b) of r. 25 mean double the rate of wages which are actually being paid to the employees concerned and not. double the rate of wages fixed under the Act as minimum wages, whereas according to Dr. Barlingay; learned counsel for the respondent, the Act is only-concerned with pri:>yidiny. 168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973) l S.C.R. tor minimum wages and if an employee is being paid more thait minimum wages so provided, the Act does not operate and the ,employer cannot be compelled to pay higher wages. The em- ,ployees of the corporaii.on are already bein~ paid much higher wages than those fixed under the Act as m1mmum wages and, therefore, so contended Dr. Barlingay, there is no legal obligation on the employer to pay highP-r wages. The provision requiring payment at double the ordmary rate of wages contained ifl r. 25, must, according to the respondent's argument, be read as "the ordinary rate of minimum wages fixed." . . Let us first deal with this question. The Act which was enacted in 1948 has its roots in the recommendation adopted by the International Labour Conference in 1928. The object of the Acn as stated in the preamble is to provide for fixing minimum rates of wages in certain emplQYments and this seems to us to be clearly directed against exploitation of the ignorant, less organised and less privileged members of the society by the capitalist class. 'fhis anxiety on the part of the society for improving the general economic condition of some of its less favoured members appears to be in supersession of the old principle of absolute freedom of contract and the doctrine of laissez faire and in r~cognitivn of the new principles of social welfare and common good. Prior to our Constitution this principle was advocated by the movemer. • for liberal employment in civilised countries and the Act which is a pre-Constitution measure was the offspring of that movement. Under our present Constitution the State is now expressly directed to endeav- <>ur to secure to all \\'.Orkers (whether agricnltural '.;dustrial or otherwilc) not only bare physical subsistence but a living wage and coni:itions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full eRjoyment of leisure. This Directive Principle of State Policy being conducive_ to the j!;eneral interest of the public •nd, therefore, to the healthy progress of the nation as ~ whole, merely lays down the foundation for appropriate social structure in v hich the labour will find its plaee of dignity, legitimatlely due to it in lieu of its contribution to the .progress of national «onomic prosperity. The Act has since its enactment been amended on several occasions apparently to mak.e it more and more effective in achieving its object which has since secured more firm support from the Constitution. The present rules under s. 30, it may oo pointed out, were made in October, 1950 when the State was under a duty to apply the Directive Principles in making law.s. No doubt the ·· Act, according·to its preamble, was enacted to provide for fixing minimum rates of wages, but that does not necessarily mean that the language, of r. 25 should not ·be construed according to its ordinary, plain mefJl.ing, provided of course, such construction is not iaconsistent with the provisions of the Act and there is no other compelling reason for adopting a different oonstruction. A pream• ble though a key to open the mind of the Legislature, cannot be A B c D E F. G H A Y.A. MAMARDE V. AUTHORITY UNDER MINJMUM WAGES 169 (Dua, /.) used to controi or qualify the precise and unambiguous language of the enactment. It is only in case of doubt or ambiguity that re'- course may be had to the) preamble to ascertain the reason for the enactment in order to discover the trne legislative intendment. By using the phrase "double the ordinary rate of wages" the rnle-making authority seems to us to have intended that the worker should be B the recipient of double· tbe remuneration which he, in fact, ordi· narily receives·and not double the rate of minimum wages fuy:d for him under the Act. Had it been intended to provide for maely double the minimum rate of wages fixed under the Act the rq,lc.. making authority could have so expressed its intention in clear and explicit words like "double the minimum rale of wages fixed under c the Act". This intendment would certainly have been stared in the explanation added tor. 25(1) in which the expression "ordinary rate of wages" has been explained. The wo1·d "oriJinary" used in r. 25 reflects the actuality rather than the worker's minimum entitle· ment under the Act. To accept Dr. Barlingay's suggestion would virtually amount to recasting this phrase in r. -25 for which we find D no ju$!ificaOSC? and object of the Act. Keeping in view !he overall purpose and object of the Act and viewing it harmoniously with the general scheme of industrial legislation in the country in the background of the Directive Principles contained in our 12-12ClllupCI/72 170 SUPREME cOURT REPORTS [19'73] 1 S.C.R. Constitution the minimum rates of wages for overtime work need not as a matter of law be confined to double the minmium wages fixed but m;.y justly be fixed at double the wages ordiqarily received by th~ w9rlonen as a fact. The Bombay High Court has no doubt held in Union of India v. B. D. Rathi(1) that "or dinary rate of wages" ir.o. r. 25 means the minimum rate for normal work fixed under the Act. The learned Judges sought support for this view from s. 14 of the Act and r. 5 of the Railw11-y Servants (Hours of Employment) Rules, .1951. The workers there were employees of the Central Railway. With all respect we are unable tq agree with the approach of the Bombay High· Court. Section 14 of the Act l!lerely lays down that when the employee, whose minimum 'rate of l:Yages is fixed by a prescribed wage period, works in excess of that period the employer shall pay him for tqe period so worked in excess at the overtime rate fixed under the Act. This section does not militate against the view taken by us. Nor does a provision like r. 5 of the Railway Rules which merely provides for 54 hours employment in a week on the average in any month go against <;>ur view. ':'he question is not so much of minimum rate as contrasted with the contract rate of w11ges as it is 'of how much actual benefit in the form of receipt ;f wages has been intended to be assured to the workman for doing overtime work so as to provi~ adequate inducement to them w'llingly to do overtime work fer increasing production in a ,peacel · JJ atmosphere in the industry. The problem demands a liberal an1 '. rational approach rather than a doctrinaire or technical legalistic approach. The contract rate is not being touched by holding that r 25 contemplates double the rate of wages which actually come into the workn:an's hands any more than it is touched by fixing the minimum rate of wa.ges under ss. 3, 4 and 5 of the Act. The decision of the Mysore High Court in Municipal Borough, 8ijapur v. Gundawan (M.N.) & ors.(2 ) and of the Madras High Court in Chairman of the Madras Port Trust v. Claims Autho·ity & ors.( 3 ) also take the same view as the Bombay High Court does. We need not, therefore, deal with them separately. ·Coming now to the aotifications, in our view the notification dated February 23, 1956 has to he read in the background of the notification dated Februa1y 21, 1951 with the result that the later notification must also be held to be confined to unskilled !abour. It is no doubt true that the notification of 1951 dealt with several categories of employees. But that in our opinion does not militate against the construction that the second notification has only to be adjusted with and fitted into the first notification in so far as it varies or revises some of the rates fixed in the earlier notification withou~ extending its operational boundaries by deleting the word "unskilled" from the expression "unskilled labour". The (I) A.LR. 1963 Dom. 54. (2) A.I.R. 1965 Mys. 317. (3) A.I.R. 19~7 M;td, 69 A B c D E F G H . ! Y. A. MAMARDE V. AUTHORITY UNDER MINIMUM WAGES 1 71 (Dua, /.) A High Court was, therefore, not right in holding the second notification to be applicable to all categories of labour. The result, therefore, is that both the appeals are allowed and the case is sent back to the Authority under the Minimum Wages Act for a fresh decisioo in accordance with law and in the light of the observations made above. Dr. Barlingay undoubtedly desired us to go into B va'rious claims of the employees but in our view it would be more in the in!erest of justice that the matter is remit~ back to lib.e Authority for a fresh decision. The appellants would get their costs in this Court. · S.N . Appeals allowed.