# [1968] 1 S.C.R. 597 - **Citation:** [1968] 1 S.C.R. 597 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1965-10-18 - **Bench:** J.C. Shah, S.M. Sikri, J.M. Shelat - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/1968-1-s-c-r-597-4147 - **Pages:** 11 ## Headnote Land Acquisition Act, 189-l, ss. 3(c), 4, 5A and 6-Land Acquisition (Companies) Rules r. 4-Special Land Acquisition Officers authorised by general notification to perform functions of collector under the Act-Inquiry and Report under r. 4 by Otlicer on land required bu company-Whether he was 'speciallu appointed' within the meaning Qf r. 4-Therefore whether subsequent notifications under s.s. 4 C and 6 valid.-Appellants given opportunitu to represent aga1nat acquisition in s. 5A inquiru-Whether entitled to a further opportu.. nity before issue of s. 6 notification, On October 1. 1963, the State Government issued a notification under section 3(c). authorising one M, who was then the Speclal Land Acquisition Officer, Baroda, to perform the functions of a Collector and also directed him to hold an enquiry under the Land D Acquisition (Companies) Rules on the application of the third respondent company requesting the government to acquire the appellant's land. Jn supersession of that notification. the Government issued another notification on October 11, 1963 authorising all Special Land Acquisition Officers to perform the functions of the Collector under the Act \Vithin the area of their respective jurisdiction. After M had made an enquiry under Rule 4, the respondent State GovernE ment issued a notification under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, on August 28. 1964 in respect of the appellant's land which was stated to be required for the establishment of a factory by the third respondent company. Objections filed by the appellants in an enquiry under s. 5A were rejected and the State Government thereafter issued a notification under s. 6 on October 18, 1965. The appel~ !ants challenged the notification by writ petitions but these were dismissed by the High Court. F In the appeal to this Court. it was contended on behalf of the appellants. inter alia, (i) that M was only .a Special Land Acquisition Officer and not the Collector within the meaning of Rule 4; in any event the notification of October 11, 1963 did. not "specially" appoint him but was a general notification authorising all the Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State appointed not only before the date of s. 4 notification but also those who would be appointed in future: G furthermore, the notification did not "appoint" but simply authorised him to perform the functions of the Collector, the State Government had not given any direction to him to make a report as required by Rule 4; therefore the enquiry held by him under that Rule and the report made was invailed and consequently no notification either under s. 4 or s. 6 could be validly issued; (ii) that the s. 6 notification was issued without complying with Part VII of the Act and withou' the valid consent of the State Government as required by s. 39; (Iii) B that the acquisition was made ma!afide and without application of mind to the relevant facts: (iv) that the acquisition did not involve any public purpose: and (v) that the State Government was bound to give. an opportunity of being heard to the appellants before taking a dec1srnn under_ s: ~A particularly when the report made by M was against the acqu1s1hon. 698 Sl'PltEME COCitT REPOI:l'.> [l!JG~j I s.c.r.. HELD: Dismissing the appeal. A. \i) No objection to the appointment of M to perform the functions of the Collector under s. 3(c) or to his competence to make the enquiry and the report under Rule 4 or their legality can be validly made. It follows that the consent given by the State Government in initiating acquisition proceedings \\·as validly given and \vas in ccmplianoe with the provisions of Part VII of the Act and the State Government could validly issue the impugned notifications. [604GJ B. There being nothing repugnant in the subject or context. the word "Collector" must. by virtue of s. 20 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, have the same meaning in the Rules as in s. 3(c) of the Act which includes an officer specially appointed to p ## Text 597 ·" ABDUL HUSEIN TAYABALI & ORS. 11. STATE OF GUJARAT & ORS. September 20, .1967. B [J.C. SHAH, S.M. SIKRI AND J.M. SHELAT, JJ.] Land Acquisition Act, 189-l, ss. 3(c), 4, 5A and 6-Land Acquisition (Companies) Rules r. 4-Special Land Acquisition Officers authorised by general notification to perform functions of collector under the Act-Inquiry and Report under r. 4 by Otlicer on land required bu company-Whether he was 'speciallu appointed' within the meaning Qf r. 4-Therefore whether subsequent notifications under s.s. 4 C and 6 valid.