# [1967] 2 S.C.R. 437

- **Citation:** [1967] 2 S.C.R. 437
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1967-01-20
- **Bench:** M. ffIDAYATULLAH, V. Bhargava, G. K. Mitter
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/1967-2-s-c-r-437-3987
- **Pages:** 11

## Headnote

Bombay Industrial Relations Act 1946 (Bombay Act 11 o/ 1947),
s. 2(3)-Appllcabillly of Act to cotton industry In Ahmedabad-Bombay
Industrial Disputes Act 1938 whether repealed by the (Central) Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947.
Constitution of India, Art 14-Re#rence of dispute
by
Union
of
Workmen under s. 13A of Bombay Act 11 of 1947-Section in not giving
similar right to employers whether violates Art. 14.
A dispute regarding amendment of rules relating to privilege leave etc.
arose between the Ahmedabad Millowners' Association and the union of
workmen employed in tho textile industry. After conciliation proceedini:s
were declared by the Conciliator to have failed, the union referred the
dispute to the Industrial Coun under s. 73A of the Bombay Industrial
Relations Act, 1946. The Industrial Coun decided against the Millownen
who filed a writ petition in the High Coun and thereafter appealed to this
Coun. It was urged on behalf of tho appellants that (i) s. 73A was viola·
tive of Art. 14 of the Constitution since it gave a ri~ht to the workers'
union to make a reference but not to tho employer (ii) the Act bad not
been made 3pplicable to the cotton industry at Ahmedabad under s. 2( 4)
and it was not applicable under s. 2(3) because the Bombay Industrial
Disputes Act, 1938 was repugnant to the (Central) Industrial Disputea
Act, 1947 and· must be deemed to havo been repealed.
HELD: (i) Section 73A was not violative of Art. 14.
Whenever any industrial dispute arises the employer can always emure
arbitration of that dispute by making an offer to the union under s. 66 of
the Act, whereupon a registered and approved union _is compelled to agree
to submission of the dispute to arbitration. Clearly therefore there. wu
no need to make any provision empowering the employer to make a refer·
once of the dispute for '1rbitration to the Industrial Court. On the other
hand if a Union wants a dispute to be settled and even offers that tho
dispute be submitted to arbitration under s. 66 of the Act, tho employer
can refuse, whereupon the union would be left without any remedy. It
is obvious that s. 73A was enacted to fill this gap and place the union on
parity with the employer so as to enable the union to have any d~ute
settled by arbitration even when the employer does not agree to arbitra·
tion. This section, in these circumstances did not at all require that the
right grant~d to· the union should also be granted to the employer. [441
G·HJ
There was no difference in the procedure to be followed by the Industrial Coun in a reference under s. 73A and that to be followed when the
reference is under s. 66. In both the procedure under ,.. 92 bad to be
followed. [443 B·F]
(ii) Chapter V of the Bombay Industrial Disputes Act 1938 wu not
repugnant to the Central Act of 1947 and therefore continued to be in
force, and consequently under s. 2(3) of the Bombay Industrial Relatiom
Act 1947 the latter Act became applicable to the industry of the appellants
and did not require, a notification under s. 2(4) to make .it applicable
[446 G-H; 447 A·B)
438
SUPllBIO OOUl.T UPOl.TS
[1967] 2 S.C.lt.
Ez Parle McLean, 43 C.L.R. 472 Victoria and Others v, TM ComA
monw.ealth of A1utralia and Others, 58 CL.R. 618, Zaverbliai AmaidaJ v.
The State of Bombay, (1955) I S.C.R. 799, Ch. Tik4 Ramji & Ors. v.
The State o/ Uttar Pradesh & Ors., [1956) S.C.R. 392 and De.ep ChanJI v.
The Stale of Uttar Pradesh and Other:, (1959) Supp. 2 S.C.R. 8.
QVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 490of1965.
Appeal from the judgment and decree dated April 30, 1964
8
of the Gujarat High Court in Special Civil Application No. 39 of
1963.
S. T. Desai, P. B. Patwari, and 0. C. Mathur, for the appellants.
Respondent No. 2 appeared in person.
H. R. Gokha/e, S. P. Nayyar for R.H. Dhebar, for respondent
No. 3.

## Text

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AHMEDABAD MILLOWNERS' ASSOCIATION & ANR.
l'.
