# [1967] 2 S.C.R. 325

- **Citation:** [1967] 2 S.C.R. 325
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1967-01-05
- **Bench:** K. Subba Rao, J. C. Shah, S. M. Sikri, V. Ramaswami, C.A. Vaidialingam
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/1967-2-s-c-r-325-3956
- **Pages:** 8

## Headnote

Civil Service-l11diqn folice Service (Regulation of Se1tiority) Rules,
1954, r. 3-0ffic.r appoint.ed by promotion-Seniurity, lww determined.
Under r. 3 of the Indian Police Service (Regulation of Seniority)
Rules 1954, issued under s. 3(1) of the All India Services Act, 1951,
the ,;,ode of determining the seniority of officers of the Indian Police
Service is as follows : The officers are divided into categories : (I) those
in the Service at the commencement of the Rules, and (2) those appoint~
ed to the Service after the commencement of the Rules. The second
category is divided into two sub-<:ategories : (a) officers appointed as a
result of a competitive examination, and (b) officers appointd by promotion in accordance with r. 9 of the Recruitment Rules. The year of
allotment of an officer which determines hi& seniority, is determined
according to r. 3(3)(a) or (b}. But if an officer started officiating
continuously in a senior post from a date earlier than the date on which
any of the officers was recruited to the Service by competition, the year
of allotment had to be determined ad hac by the Central Government,
under proviso (1) tor. 3(3)(b}, and undor proviso (2) tor. 3(3)(b)
the period of officiation before the date of inclusion of the name of an
officer in the Select List prepared in accordance with the ref!uirements
of the Indian Police Service (Appoint.men! by Promotion) Regulatio...,.
would be counted, only if such period was approved by the Central
Govemm1,,.nt in consu1tation with the Public Service CoIDm.Ission.
The appellant was officiating as Superintendent of Police from June
1947; that is from a date earlier than the date of any officer recruited
by competition, and was appointed to the Indian Police Service by promotion in 1955 after the commencement of the Seniority Rules. His name
was included in the Select List in 1956.
The Goverwnent passed an
order on 25th August 1955, that officers promoted to the Indian Police
Service should be allowed the benefit of their continuous officiation with
effect only from 19th May 1951. The appellant challen~ed the order by
a petition under Art. 226, because the period of his officiation from June
1947 to May 1951 has excluded for the purpose of fixatio" of his seniority.
The High Court dismissed the petition.
, In appeal fo this Court,
HELD : The impugned order dated 25th August 1955 should be
quashed and the Central Government directed to fix the year of allotment
and seniority of the appellant accarding to law.
The date 19th May 1951, was an artificial and arbitrary date having
nothing '.O do with the application of the fi~t and the second t>rovisos to
r. 3(3). It has some relevance for the Indian Administrative Service,
but why it should be applied to the Indian Police Service was not adequately explained.
Under the two provisos, the Central Government had
to determine ad hoc the year of allotment after approving or not approving the period of officiation in consultation with lhe Public Service Commission. taking jnto consideration all the .relevant facts.
The Central
326
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[196712 S.C.R.
Government cannot pick out a date and say that a period prior to that
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wit.bin tho second proviso. [331 B, E-G)
(2) In view of the facts that he was officiating for eight years, that
tc hJ.<1 nev"< been revened and that he was appointed to the post wh.n
vacancies fell .. it could not be held that the appellant's continuous officiation a mere temporary or local or stop-gap arranbement, within the
meaning of Explanation I tor. 3(3)(b). [332 GJ
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CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICnos : Civil Appeal No. 371 of 1965·
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated
December 8, 1961 of the Punjab High Court Circuit Bench at Delhi
in Civil Writ No. 507-D of 1961.
B. P.. L. Iyengar, B. llutta, 0. C. Mathur and Ravinder Narain•
for the appellant.
N. S. Bindra, R. Ga11apathy Iyer and R. S. Saclzthey, for the
r

## Text

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D. R. NIM, I. P. S.
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UNION OF INDIA
January 5, 1967
[K. SUBBA RAO, C.J., J. C. SHAH, S. M. SIKRI, V. RAMASWAMI
AND C.A. VAIDIALINGAM, JJ.)
Civil Service-l11diqn folice Service (Regulation of Se1tiority) Rules,
1954, r. 3-0ffic.r appoint.ed by promotion-Seniurity, lww determined.