-Appellants given opportunitu to represent aga1nat acquisition in s. 5A inquiru-Whether entitled to a further opportu.. nity before issue of s. 6 notification, On October 1. 1963, the State Government issued a notification under section 3(c). authorising one M, who was then the Speclal Land Acquisition Officer, Baroda, to perform the functions of a Collector and also directed him to hold an enquiry under the Land D Acquisition (Companies) Rules on the application of the third respondent company requesting the government to acquire the appellant's land. Jn supersession of that notification. the Government issued another notification on October 11, 1963 authorising all Special Land Acquisition Officers to perform the functions of the Collector under the Act \Vithin the area of their respective jurisdiction. After M had made an enquiry under Rule 4, the respondent State GovernE ment issued a notification under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, on August 28. 1964 in respect of the appellant's land which was stated to be required for the establishment of a factory by the third respondent company. Objections filed by the appellants in an enquiry under s. 5A were rejected and the State Government thereafter issued a notification under s. 6 on October 18, 1965. The appel~ !ants challenged the notification by writ petitions but these were dismissed by the High Court. F In the appeal to this Court. it was contended on behalf of the appellants. inter alia, (i) that M was only .a Special Land Acquisition Officer and not the Collector within the meaning of Rule 4; in any event the notification of October 11, 1963 did. not "specially" appoint him but was a general notification authorising all the Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State appointed not only before the date of s. 4 notification but also those who would be appointed in future: G furthermore, the notification did not "appoint" but simply authorised him to perform the functions of the Collector, the State Government had not given any direction to him to make a report as required by Rule 4; therefore the enquiry held by him under that Rule and the report made was invailed and consequently no notification either under s. 4 or s. 6 could be validly issued; (ii) that the s. 6 notification was issued without complying with Part VII of the Act and withou' the valid consent of the State Government as required by s. 39; (Iii) B that the acquisition was made ma!afide and without application of mind to the relevant facts: (iv) that the acquisition did not involve any public purpose: and (v) that the State Government was bound to give. an opportunity of being heard to the appellants before taking a dec1srnn under_ s: ~A particularly when the report made by M was against the acqu1s1hon. 698 Sl'PltEME COCitT REPOI:l'.> [l!JG~j I s.c.r.. HELD: Dismissing the appeal. A. \i) No objection to the appointment of M to perform the functions of the Collector under s. 3(c) or to his competence to make the enquiry and the report under Rule 4 or their legality can be validly made. It follows that the consent given by the State Government in initiating acquisition proceedings \\·as validly given and \vas in ccmplianoe with the provisions of Part VII of the Act and the State Government could validly issue the impugned notifications. [604GJ B. There being nothing repugnant in the subject or context. the word "Collector" must. by virtue of s. 20 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, have the same meaning in the Rules as in s. 3(c) of the Act which includes an officer specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector. [602H] The words "specially appointed" simply mean that as a Sp. L.A. c Officer is not a Collec;ior and cannot perform the functions of a Col· lector under the Act. he has to be "specially appointed", i.e. appointed for the specific purpose of performing those functions. The word "specially" has therefore reference to the special purpose of appointing and is not used to convey the sense of a special as against a general appointment. Furthermore. s. 15 of the General Clauses Act provides that where a Central Act empowers an authority to appoint a person to perform a certain function such power can be exercised D either by name or by virtue of office. [603C-F] In the context of s. 3(c) when an officer is authorised to perform the functions of the Collector, it means that he is appointed to perform those functions. The distinction between the two is without a difference. [604B] There is no force in the conte.ntion that the enquiry under rule g 4 has to be held after the notification under s. 4 and not before. There is nothing ip. rule 4 or any other rule to warrant such a proposition (ii) On the facts, the appellants had failed to establish their allegation either as to mala fides or the non-application of mind by the State Government. fiii) There is no force in the contention that when the appellant's F lands were already being tlsed