# [1968] 2 S.C.R. 548 - **Citation:** [1968] 2 S.C.R. 548 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1967-07-21 - **Bench:** R. S. Bacil\Wat, G. K. Mitter - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/1968-2-s-c-r-548-4232 - **Pages:** 11 ## Headnote Delhi and Aj111C'r Rent Conlrol Act (38 of 1952), s. 13( I) proviso (Ii). ((·) and (/.:. )-//011:! pre1nise.\·-CunHituents of suh-leflinR-Know· fed<;.te of suh-/etting, if H'Clivcr. The n;,pondcnt-JanJlord of a hotel tiled a suit for cvic'.ion of his tcn.rnt-;ippcl!ant under <. 13( I) provi \\Crc ;it Jihcrty to take a\\·ay th·~ keys if they liked. The occupants open day and night. l'he occupants p.:iid monthly ~unl'i h1 thr ;1ppdlant as the considcra1ion of the suh-lcases. The appcllanttcn:int d~nied the :lilcgations and ple.'.1.dcd tha· the re-;pondcnt-landlord had \\'aivcd lhc hrcaches. if any. The suit \\':ts decreed which the High Court, in appc;1I maintained HELD : The landlord "'"' entitled to the decree for cvic!ion. [558 BJ On the question \\'hethcr the occupier of a separate apartment in a prcn1iv.'c: i<> a licensee or a tenant, the test is has the Jan \\Crc ;it Jihcrty to take a\\·ay th·~ keys if they liked. The occupants open day and night. l'he occupants p.:iid monthly ~unl'i h1 thr ;1ppdlant as the considcra1ion of the suh-lcases. The appcllanttcn:int d~nied the :lilcgations and ple.'.1.dcd tha· the re-;pondcnt-landlord had \\'aivcd lhc hrcaches. if any. The suit \\':ts decreed which the High Court, in appc;1I maintained HELD : The landlord "'"' entitled to the decree for cvic!ion. [558 BJ On the question \\'hethcr the occupier of a separate apartment in a prcn1iv.'c: i<> a licensee or a tenant, the test is has the Jan F G H A B ASSOCIATED HOTELS v. RANJIT SINGH (Bachawat, /.) 551 plaintiff succeeds in establishing the liability of the defendant for ejectment on any of the grounds given in section 13 of the Rent Act, the defendant would not seek any protection under the terms of the lease deed dated 18th August, 1939 executed between the panics, as regards the period of lease fixed therein ... " Having regard to the pleadings and statement of counsel, the Court settled the following issues on May 12, 1958 : "1. Whether the defendant had sublet, assigned or otherwise parted with possession of any part of the suit premises before the commencement.of Act 38 of 1952? c 2. If so, was the same done w~th express or implt~d D E F G H consent of the plaintiff ? 3. Whether the defendant had sublet, assigned or otherwise parted with possession of any part of the suit premises after the commencement of Act 38 of 1952? 4. If so, was the same done with the prior consent in writing of the plaintiff ? 5. Whether ti).e defendant has used the tenancy premises for a purpose other than that for which they were let ? 6. Whether the defendant has caused substantial damage to the tenancy premises ? 7. Whether the defendant notwithstanding previous notice has been using and dealing with the tenancy premises in a manner contrary to the conditions imposed on the plaintiff by the Government while giving him lease of the site of the tenancy premises ? 8. Is the defendant entitled to special cost ? 9 Whether the plaintiff is estopped or has waived his right to seek ejectment of the defendant on any of the grounds mentioned above ? If so, what and to what effect? 10. Whether the defendant is entitled to sublet any part of the hotel premises even when there was a clause to the contra in the lease dated the 18th August, 1939. and in face of statutory. provisions under the Rent Control Act (for reasons given in para 16 of the amended written statement) ?" A tenant holding premises under a subsisting lease is protected by the lease and needs no protection under the Rent Act. It was open to the appellant to contend that it was protected by 552 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968) 2 S.C.R. the telllls of the lease dated August 18, 1939, that the breaches, if any, of the conditions of the lease had been waived by the respondent and that the lease had not determined. But the appellant deliberately elected to seek protection under s. 13 of the Act only. The appellant's CO)msel made a formal statement in the trial Court that the appellant would not seek any protection under the rcrms of the lease deed as regards the period of the lease fixed therein. The Court accordingly settled the ten issues. Issue No. 8 was not pressed. All the other issues relate to the grounds of eviction mentioned in els. {b), (c) and (k) of the proviso to s. 13 ( 1) of the Act. Issue No. 9 raises the question of waiver of the respondent's right to seek ejectment on those grounds: Thus, the only questions in issue between the parties was whetber the appellant was entitled to protection from eviction under s. 13 and