I. G. THAKORE, PRESIDENT & ORS.
January 20, 1967
[M. ffIDAYATULLAH, V. BHARGAVA AND G. K. MITTER, JJ.j
Bombay Industrial Relations Act 1946 (Bombay Act 11 o/ 1947),
s. 2(3)-Appllcabillly of Act to cotton industry In Ahmedabad-Bombay
Industrial Disputes Act 1938 whether repealed by the (Central) Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947.
Constitution of India, Art 14-Re#rence of dispute
by
Union
of
Workmen under s. 13A of Bombay Act 11 of 1947-Section in not giving
similar right to employers whether violates Art. 14.
A dispute regarding amendment of rules relating to privilege leave etc.
arose between the Ahmedabad Millowners' Association and the union of
workmen employed in tho textile industry. After conciliation proceedini:s
were declared by the Conciliator to have failed, the union referred the
dispute to the Industrial Coun under s. 73A of the Bombay Industrial
Relations Act, 1946. The Industrial Coun decided against the Millownen
who filed a writ petition in the High Coun and thereafter appealed to this
Coun. It was urged on behalf of tho appellants that (i) s. 73A was viola·
tive of Art. 14 of the Constitution since it gave a ri~ht to the workers'
union to make a reference but not to tho employer (ii) the Act bad not
been made 3pplicable to the cotton industry at Ahmedabad under s. 2( 4)
and it was not applicable under s. 2(3) because the Bombay Industrial
Disputes Act, 1938 was repugnant to the (Central) Industrial Disputea
Act, 1947 and· must be deemed to havo been repealed.
HELD: (i) Section 73A was not violative of Art. 14.
Whenever any industrial dispute arises the employer can always emure
arbitration of that dispute by making an offer to the union under s. 66 of
the Act, whereupon a registered and approved union _is compelled to agree
to submission of the dispute to arbitration. Clearly therefore there. wu
no need to make any provision empowering the employer to make a refer·
once of the dispute for '1rbitration to the Industrial Court. On the other
hand if a Union wants a dispute to be settled and even offers that tho
dispute be submitted to arbitration under s. 66 of the Act, tho employer
can refuse, whereupon the union would be left without any remedy. It
is obvious that s. 73A was enacted to fill this gap and place the union on
parity with the employer so as to enable the union to have any d~ute
settled by arbitration even when the employer does not agree to arbitra·
tion. This section, in these circumstances did not at all require that the
right grant~d to· the union should also be granted to the employer. [441
G·HJ
There was no difference in the procedure to be followed by the Industrial Coun in a reference under s. 73A and that to be followed when the
reference is under s. 66. In both the procedure under ,.. 92 bad to be
followed. [443 B·F]
(ii) Chapter V of the Bombay Industrial Disputes Act 1938 wu not
repugnant to the Central Act of 1947 and therefore continued to be in
force, and consequently under s. 2(3) of the Bombay Industrial Relatiom
Act 1947 the latter Act became applicable to the industry of the appellants
and did not require, a notification under s. 2(4) to make .it applicable
[446 G-H; 447 A·B)
438
SUPllBIO OOUl.T UPOl.TS
[1967] 2 S.C.lt.
Ez Parle McLean, 43 C.L.R. 472 Victoria and Others v, TM ComA
monw.ealth of A1utralia and Others, 58 CL.R. 618, Zaverbliai AmaidaJ v.
The State of Bombay, (1955) I S.C.R. 799, Ch. Tik4 Ramji & Ors. v.
The State o/ Uttar Pradesh & Ors., [1956) S.C.R. 392 and De.ep ChanJI v.
The Stale of Uttar Pradesh and Other:, (1959) Supp. 2 S.C.R. 8.
QVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 490of1965.
Appeal from the judgment and decree dated April 30, 1964
8
of the Gujarat High Court in Special Civil Application No. 39 of
1963.
S. T. Desai, P. B. Patwari, and 0. C. Mathur, for the appellants.
Respondent No. 2 appeared in person.