Under r. 3 of the Indian Police Service (Regulation of Seniority)
Rules 1954, issued under s. 3(1) of the All India Services Act, 1951,
the ,;,ode of determining the seniority of officers of the Indian Police
Service is as follows : The officers are divided into categories : (I) those
in the Service at the commencement of the Rules, and (2) those appoint~
ed to the Service after the commencement of the Rules. The second
category is divided into two sub-<:ategories : (a) officers appointed as a
result of a competitive examination, and (b) officers appointd by promotion in accordance with r. 9 of the Recruitment Rules. The year of
allotment of an officer which determines hi& seniority, is determined
according to r. 3(3)(a) or (b}. But if an officer started officiating
continuously in a senior post from a date earlier than the date on which
any of the officers was recruited to the Service by competition, the year
of allotment had to be determined ad hac by the Central Government,
under proviso (1) tor. 3(3)(b}, and undor proviso (2) tor. 3(3)(b)
the period of officiation before the date of inclusion of the name of an
officer in the Select List prepared in accordance with the ref!uirements
of the Indian Police Service (Appoint.men! by Promotion) Regulatio...,.
would be counted, only if such period was approved by the Central
Govemm1,,.nt in consu1tation with the Public Service CoIDm.Ission.
The appellant was officiating as Superintendent of Police from June
1947; that is from a date earlier than the date of any officer recruited
by competition, and was appointed to the Indian Police Service by promotion in 1955 after the commencement of the Seniority Rules. His name
was included in the Select List in 1956.
The Goverwnent passed an
order on 25th August 1955, that officers promoted to the Indian Police
Service should be allowed the benefit of their continuous officiation with
effect only from 19th May 1951. The appellant challen~ed the order by
a petition under Art. 226, because the period of his officiation from June
1947 to May 1951 has excluded for the purpose of fixatio" of his seniority.
The High Court dismissed the petition.
, In appeal fo this Court,
HELD : The impugned order dated 25th August 1955 should be
quashed and the Central Government directed to fix the year of allotment
and seniority of the appellant accarding to law.
The date 19th May 1951, was an artificial and arbitrary date having
nothing '.O do with the application of the fi~t and the second t>rovisos to
r. 3(3). It has some relevance for the Indian Administrative Service,
but why it should be applied to the Indian Police Service was not adequately explained.
Under the two provisos, the Central Government had
to determine ad hoc the year of allotment after approving or not approving the period of officiation in consultation with lhe Public Service Commission. taking jnto consideration all the .relevant facts.
The Central
326
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[196712 S.C.R.
Government cannot pick out a date and say that a period prior to that
A
dale would not be deemed to be approved by the Central Government
wit.bin tho second proviso. [331 B, E-G)
(2) In view of the facts that he was officiating for eight years, that
tc hJ.<1 nev"< been revened and that he was appointed to the post wh.n
vacancies fell .. it could not be held that the appellant's continuous officiation a mere temporary or local or stop-gap arranbement, within the
meaning of Explanation I tor. 3(3)(b). [332 GJ
B
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICnos : Civil Appeal No. 371 of 1965·
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated
December 8, 1961 of the Punjab High Court Circuit Bench at Delhi
in Civil Writ No. 507-D of 1961.
B. P.. L. Iyengar, B. llutta, 0. C. Mathur and Ravinder Narain•
for the appellant.
N. S. Bindra, R. Ga11apathy Iyer and R. S. Saclzthey, for the
respondent.
Basudcv Prarad, K. Raje11dra Chaudhuri and K. R. Chaudhuri,
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for the intervener.
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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Sikri, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the
jun -nent of the Circuit Bench of the Punjab High Court at Delhi,
d1>missing in /imi11e the petition under art. 226 of the Constitution
filed by the appellant, D. R. Nim. The app~llant had impugned in
this petition an order dated August 25, 1955, passed by the Government of India, (Ministry of Home Affairs)-herc;nafter referred
to as the impugned order-as being contrary to law and art. 14 of
the Constitution.
The relevant facts for the determination of the validity of the
impugned order are as follows: The appellant was appointed to the
U.P. Police Service as a result of a competitive examination held in
1938. In course of time he was appointed officiating Superintendent of Police with effect from June 25, 1947.
He continued to
officiate till he was appointed to the Indian Police Service against
the promotion quota of the Indian Police Service Cadre of Uttar
Pradesh with effect from October 22, 1955.
By the time he was
appointed to the Indian Police Service various Rules and Regulations
goveriing the Indian Police Service had been issued by the Central
Government in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-s. (1) of s. 3
of the All India Services Act (LXI of JQ51).