for the manufactu.re of a building material and that was also a public purpose. the legislature could not have intended to empower the Government to destroy that purpose and substitute in its place another public purpose. [606D] Arora Case, [1962] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 149: referred to. (iv) It is not disputed that during the s. 5A enquiry the appel- G !ants were heard and their objections were taken on record. The r... cord of the enqui.n· is required under s. 5A to be sent to the Government so as to enable the Government to decide whether the acquisition is necessary for a public purpose or for a company. The Govern· ment thus had before it not only the opinion of M but also all that the appellants had lo say by way of objections against the proposed acquisition. The appellants therefore had an opportunity of being heard. Neither s. 5A nor any other pro.,.ision of tM Act lays down B that a second opportunity has to be gh·en before the issuance of the Se.ction 6 notification. [606F-607A] ·Ovit. APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 369 to 375 of 1967. A ABDUL HCBElN v. GrJARAT (Shela!, J.) 599 Appeals from .the judgm~nt and ?rder.d~ted Oct<;>be~ 15, 1966 of the Gujarat High Court m Special Ctvtl Apphcatmns Nos. 1475, 1479, and 1480 of 1965, and 119, 120, 122 and 125 of 1966 respectively. G. L. Sanghi and Ravinder Narain, for .the appellants (in all the appeals). B Bishan Narain, R. H. Dhebar and S. P. Nayar, for respondents Nos. 1 and 2 (in all the appeals). c D Arun H. Mehta and l.N. Shroff, for respondent No. 3 (in all the appeals). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Shelat, J. These appeals by certificate are directed against the judgment of the High Court of Gujara~ dismissing _the :-vrit petitions filed by the appellants for quashmg the i:iotdic~t10ns dated August 28, 1964 and October 18, .1?~5 respectively issued under sections 4 and 6 of the Land AcqulSlt10n Act. 1 of 1894. The appellahts are the owners of the lands in question situate at Ranoli, District Baroda. The 3rd respondent Company also owns about 140 acres of land in the same village. The appellant's lands are either situate adjacent to and between the Company's lands and the railway lines or are enclaves surrounded by lands belonging to the Company. On July 22, 1961 the State GovemI ment issued a notification under sec. 4 of the Act to the effect that the appellants' said lands were or were likely to be needed for a public purpose, viz,. for a fertilizer factory. That notification was \\;thdrawn on September 11. 1961 as the lands were stated. to be unsuitable fer such a factory. The Government however issued the very next' day a fresh notification under sec. 4 in respect of the same lands, this time for the purpose of the 3rd respondent ComF pany. Some of these appellants thereupon filed writ petitions challenging its validity. While these petitions were pending before the High Court this.Court delivered its decision in what is known as the first Arora Case('). To get over the difficulties arising from· that decision, first an Ordinance and then the Amendment Act XXXI of 1962, were passed. The Amendment Act was brought G into force from July 20, 1962 with retrospective effect. The Central Government thereafter made Rules under sec. 55 of the Act called the Land Acquisilion (Companies) Rules which were brought into force from June 22, 1963. On July 24. 1963 the State Government withclrew the notification dated September 12, 1961 whereupon the writ petitions filed by the appellants challenging B the said notifications were withdrawn. In the meantime one D.K. Master, who was then the Special Land Acquisition Officer, Baroda, started an inquiry under Rule 4 of the said Rules. On August 28, 1964 the State Government issued a notification under ----- -·--- (') [1962) Supp. 2 S.C.R. 149:A.I.R 1962 S.C. 764. 8Ul'llBJIE COURT RBl'OllTS [1968] l s.c.11. sec. 4 stating that the appellants' said lands were. needed or were A likely to be needed for the establishment. of a factory of the 3rd respondent Company. The appellants filed their objections in the inquiry then held under sec. SA but they were rejected. On Octc>- ber 18, 1965 the State Government issued sec. 6 notification declaring that the said lands were needed for the factory of the 3rd respondent Company which it was stated was taking steps or en· B gaging itself for manufacture of optical bleaching agents, intermediate dye-stuffs etc., which according to the Government was for a public purpose. The appellants thereupon filed writ petitions from which these appeals arise challenging the two notifications dated August 0 28, 1964 and October 18, 1965 respectively. When these writ petitions came on for hearing the State Government produced a notification dated October 11, 1963 authorising the Special Land Acquisition Officers of the State to perform the functions of the Collector