H. R. Gokha/e, S. P. Nayyar for R.H. Dhebar, for respondent
No. 3.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Bbugava, J. The appellants in this appeal arc the Ahmedabad
Millowners Association, of which all the cotton mills in Ahmedac
bad local area are members, including the second appellant, the
D
Nagri Mills Ltd. The third respondent, the Textile Labour Association, Bhadra, Ahmedabad (hereinafter referred to as "the Union")
represents the workmen employed in the various mills which are
members of the first appellant Association. Under Standing Orders
settled under the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946 (Bombay
Act XI of 1947) (hereinafter referred to as "the Act"), conditions of
l
service, including those relating to leave, were prescribed in view of
clause 6 of Schedule I of the Act. These Standing Orders were
settled at a time when this clause 6 of the First Schedule to the Act
read as follows:-
"Conditions, Procedure and Authority to grant leave." Sul>-
scquently, Schedule I was amended so as to read as:
f
"Procedure and authority to grant leave," and simultaneously,
clause II was added in Schedule II which read as:
"All matters pertaining to leave and holidays, other than
those specified in items 6 and 7 in Schedule I."
Consequent to this amendment in the Schedules, matters pertaining
to leave could, thereafter, no longer be prescribed by Standing
Orders, which were confined to matters contained in Schedule I only.
By a letter dated 21st April, 1961, the Union gave notice to the
fir1t appellant, desiring that changes be made as specified in the
Annexure to this letter. Those changes sought in the Annexure
related to grant of privilege leave, sick leave, casual leave, and pay
in lieu of privilege leave to all workers employed in the local textile
industry in the same manner in which, under the earlier Standing
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Orders, the clerical and some other staff were granted these benefits.
This notice was given by the Union under s. 42(2) of the Act. The
d: ..,ute was not amicably settled, and consequently, the matter was
refe. 'd for conciliation. The conciliation proceedings also failed,
and, tuereupon, the Conciliator, on 23rd June, 1961, issued a certificate that he had come to the conclusion from the discussions which
the parties had before him that the dispute was not capable of being
settled by conciliation. Thereupon, by the letter dated 29th July,
1961, the Union referred the dispute to the Industrial Court under
section 73A of the Act. Before the Industrial Court, various pleas
were taken on behalf of the appellants, and some of these pleas
were the subject-matter of preliminary issues which were decided
before the Industrial Court could proceed to give the final Award.
Though a number of such preliminary issues were decided by the
Industrial Court, we are only concerned with two such issues,
as they were the only two matters pressed before us on behalf of the
appellants in this appeal. One issue raised was that s. 73A of the
Act was ultra vires Article 14 of the Constitution as it granted a
right to the Union to make a reference to the Industrial Court, while
no such right was granted to the employers. The second point
urged was that the Act did not apply to the cotton mills which were
members of the first appellant Association, because it had not been
made applicable to them under s. 2(4) of the Act, \vhile it could not
become applicable to them under s. 2(3) of the Act, because the
Bombay Industrial Disputes Act, 1938, was not in force in these
industries immediately before the commencement of the Act.
Both these points were decided by the Industrial Court against
the appellants. Consequently, the appellants moved a petition
under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution in the High Court of
Gujarat. The High Court rejected these preliminary pleas raised
on behalf of the appellants and upheld the view of the Industrial
Court that the reference was competent. The appellants have now
come up to this Court under certificate granted by the High Courl
against this order of the High Court.
All we have mentioned earlier, the appellants had raised a number of pleas which were the subject-matter of preliminary issues
before the Industrial Court and several of them were~ the subjectmatter of the petition before the High Court also. In this Court,
however, reliance has been placed only on the two pleas, mentioned
above. The first plea is based on the language of s-. 73A of the Act
which, on the face of it, grants the right to a Union only to make a
reference of an industrial dispute for arbitration to the Industrial
Court and docs not grant any such right to an employer. It was,
however, urged on behalf of the respondents that, in fact, this section
was introduced in the Act for the very purpose of placing the employers and the Union on terms of equality, and that, instead
of creating any discrimination between them, this section, on the
440
SUPUMB COUllT IU!P81.TS
(1967] 2 s.c.R
contrary, was necessary to satisfy the requirements of Art. 14 of
the Constitution.
To appreciate this submission made on behalf of the respondents, certain features of the Act have to be examined and their
implication taken into account.
Section 73A grants a right of
making a reference of an industrial dispute for arbitration to the
Industrial Court only lo "a registered union which is a representative
of employees and which is also an approved union." Further, under
the proviso to that section, the reference cannot be made if the
employer offers in writing before the Conciliator to submit
the
di>pute to arbitration under the Act and the Union refuses to agree
to it. Two other conditions attached are that the dispute must
first be submitted to the Conciliator and can be referred for arbitration to the Industrial Court only when the Conciliator certifies
that the dispute is not capable of being settled by conciliation, and
that no such dispute is to be referred if, under any provisions of the
Act, it is required to be referred to the Labour Court for its decision.