We are concerned
rarticularly with the Indian Police Service (RegiJlation of Seniority)
Rules, 1954, hereinafter referred to as the Seniority Rules. The
seniority
of the appellant has to be determined under
these
Seniority Rules. The fust thing to be done under the Seniority
Rules is to determine the year of allotment of the appeliant. The
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D. R. NIM v. UNION (Sikri, J.)
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appellant claims that a wrong year of allotment has been given to
him by the application of the impugn· d order, which, according to
him, is a void order. Rule 3, which deals with the o«:.,~-.·1.•nt nf
the year of allotment reads as follows:
"3. Assignment of Year of Allotment.-(!) Every officer
shall be assigned a year of allotment in accordance with the
provisions hereinafter contained in this rule.
(2) The year of allotment of an o'llcer in service at the
commencement of these rules shall be the same as has been
assigned to him or may be assigned to him by the Central
Government in accordance with the orders and instructions
in force immediately before the commencement of these
rules:
Provided that where the year of allotment of an officer
appointed in accordance with rule 9 of the Recruitment
Rules has not been determined prior to the commencement
of these Rules, his year of allotment shall be determined in
accordance with the provision in clause (b) of sub-rule (3)
of this rule and for this purpose, such officer shall be deemed
to have officiated in a senior post only if and for the period
for which he was approved for such officiation by the
Central Government in consultation with the Commission.
(3) The year of allotment of an officer appointed to the
Service after the commencement of these rules, shall be·-
(a) where the officer is appointed to the Service
on the results of a competitive examination, the year
following the year in which such examination was held;
(b) where the officer is appointed to the Serv;ce by
promotion in accordance with rule 9 of the Recruitment
Rules, the year of allotment of the junior-most among the
officers recruited to the Service in accordance with rule 7 of
th9se Rules who officiated continuously in a senior post
from a date earlier than the date of commencement of su~h
officiation by the former:
Provided that the year of appointment of an officer
appointed to the Service in accordance with rule 9 of the
Recruitment Rules who started officiating continuously
in a senior post from a date earlier than the date on which
any of the officers- recruited td the Service, in accordance
with rule 7 of those Rules, so started officiating shall be
determined ad hoc by the Central Government in consultation with the State Government concerned ;
Provided further that an officer appointed to the
Service after the commencement of tl:ese Rules in accor-
328
SUPIU!ME COURT REPORTS
[1967) 2 S.C.R.
dance with rule 9 of the Recruitment Rules shall be deemed
to have officiated continuously in a senior post prior to the
date of the inclusion of his name in the Select List prepared
in accordance with the requirements of the I ndiarr Police
Service (Appointment by Promotion) Regulations framed
under rule 9 of the Recruitment Rules, ifthe period of such
officiation prior to that date is approved by the Central
Government in consultation with the Commission.
Explanation 1.-An officer shall be deemed to have
officiated continuously in a senior post from a certain date
if during the period from that date to the date of his
confirmation in the senior grade he continues to hold without any break or reversion as senior post otherwise than as
a purely temporary or local arrangement.
Ewlanation 2.-An officer shall be treated as having
officiated in a 5enior post during any period in respect of
which the State Government concerned certifies that he
would have so officiated but for his absence on leave or
appointment to any special post of any other exceptional
circumstance."
Sub-rule (I) clearly makes Rule 3 the Controlling Rule for the
purposes of assignment of the year of allotment. The Rule then
divides officers into two categories: (1) an officer in the Indian
Police Service at the commencement of the
Rules,
and (2)
an officer appointed to the Indian
Police
Service
after the
commencement of the Rules. We are concerned with the second
category as the appellant was appointed to the Indian Police Service
in 1955. The second category !s again divided into two sub-categories: (a) officer appoin•ed to the service as a result of a compet;tivc
examination, and (b) officer appointed to the service by promotion
in accordance with Rule 9 of the Recruitment Rules. As the appellant was appointed to the Service by promotion, we are concerned
with the second sub-category. The formula adopted works out as
follows: first find out the year of allotment of the junior-most among
the officers recruited to the service by competition, who officiated
::ontinuously in a senior post from a date earlier than the date
of commencement of officiation of the appellant. We may
again mention that the appellant started officiating as Superintendent of Police on June 25, 1947.
But, according to the first proviso,
if the appellant started officiating continuously in a senior post
from a date earlier than the date of any officer recruited by competition his allotment had to be determined ad hoc by the Central
Government. According to the facts of this case, the first proviso
applies and not the test provided in rule 3(3) (b) of the Seniority
Rules. The second proviso limits the operation of the first proviso
by dividing the officiating period into two classes: first, a period
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before the date of inclusion of an officer in the Select List and,
secondly, the period after that date. The first period can only be
counted if such period is approved by the Central Government in
consultation with the Commission. The appellant's name was
included in the Select List of 1956. Therefore, in the case of the
appellant, the period prior to 1956 had to be approved by the
Central Government in consultation with the Commission.