under sec. 3(c). On certain contentions having been raised on the basis of this notification, the High Court adjourned the nearing to enable the State Government to explain the circumstan· D ces and the reasons for issuing the said notification. On August 25, 1966 the said. Master filed a further affidavit clarifying the Govern~ meat's position and the circumstances in which be performed the functions of the Collector under sec. 3(c). Before the High Court the appellants contended that the pro- B cedure laid down in the said Land Acquisition (Companies) Rules was not followed. that the purpose for which the acquisition was being made was not a public purpose within the meaning of sec. 40())(aa), that the acquisition was made ma/a fide and in colourable exercise of power, that the State Government had not applied its mind to the facts of the case and J1,15tly that the inquiry under F sec. 5A was a quasi-judicial inquiry and that as an opportunity to be heard was not given to the appellants the proceedings under sec. 5A violated natural justice. Counsel. however, conceded that the inquiry under section 5A was administrative but contended that the appellants were still entitled to be heard before the State Government formed its satisfaction that the lands were required for the Company. The High Court rejected all these contentions G and dismissed the writ petitions. Hence these appeals. Counsel for the appellants formulated the following five propositions on which he impugned the High Court's judgment: (I) that the inquiry under Rule 4 of the Land Acquisition B Companiesl Rules and the consequent report made by Master to the Government were invalid; therefore there being no valid report under Rule 4 read with section 40, no notification either under s.4 or sec. 6 could be validly issued; , -.. ABDl'L Bt:BEIN V. Gl:JARAT (Shelut, J.) f.Ol .A (2) that sec. 6 notification was issued without complying with B Part VII of the Act and without a valid consent of the State Government as required by sec. 39 _and therefore no notification either under sec. 4 or sec. 6 could be lawfully issued; (3) that the acquisition was made mala fide and without application of mind to the relevant facts; (4) that the acquisition did not involve any public purpose; and (5) that the State Government was bound to give an opportunity of being heard to the appellants before taking decision under sec. SA, particularly when the report of the said Master was C against the acquisition. We shall consider these propositions in the order in which they were urged. As regards propositions 1 and 2, the argument was that Master was only a Sp. L.A. officer but was not the Collector within D the meaning of Rule 4 and therefore the inquiry held by him under that Rule and the report made consequent thereto were invalid; that even if Master can be held to have been authorised to perform the functions of the Collector he was not "specially appointed" as• Collector; that the State Government had not given any direction to him to make a report as required by Rule 4 and E that the notification dated October II, 1963 did not "appoint" but simply authorised him to perform the functions of the Collector. It is not in dispute that as required by the said Rules the State Government had apponited a Land Acquisition Committee before it issued the notification under sec. 4 . The affidavit of MasF ter establishes that he worked as a Sp. L.A. officer at Baroda from December 6, 1961 to April 29, 1965. On February II, 1963 he was appointed to officiate as Special Land Acquisition Officer, Baroda. On October I, 1963 the Government wrote a letter to him forwarding the application dated September 11, 1963 of the 3rd respondent Company requesting the Government to acquire the lands in G question and directing him to hold an inquiry according to the said Rules and to make a report. The letter also stated that he was being authorised separately to perform the functions of the Collector and that on such authorisation he would be competent to make the inquiry. On the same day the Government issued a notification under sec. 3(c) authorising him to perform the func~ tion of the Collector within Baroda District. But on October II, R 1_ 963 the Government issued -another notification superseding the notification of October J, 1963 and authorising all Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State to perform the functions of the Collector under the Act within the area of their respective jurisdiction. On October JO, 1963 Master had addressed a letter to the 602 SUP.RElf.E COUR'f REPORTS (1968] I S.O.P.. Company to supply information for his inquiry under Rule 4. On A October 22, 1963 he issued notices to 27 owners of the lands proposed to be acquired but only 10 of them appeared before him and he recorded their statements on October 31, 1963. There is thus no doubt that Master was instructed by the State Government to