It is the effect of all these detailed provisions, laying down limitations
for reference under s. 73A, that requires examination.
Under s. 12 of the Act, the Registrar has to maintain registers
of unions registered by him and a list of approved
unions. A
Union is entitle<j to registration only if, during the whole of the
period of three calendar months immediately preceding the calendar
month in which it so applies, the membership of the Union has been
not less than 15 per cent of the total number of employees employed
in the industry, when it can be registered as a Representative Union.
In case there is no such Representative Union, a Union can be also
registered either as a Qualified Union or as a Primary Union.
But
it is clear from the language of s. 73A that only a Representative
Union has been given the right under that section.
Further,
section 73A requires that the Union must also be an approved
Union, which means that the Union must comply with the requirements of s. 23 of the Act and have its name entered in the approved
list. Amongst the conditions required to be complied with by
a Union to be brought on the approved list, the most important is
one which lays down that its rules must provide that every industrial
dispute, in which a settlement is not reached by conciliation, shall
be offered to be submitted to arbitration, and that arbitration under
Chapter XI shall not be refused by it in any dispute. It will thus be
seen that the right of making reference under s. 73A is only granted
to a Union which is registered as a Representative Union and, being
on approved list, has already made rules laying down that the Union
shall offer every industrial dispute for submission to arbitration and
will also not refuse arbitration of any dispute if the employers offer
to submit the dispute for arbitration under Chapter XI of the Act.
Section 66 makes provision for submission of an industrial dispute
for arbitration. Sub-s. (1) of that section gives the power to make a
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reference to any person chosen by agreement by the disputing parties,
while sub-s. {2) gives the option that the submission of the dispute
may be made to the arbitration of a Labour Court or the Industrial
Court. Further, sub-s. (5) of s. 58 requires that before closing the
conciliation proceedings before him, the Conciliator shall ascertain
from the parties whether they are willing to submit the dispute to
arbitration. These disputes, to which these provisions apply, can
only be those not relating to matters in Schedules I and III, because,
under sub-s. (1) of s. 42, and employer is given the right to give a
notice of change in respect of any industrial matter specified in
Schedule II, while, under sub-s. (2) of s. 42, the employee is granted ·
a similar right to give a notice if a change is desired in respect of
an industrial matter not specified in Schedule I or III. In respect
of matters covered by Schedules I and III, provision is made in sub-s.
( 4) of s. 42 which lays down that such disputes are to be decided by
making an application to the Labour Court; and, as we have indicated earlier, s. 73A does not apply to disputes which are required
to be referred to a Labour Court. The result of all these provisions
is that s. 73A of the Act comes into play only in cases where the
dispute relates to matters not contained in Schedules I and III,
the dispute is not resolved by private agreement or by conciliation,
and there is no submission of the dispute to arbitration under s. 66
of the Act.
It is in this light that the provision which has to be made by
the Union in its rules under s. 23(1)(v) assumes importance. Whenever a dispute is raised either by an employer or by a Union which
can ultimately take advantage of s. 73A of the Act, the Union
must invariably" offer that the dispute be submitted to arbitration,
and, in the alternative, if the employer offers to submit the dispute
to arbitration, the Union must not refuse it. The result is that in
respect of any such dispute, the Union has no option but to offer
or agree to arbitration of the dispute under s. 66 of the Act. On
the other hand, there is no such limitation placed on the employer.
There is no provision in the Act making it compulsory for the
employer either to submit the dispute to arbitration or to agree to the
submission of the dispute to arbitration when offered by the Union.
Consequently, whenever any industrial dispute arises, the employer
can always ensure arbitration of that dispute by making an offer to
the Union under s. 66 of the Act, whereupon the Union is compelled to agree to submission of the dispute to arbitration. Clearly,
therefore, there was no need to make any provision empowering the
employer to make a reference of the dispute for arbitration to the
Industrial Court. On the other hand, if a Union wants a dispute
to be settled and even offers that the dispute be submitted to arbitration under s. 66 of the Act, the employer can refuse, whereupon the
Union would be left without any remedy. It is obvious that s. 73A
was enacted to fill this gap and place the Union on parity with the
442
SUPlll!lfB COUil T RBPO!l TS
[ 196 7] 2 S.C.R.
employer so as to enable the Uni.m to have anv dispute settled bv
arbitratioJl even when the empluycr docs not ;\gree I<> arbi1ratio1{.