We may here notice Explanation I to Rule 3, because the
Government of India also say that the appellant officiated continuously as a temporary or local arrangement. We will deal with
this aspect later, but for the time being we assume that there is no
force in the Government of India's contention and the Explanation
does not apply to the facts of the present case. Therefore, according
to the Rule the Central Government had to determine ad hoc the year
of allotment after approving or not approving the period of officiation of the appellant before 1956. The GoverllJTlent of India say
that they determined this by issuing the impugned order, the rclevaut part of which reads as follows:
"The Government of India have now decided with the
concurrence of the Commission that the State Civil Service
Officers who were officiating prior to 19th May, 1951, but
have been appointed to the .Indian Administrative Service
after that date should, for purposes of fixation of seniority,
be allowed the benefit of their continuous officiation
in senior posts with effect from the 19th May, 1951. The
same decision will also apply in the case of State Police
Officers promoted to the Indian Police Service after the 19th
May, 1951."
The result of this decision, as far as the appellant is concerned,
is that the period of officiation as Superintendent of Police from
June 25, 1947 to May 19, 1951, is excluded for the purpose of fixation of seniority. Why the date May 19, 1951, was chosen is
explained by the Government of India in the following terms in
paras 8 and 9 of the affidavit dated May 15, 1966:
"8. While recruitment to the Service through these diverse
unconventional sources was being made over the years, the
question of fixation of seniority and year of allotment was
subseqently considered and instructions were issued vide
Shri R. C. Dutt's letter No. 1/18/51-AIS dated 22nd June,
1951 prescribing the detailed procedure as to how the
seniority and the year of allotment of each officer aad
for ea<:h category of recruitment should be fixed. The
said letter finds mention in the appeal paper book at pages
45-49. It can be said that with the issue of this Jetter the
position regarding principles for the fixation of seniority
and year of allotment of officers that had been recruited to
330
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1967] 2 S.C.lt.
the Services prior to !his date had been finalised and
stabilised.
9. At this stage, it was noticed that there still were
some State Police Service Officers V!hO had not qualified
at the various recruitments made for the Service in previous
years and continued to hold senior posts on account of
paucity of officers. It was fu. ther realised that if, for determination of seniority and year of allotment, the principle
of date of continuous officiation is applied in such cases
such State Police Service Officers who had been rejected
on earlier occasions would on eventual absorption into
th• 3ervice through the regular promotion quota become
entitled to higher seniority and .year of allotment than
those who had been selected in preference to them at the
time of the promotions made and the Special Recruitment
held in earlier years. This would have been a very anomalous
position for those selected on such occasions who would
have found themselves junior
to those
who
had
been rejected at the time of such selection. In consultation
with States and with the Union Public Service Commiss;on,
it was, therefore, decided that in the case of State Police
Service Officers appointed
to the Service after
19th
May, 1951, their officiation prior to this date would not
count for purposes of seniority and year of allotment In
other words, all such officiation prior to this date would
be regarded as fortuitous. It was also felt that since 19th
May, 1951 was the date on which the Gradation List for
all the earlier persons recruited to the Service had been
finalised and issued in a somewhat stable stage, this may
be a crucial date, and officiation prior to which could be
r::garded as fortuitous .. It may be mentioned that this date
refers to the finalisation of the Gradation List for the I.A.S.
but since the same principles were extended to the I.P.S.
as well, it was decided to retain this as the crucial date.
It may be reiterated that this decision was taken after consultation with the State Governments and the U.P.S.C. I
would say that there is no arbitrariness in this matter and
that this was done atter consulting all concerned and.after
evolving a sound principle which would be consistent with
the view that those who had been selected for recruitment on earlier occasions should not, by appl;cation of a
principle, become junior to those who on such occasions
had been rejected. I may also mention that the said date
had been uniformly applied to all officers in this category."