whether any ground for eviction under the Act was made out. The case was tried and decided on this footing. We have come to this conclusion after a close examination of the pleadings, particulars, statement of counsel, issues and the judgment of the trial Court. No issue was raised on the question whether the breaches of the express conditions of the lease had been waived by the respondent, and whether the lease was still subsisring. The appellant sought to raise this plea in the High Court and also in this Court. Having regard to the deliberate stand taken by the appellant in the trial Court, the appellant cannot be allowed to raise the plea at a later stal!e. The lease determined by efflux of time on September 15, 1959. Had the appellant taken the plea that the lease had not determined by forfeiture on the date of the ;nstitution of the suit, it is possible that the respondent might have filed another suit for ejectment of the appellant immediately after September 15, 1959. Because of the stand taken by the appellant, it was not necessary for the respondent to file another suit. This appeal must he decided on the footing that the lea~e had determined hy forfeiture on the date of the inst:tution of the present suit. The respondent is entitled to a decree for eviction if any of the grounds mentioned in els. (b), (c) and (k) of the proviso to s. 13 ( 1) is made out. TI1e !rial Court answered issue No. 5 in the ncga!ive. With regard to all the other issues, the trial Court found in favour of the respondent, and held that the grounds of eviction mentioned in els. (b) (i), (c) (i) a.nd (k) were proved. With regard to the ground of eviction mentioned in cl. (k), the trial Court held that the appellant was entitled to relief on certain conditions. The trial Court, however, held. that the respondent was entitled to an unconditional decree for eviction on the ground of sub-lettmg mentioned in els. (b )( i) and ( c )( i). The appellant preferred A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H ASSOCIATED HOTELS V. RANJIT SINGH (Bachawat, !.) 553 an appeal to the High Court. The High Court agreed with all the findings of the trial Court, and dismissed the appeal. The two Courts concurrently found that the appellant had sub-let several rooms, counters, showcases and ·garages. The two Courts fom;id that the appellant had sub-let rooms to ( l) Pan American World Airways, (2) Mercury Travels, India (Private) Ltd., travel agents, (3) Indian Art Emporium, dealers in curios and jewellery, ( 4) Shanti Vijay and Co., dealer~ in. jewellery, (5) Roy and James, hairdressers, (6) Sita World Travers, travel agents and ( 7) Ranee Silk Shop, dealers in saris and curios. The businesses of the sub-lessees were not confined to the residents of the hotel. The letting to Pan America]} World Airways and Indian Art Emporium were, before the commencement of the Act and the lettings to Mercury Travels, Shanti Vijay and Co., and Roy and. James were after the commencement of the Act. Sita 1):avels and Ranee Silk Shop were inducted as tenants after the institution of the suit. The entrances to the rooms were in the main corridor of the hotel on the ground floor. The concurrent finding is that the occupants were given exclusive po3session of the rooms occupied by them. The appellant did not retain any ,ontrol and dominion over the rooms. It is possible that the keys of the apartments were sometimes left at the reception counter, but the evidence on this point was not convincing. It was not a condition of the grants that the keys would be left at the reception counter, or that the duplicate keys would be retained by the appellant. The occupants were at liberty to take away the keys if they liked. The occupants availed themselves of the services of the hotel sweeper for their own convenience. The appellant retained cont~ol of the corridor, but it is common case before us that the entrance to the corridor was open day and night. The occupants paid monthly sums to the appellant as the consideration of the sub-leases. The consideration though described as license fee was in reality rent. The portion occupied by Roy and James has an interesting history. It was formerly sub-l~t to R. N. Kapoor. In Associated Hotels of India Ud. v. R. N. Kapoor('), this Court held by a majority on a construction of the grant to R. N. Kapoor that he was a lessee and not a licensee. Roy and James began to occupy this portion of the premises from February, 1955. According to the appellant, the agreements with Roy and James, Mercury Travels and Shanti Vijay and Co., were in writing. The appellant produced several documents in Court at an early stage of the suit. The appe1!ant's cas~ was that these documents were the relevant agreements. According to the respondent, the documents were not genuine and the real agree- (ll [196 'I 1 s.c.R. 368. 