These provisions granting the rights to the employers and the Union
arc, of course, in addition to, and without prejudice to, the provisions contained in sections 72 ar.d 73 of the Act, under \\hi ch the
State Government is given the power to refer any industrial dispute
between employees and employees, and employers and employees to
the arbitration of a Labour Court or the Industrial Court on the basis
of a report made by the Labour Officer, or c\'en otherwise. These
provisions in sections 72 and 73 leave the discretion with the State
Government to make a reference in appropriate cases, so
that
neither the employers nor the employees can, as of right, obtain a
reference under these sections from the StGte Government. So far
as they are concerned, the provisions contained in the Act require
that the disputes between them must first go before a Conciliator
for conciliation, and subsequently, either party can exercise its
option of offering the submission of the dispute to arbitration when
such an enquiry is made from them by the Conciliator under s. 58(5)
of the Act. Thereafter, if the offer is by an employer, the Union,
under its rules, is bound to accept the submission, so that whenever
an employer desires that a dispute be decided by arbitratio • ., the
Union is compelled t.:> agree to it.
Jn the reverse case, when a
Union wants submission of the dispute to arbitration, the employer
has discretion not to agree, and tl:cn only can the Union resort
to s. 73A and refer the dispute to the Industrial Court. This section,
in these circumstances did not at all require that the right granted to
the Union should also he granted to the employer.
In this connection, two other points were urged by learned
counsel for the appellants before us. One wa~ that, under s. 66 of the
Act, the offer to submit the dispute for arbitration can be to any
private individual also, and this did not give the right to the employer
to have it decided by an Industrial Court so as to be equated with
the right of the Union to have it decided by the Industrial Court.
We do not think that the provision contained in s. 66 of the Act
places the employer under any such handicap. Under sub-s. (2)
of s. 66, the employer can straight away offer that the dispute be
referred to the arbitration of the Industrial Court, and thereupon
the Union would be debarred from refusing to agree to that submission. In any case, even if the Union were to refuse to agree to it,
the State Government will detennine under s.71 of the Act whether
the dispute should be referred to the arbitration of the Labour Court
or the Industrial Court and refer it to that body. The mere fact
that the Union may not ai:ree to the offer of the employer to submit
the dispute for arbitration to the Industrial Court whereupon the
State Government can direct that the arbitration be made by a
Labour Court or the Industrial Court does not, in our opinion,
place the employer in any disadvantageous position, and we do not
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think, therefore, that there was any requirement that the employer
should also be given a right corresponding to the right of the Union
under s. 73A of the Act.
The second point urged by the learned counsel was that if the
dispute is referred to the Industrial Court by a submission under
s. 66(2) of the Act, that Court will proceed to give its award in accordance with the provisions of the Arbitration Act, 1940 in view of s. 68
of the Act, while if the dispute is referred at the instance of a Union
under s.73A of the Act, the Industrial Court will deal with it as a
judicial Tribunal and will give its decision in accordance with the
regulations made under s. 92 of the Act. We consider that this
submission is based on a misapprehension of the scope of s. 92 of
the Act. The rules and regulations made by the Industrial Court
under s. 92 are to govern the procedure of the Industrial Court in
all proceedings before it irrespective of the fact whether those proceedings come up before it by a reference 'made by the State Government under. s. 72 ors. 73 of the Act, or 'by a reference made by the
Union under s. 73A of the Act, or by a joint submission made by the
parties under s. 66(2) of the Act. Section 68 of the Act is in very
general terms, and lays down that proceedings in arbitration under
the whole of the Chapter XI are to be in accordance with the provisions of the Arbitration Act, 1940; in so far as they may be
applicable. The provisions of the Arbitration Act have, therefore,
been made applicable not only to arbitrations by submission under
s. 66 of the Act, but also to arbitrations on references made by the
State Government under s. 72 or s. 73 or a reference made by a
Union under s. 73A of the Act. If the submission or the reference
happens to be to the Industrial Court, that Court must follow the
rules and regulations made under s.92, and the provisions of the
Arbitratio.n Act will only apply insofar as they may be applicable in
view of those rules and regulations. Consequently, whether a
dispute is referred for arbitration to the Industrial Court by submission under s. 66(2) of the Act, or by a reference under s. 73A of
the Act, that Court has to proceed in the same identical manner and
the parties seeking the reference obtain the award in both cases
under identical circumstances.