hold an inquiry and to submit his report. Rule 4 requires the Collector to make an inquiry regarding B the matters stated therein, such matters· inter alia being that the land requested by the Company" for acquisition is not excessive, that the Company has made efforts and offered reasonable price to buy the land from the owners, that if the land happens to be good agricultural land, there is no other alternative land suitable for the Company's purpose and the approximate amount of com- C' pensation which would be payable if the lands were acquired. The Collector after making such inquiry has to submit his report to the Government. The Government then forwards it to the Land Acquisition Committee and the Committee has to advise the Government. Rule 4 prohibits the Government from issuing notification under section 6 unless it has consulted the Committee and considered the said report as also the report made under section D 5 A and unless an agreeement with the Company under section 41 has been executed. The contention was that though Master held the inquiry and made the report he had functioned not as the Collector but in his capacity as the Special Land Acquisition Officer, Baroda, and therefore the notification under sec. 4 and s. 6 were invalid. The B argument was, firstly, that Rule 4 does net define "collector" and therefore the word "collector" must mean the Collector of the District and secondly, that even if Master was appointed as the Collector as defined by sec. 3(cl his appointment as Collector was not valid as he was not specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector. It was said that the notification dated Octo- F ber l l, 1963 did not "specially" appoint Master but was a general notification authorising not only Master but all the Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State appointed net only before the date .of sec. 4 notification but also those who would be appointed in future. In our view, these contentions cannot be upheld. Section 3(c) defines a Collector to mean Collector of the District and includes Deputy Commissioner and any officer specially appoint- G ed by the Government to perform the functions of a Collector under the Act. Section 20 of the General Clauses Act, X of 1897 rrovides that where a Central Act empowers making rules, the expressions used in such rules, if made after the -commencement of that Act shall have the same meaning as in the Central Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context. There B being nothing repugnant in the subject or context, the word "collector" must have the same meaning in the rules as in sec. 3(cl which includes an officer specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector. If therefore Master can be said to have ABDH, HUE!~ V, ot•JARA'J' (S/icfol, J,) 60:1 A been specially appointed to perform the function> ot che Collector under the Act no challenge can be entertained as to his competence to make the inquiry "and the report under Rule 4 of the said Rules. Mr. Sanghi conceded that the notification dated October 1, 1963 did "specially" appoint Master as the Collector, Baroda, but argued that as that notilicaticn was superseded 1t would not avail B the respondents and therefore the question was whether the notification dated October 11. 1963 can be said to have specially appointed Master as Collector. He argued that since that notificatiorr appointed all the Special Land Acquisition Officers to perform the functions of the Collector within their respective areas the ap-· pointments made thereunder must be regarded as general and not C ·appointments specially made and therefore it cannot be said that Master or any one of them was specially appointed as required by sec. 3(cl. The argument therefore resolves itself to what is the· true meaning of the words "specially appointed". ln our view, those words simply mean that as such an officer is not a Collector and cannot perform the functions of a Collector under the Act, he has to be "specially appointed". that'is, appointed for the specific D purpose of performing those functions. The word "specially' has therefore reference to the special purpose of appointment and is not used to convey the' sense of a special as against a general appointment. The word "specially" thus connotes the appointment of an Officer or officers to perform functions which ordinarily a Collector would perform under the Act. It qualifies the worcl "ap-· E pointed" and means no more than that he is appointed specially to perform the functions entrusted by the Act to the Collector .. It is the appointment therefore which is special and not the person from amongst several such officers. Besides, sec. 15 of the General Clauses Act provides that where a Central Act empowers an authority to appoint a person to perform a certain function, such power can be exercised either by name or by virtue of office. There F would therefore