It would be noticed rhat the date, May 19, 1951, to begin with
had nothing to do with the finlisation of the Gradation List
of the Indian Pclice Service because it was a date which had
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reference to the finalisation of the Gradation List
for
the
l.A.S. Further this date does not seem to have much relevance to
the question of avoiding the anomalous position mentioned in para 9
of the affidavit, reproduced above. This date was apparently
chosen for the I.A.S. because on this date the Gradation List for
all the earlier persons recruited to the Service had been finalised and
issued in a somewhat stable stage. But why should this date be
applied to the Indian Police Service has not been adequately
explained. Mr. B. R. L. Iyengar, the learned counsel for the appel·
!ant, strongly urges that selection of May 19, 1951, as a crucial date
for classifying people is arbitrary and irr.ational. We agree with him
in this respect. It further appears from the affidavit of Mr. D. K.
Guha, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of
Home Affairs, dated December 9, 1966, that "the Government of
India have recently decided in consultation with the Ministry of
Law that the Ministry of Home Affairs letter No. 2/32/51-AIS,
dated the 25th August, 1955, will not be applicable to those SCS/
SPS oftk.ers, who were appointed to IAS/IPS prior to the promulga-·
tion of IAS/IPS (Regulation of Seniority) Rules, 1954, and the date
of the issue of the above letter if their earlier continuous officiation
was approved by the Ministry of Home Affairs and Union Public
Service Commission." It further appears that "in the case of Shri
C. S. Prasad also, an IPS officer of Bihar, a decision has been
taken to give the benefit
of full continuous officiation in senior
posts and to revise his year of allotment accordingly." But, it is.
stated that "as Shri Nim was appointed to IPS on the 22nd October,
1955, i.e. after the promulgation of JPS (Regulation of Seniority}
Rules, 1954, and after the issue of letter dated 25-8-1955, his case
does not fall even under this category." The above statement of the·
case of the Government further shows tliat the date, May 19, 1951
was an artificial and arbitrary date having nothing to do with the
application of the first and the secoRd provisos to Rule 3(3). It
appears to us that under the second proviso to Rule 3(3) the period
of officiation of a particular officer has to
be considered and
approved or disapproved by the Central Government in consultation with the Commission considering all the relevant facts. The
Central Government cannot pick out a date from a hat-and that is
what it seems to have done in this case-and say that a period
prior to that date would not be deemed to be approved by the Central
Government within the second proviso.
Mr. Iyengar had cdntended before us that on a proper
construction of the rules, the entire period of officiation in a senior
post has to be counted toward~ the seniority cf the appellant.
We have already discussed this point above
and,
in
our
opinion, there is no force in this contention. As we have said,
the Central Government must consider the question of approval of
the officiation period and come to an ad hoc decision after considering
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(1967] 2 S.C.R.
all the relevant circumstances in consultation with the State GovernA
ment concerned and fix the year of allotment.
The next point Mr. Iyengar raised was that the letter dated
August 25, 1955, was without any legal authority and was contrary
to rules. It seems to us that the fixing of an artificial date, like
May 19, 1951, as the date prior, to which period of officiation
would not be deemed to be approved by the Central Government
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is contrary to
Rule 3.
The last point which Mr. Iyengar raised was that the appellant
for no valid reason has been treated unequally among his equals.
It is not necessary to decide this point because the appeal has to be
accepted on the ground that the selection of May 19, 1951, as a
crucial date for classifying people is arbitrary and contrary to
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Rule 3.
We had earlier left open the point raised by the Government of
India that the appellant's continuous officiation was a temporary
or local arrangement within Explanation 1 to Rule 3. This is sought
to be sustained by the following statement in the affidavit dated
March i5, 1966:
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"When vacancies could not be filled up even by this
method, recruitment from the open market was resorted
to. All officers thus recruited to the Service were initially
appointed in the Junior Scale of the I.P.S. The result was
that there were some senior posts that had to be filled and
some State Police Service Officers who had not been selected
to the Service through any
of the above recruitment
methods were, in view of the existing paucity of ofliocrs,
allowed to officiate on senior posts as a stop-gap arrangement. I say that all such State Police Service Officers who
were officiating on senior posts due to shortage of officers
were primarily those who had been considered for absorption into the l.P.S. under the Promotion Quota or under
the Emergency Recruitment but had not been found fit for
such absorption."
This statement is denied by the appellant. We agree with
him that such a stop-gap arrangement cannot last for eight years
and it has not been shown that the appellant was appc>inted temporarily in place of some persons as subsequently he has never
been reverted. Further the fact that be was appointed to the post
at the time when vacancies fell negatives that it was merely a
temporary arrangement.
In the result we accept the appeal, quash the impugned order
dated August 25, 1955, and direct the Central Government to fix
the year of allotment aad seniority of the appellant in accordance
with this judgment and the law. The respondent will pay costs of
the appellant in th:s apperu.
V.P.S.
Appeal allowed.
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