In this connection, the regulations made by the Industrial Court,
known as the Industrial Court Regulations, 1947, were brought to
our notice. A perusal of these regulations shows that, in the matter
of procedure of the Industrial Court for dealing with arbitrations
made by submissions under s. 66, or by references under other
sections, there is uniformity and no distinction is made between
references under these different sections. The Industrial Court is
required to proceed in the same manner in all cases and to give
its decision under s. 87 of the Act. It is significant that s. 87, defining
the duties of the Industrial Court, uses identical language in respect
of all arbitrations by the Industrial Court; under clause (v) the duty
444
SUPREME COURT .REPORTS
[1967] 2 S.C.R.
of the Industrial Court is laid down to he to decide industrial disputes referred to it in accordance with submissions registered under
s. 66 which provide for such reference to the Industrial Court, and
under clause (vi),
the duty of the Industrial Court is similarly
defined to be to decide industrial disputes referred to it under
sections 71, 72, 73 or 73A. The Industrial Court, in all cases, is
required to give a decision on the dispute, and hence, in all these
proceedings, the parties have identical rights in the matter of procedure of the Industrial Court of hearing and of obtaining a decision from it. This ir.akes it clear thats. 73A or the Act was required
only to fill up a gap which would have exiskd, leaving no remedy
to a Union to obtain arbitration of a dispute if the employers
did not agree to that arbitration, and that no similar right was
required to be conferred on the employers who, under the other
provisions of the Act, could always obtain a reference of the dispute
to arbitration by making a -submission under s. 66 which the Union
was bound to agree to. The first point raised on behalf of the
appellants has, therefore, no force and s. 73A of the Act cannot be
held to be invalid.
On the second quest.ion, it has rightly been urged on behalf of
the appellants that the Act was not applied by the State Government to the industries run by 'the appellants, whether generally or by
specifying any local area by issue of a notification under sul>-s. (4)
of s. 2 of the Act. On behalf of the respondents, reliance was placed
on sul>-s. (3) of s. 2 for urging that the Act became applicable to the
industries run by the appellants, because the Bombay Industrial
Disputes Act, 1938 (hereinafter referred to as "the Bombay Act of
1938") was in for::e in these industries immediately before the
commencement of the Act.
Admittedly, the Bombay Act of 1938 was made applicable
to the entire cotton industry throughout the Province of Bombay
by various notifications issued in the year 1939 under that Act by
the then Provincial Government. Ahmedabad, where the industries of the appellants are situated, was then a part of the Province
of Bombay. The Bombay Act of 1938 was never entirely repealed.
However, the Central Government enacted the Industrial Disputes
Act No. 14 of 1947 which received the assent of the GovemorGeneral on 17th March, 1947, and was brought into force from
April I, 1947. This Act did not, in terms, repeal the Bombay Act of
1938, but the contention on behalf of the appellants· is that tho
Bombay Act of 1938 and the Central Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
both covered the same field of industrial disputes, and consequently,
it should be held that the Bombay Act of 1938 became void on the
ground of repugnancy with the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 under
sul>-s. (1) of section 107 of the Government of India Act, 1935.
It was urged that the Bombay Act of 1938 as well as the Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947 were both enacted under the power conferred on
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the Bombay Legislature and the Central Legislature under item 29
of Part II of the
Concurrent List Ill of the Seventh Schedule to
the Government of India Act, 1935. The principle relied upon by
the appellants is that, if two pieces of legislation cover the same field
and each one of them contains a complete code making detailed
provision for all aspects of the subject-matter of the legislation,
repugnancy must be held to arise, even though one Act may not, in
terms, repeal the other and may not correspond section by section
with the other. For this principle, reliance was placed on the tests
enumerated by Nicholas in his Australian Constitution, 2nd Edition,
p. 303, to determine inconsistency or repugnancy between a State
law and a Commonwealth law in Australia. The three tests were
enumerated as follows:-
"(I) There may be inconsistency in the actual terms of
the competing statutes;
(2) Though there may be no direct conflict, a S~ate
law may be inoperative because the Commonwealth law,
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or the award of the Commonwealth Court, is intended to
be a complete exhaustive code; and
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(3) Even in . the absence of intention, a conflict may
arise when both State and Commonwealth seek to exercise
their powers-over the same subject matter."