be no objection if the appointment is made i:;f an officer by virtue of his office and not. by his name. Therefore even if the meaning. of the word "specially" were to be that which is canvassed b~ Mr. Sanghi the Government could have issued sepa-' ~at~ ~ot1ficat1ons for _each of the Sp. L.A. officers authorising them md1v1dually to perform the functions of the Collector within their· G respective area of jurisdiction. Instead cf doing that. if one notificat101_1 were to be issued authorising each of them to perform those functions there could be no valid objection. Such a notification would. h~v~ the same force as a separate notification in respect of each md1v1dual ~p. L.A. officer. Such a noti(ication would mean that the Government thereby. appoints each of the existing Sp: II L. .A. office'.5 to perfo~ the functions of the Collector within thetr respective areas. It ts trite that the notification .also declares that such of t~e Sp. L.A. officers as may be appo;nted in future· are also authorised to preform the Collector's functions. That only · means that whenever a person would be appointed as a 'Sp. L.A. 60! SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1968) I s.c.R. officer for a particular area, the notification would in effect invest A him at the same time with the authority to perform the Collector's functions. The appointment of each of these officers therefore must be held to be special and not general. But Mr. Sanghi argued that even so the notification did not "appoint"" Master but merely authorised him to perform the Collector's functions. In our view, the distinction is without difference. B In the context of sec. 3(c) when an officer is authorised to perform the functions of the Collector it means that he is appointed to perform those functions .. The clause does not contemplate a separate or an additional post. What it means is that some ·officer who is already in the Government employment is authorised to work as a Collector for the purposes of the Act. In this sense whether he is appointed or authorised to perform the Collector's functions C he would be complying with the terms of that chtuse. It was then urged that the inquiry under Rule 4 is a quasijudicial inquiry and therefore it was incumbent on Master to give an opportunity to the appellants to be heard. The Rule however provides that the officer conducting the inquiry has to hear the Company before making his report. Whether he has also to hear D the owners of the land or not need not be decided in these ap-. peals as Master had in fact given such an opportunity to the appellants by serving them with notices and recorded the statements of such of them who cared to appear before him. There is therefore no merit in that contention. Next it was urged that the inquiry under Rule 4 has to be held after the notification under sec. 4 is E issued and not before and therefore the inquiry held by Master was not valid. We do net find anYthing in Rule 4 or in any other Rule to warrant such a proposition. The inquiry, the report to be ma~e consequent upon such inquiry. obtaining the opinion of the Land Acquisition Committee. all these are intended to enable the Government to come to a tentative conclusion that the lands in question are or are likely to be needed for a public purpose F and to issue thereafter sec. 4 notification. In our view, no objection to the appointment of Master to perform the functions of the Collector under sec. 3(c) or to his competence to make the inquiry and the report under Rule 4 or their legality can be validly made. It follows that the consent given by the State Government for in· itiating acquisition proceedings was validly given and was in com- G plaince with the provisions of Part VII of the Act and the State Government could validly issue the impugned notifications. This disposes of Mr. Sanghi's propositions I and 2. The third proposition is that the State Governtnent exercised the power under the Act ma/a fide and without al'l'lying its ~!nd to the facts of the case. Paragraph 10 of the peht1on contammg B the plea as to ma/a fides is in general terms without any particulars~ Even such of the allegations that are to be found there are more auainst the 3rd respondent Company than against the State «Government. These are based on the fact that the Company had d ""l "') ' ' AHDGL Bl"SEIN t. Gt;.JARAT (f!J.elut, J.) A sufficient land of its own and the acquisition was therefore being made so that the Company may acquire the neighbouring lands without utilising its own lands. It is true that the Company owns 140 acres of land. But as the affidavit of the Company's officer shows out of these 140 acres 48 acres are ravine lands, unfit as factory sites. According to the Company, those lands however will :e be utilised for housing accommodation for its 700 workmen and ! for amenities for them such as play grounds, a sports club, a recreation centre and a c