.P,.
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Thfa;ri~ciple was.d~duced from the decisions in Ex Parte McLean(!)
and the Staie of • Victoria and Others v. The Commonwealth of
Australia and Others(2). Reliance was also placed on decisions of
this Court in Zl!verbhai Amaidas v. The State of Bombay('), Ch. Tika
Ramji & Ors. v. The state of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.(4) and Deep Chand
v. The State of Uttar Pradesh and Others('). In the last of these
cases; after quoting from Nicholas, this Court held: 'Repugnancy
between two statutes may thus be ascertained on the basis of the
following three principles:-
(I) Whether there is direct conflict between the two
provisions;
(2) Whether earliament intended to lay down an
exhaustive1:odein respect of the subject matter replacing the
Act of the State Legislature; and
(3) Whether the law made by Parliament and the ~aw
made by the State Legislature occupy the same field."
(I) 43 C.L.R. 472.
(2) 58 C.L.R. 618.
(3) (1955) 1 $.C.R. 799 .
(4) (1956) S. C.R. 393.
(~) [1959) Supp. 2 S.C.R. 8.
446
SUPUMI oouaT UPO&TS
(1967) 2 S.C.P..
Relying on these principles, it has been urged that the Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947 intended to lay down an exhaustive code in
respect of settlement of all industrial disputes, and since the Bombay
Act of 1938 was also on the same subject, it must be pnisumcd
that the two statutes are repugnant, so that the Bombay Act of 1938
became void with effect from 1st April, 1947 when the Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947 came into force. It has, however, been rightly
pointed out by the High Court in the judgment under appeal that
the Bombay Act of 1938 did not confine itself entirely to the subject
of settlement of industrial disputes. Chapter V of that Act, containing sections 26 to 33 deals with a matter which is not covered by
the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 at all. These sections of the
Bombay Act of 1938 lay down the procedure for prescribing Standing Orders regulating the relations between an employer and his
employees, and for making changes therein. The prescribing of the
Standing Orders and making of changes in them may not involve
any industrial dispute at all.
In fact, at the first stage, when Standing Orders are prescribed. no question would arise of any industrial
dispute requiring settlement. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947,
did not contain any provisions at all dealing with this subject of
prescribing Standing Orders and making changes therein. ConS\.·
quently, e;ven if the submission made on behalf of the appellants be
accepted that the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, is an exhaustive
code dealing with the question of settlement of industrial disputes,
only those provisions of the Bombay Act of 1938 can be held to be
repugnant and void on account of the repuenancy which also dealt
with the same subject matter of settlement ef industrial disputes.
The provisions contained in Chapter V of that Act, which had nothing
to do with settlement of industrial disputes, could not, therefore,
be affected by the enactment of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947,
and hence, the enforcement of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
did not in any way affect the applicability of the provisions of
Chapter V of the Bombay Act of 1938 to the industry run by the
appellants. To the extent that Bombay Act of 1938 contained these
provisions in Chapter V, that Act, therefore, continued in force and
also continued to apply to the industries now in question. It was
also urged that the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 did not, similarly,
make any provision for
arbitration of indastrial disputes and,
consequently, the provisions of the Bombay Act of 1938, relating
to arbitration of industrial disputes, could
not be held to have
become invalid. It is not necessary to examine this further question
in view of our decision that at least the provisions of Chapter V
of the Bombay Act of 1938 continued in force. That Act did not
stand repealed as a whole; at best, only a part of that Act can be
held to have ceased to be effective because of the repugnancy with
the Industrial Disputes Act, 194 7.
But, while another part of
that Act continued to be in force, the Bombay Act of 1938 also
continued to be applicable to the cotton industry in Ahmedabad
A
B
c
D
•
F
G
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H
A
B
MILLOWNBRS' ASSCN. v. I. G. THAKOlU! (Bhargava, I.)
447"
with which we are concerned. When the Bombay Industrial
Relations Act, 1946 came into force on 29th September, 1947,
therefore, the Bombay Act of 1938 was applicable to these industries, and consequently, under sub-s. (3) of section 2 of the Act, the
Act became applicable to the industry of the appellants and did
not require a notification under sub-s. ( 4) of s. 2 to make it applicable. This point was also therefore, rightly decided against the
appellants, and the judgment of the High Court must be upheld.
The appeal is, therefore, dismissed with costs.
G.C.
Appeal dismissed.