554 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1968] 2 SCR ments were being withheld. The stamp auditor noted on the documents the deficiency in stamps and penalty leviablc on them on the footing that they were lease deeds. The appellant did not c.ontest this note nor paid the penalty and deficiency as directed by the trial Court. The surprising feature of the case is that the appellant did not attempt to prove any of the documents. Where the agreement is in writing, it is a question of construcJion of the agreement whether the grant is a lease or a license. It was !or the appeUant to prove the written agreements, and the Court could then construe them. The appellant has not brought before the Coun the best and the primary evidence of the terms on which the apartments were being occupied. The onus to prove sub-letting was on the respondent. The respondent discharged the onus by leading evidence showing that the occupants were in exclusive possession of the apartments for valuable consideration. The appellant chose not to rebut this prime facie evidence by proving and exhibiting the relevant agreements. The documents formed part of the appellant's case. The appellant h~d no right to withhold them from the scrutiny of the Court. In the absence of the best evidence of the gran!l;, the Courts below properly inferred sub-lettings from the other materials on the record. The test of exclusive possession, though not conclusive, is a very important indication in favour of tenancy, see Addiscombe Garden Estates Ltd. and A11r. v. Crahbe and Ors.('). The argument is that as the landlord is living in the premises. that fact raises the presumption that he intends to retain the control of the whole of the premises and that the occupation of the other parts is that of a lodger or inmate and not that of a tenant, ~.1d reliance was placed on Helman v. llorsham Assrssme11/ Committcc( 2 ) and the cases referred to therein. Those cases consider what constitute rateable occupation. In the case last cited. Denning, L. J. said that a person who is regarded as a lodger for rating purposes need not necessarily be a lodger for the purposes of the Rent Restriction Acts, while Evershed L.J. seems to have expressed a contrary opinion. Normally, an occupier of an apartment in a hotel is in the position of a licensee as the hotel-keeper retains the general r.ontrol of the hotel including the apartment. But it is not a necessary inference of law that the occupier of an apartment in a hotel is not a tenant. 'Vhere, as in this case. the hotel-keeper retains no control over the apartment, the occupier is in the position of a tenant. In Ha!sbury's Laws of England. Vol. 23, Art. 1028, p. 433. the law is accurately summarised thus : "A lodger who has no separate apartment is only .i licensee. and. even thou_gh he has a separate apartA 8 c D E y F G H A B c D E F G H ASSOCIATED HOTELS v. RANJIT SINGH (Bachawat, l.) 555 inent, tc has not in law an exclusive occupation, and is therefore ,in the position of a licensee, if the landlord retains the general control and dominion of the house, including the part occupied by the lodger; but, if in fact the landlord exercises. no oontrol over that part, the occupier 1s a tenant. The occupier does not, however, become a lodger merely by reason of the fact that the landlord ~esides on the premises and retains control of the passages· and staircases and other parts used in coJnmon.'· On the question whether the occupier of a separate apartment in a premises is a licensee or a tenant, the test is-has the landlord retained control over the apartment ? The. fact that the apartment is a room in a hotel. may lead to the inference that the hotel-keeper retains the general dominion of the entire hotel including the apartment and that the occupier is in the position of a lodger or inmate. But the inference is not a necessary inference of law. Where, as in this case, the best evidence of the grant was withheld from the scrutiny of the Court, the inferrnce was rightly drawn that the occupiers were tenants. At the hearing of this appeal, the appellant moved an application for reception of the documents ·as additional evidence. The genuinqness of the documents was disputed by the respondent. In the Courts below, the appellant made no attempt to prove these documents. We found no ground for directing a new trial. Having regard to all these facts, we dismissed the application. The hotel building constitutes premises within the meaning of s. 2(g) of the Act. It is because the hotel building constitutr,s rremises that the appellant can 'claim protection from eviction under the Act. A room in a hotel is a part of the hotel premises. A sub-letting of a room in a hotel in contravention of els. (b) and ( c) of the proviso to s. 13 ( 1) is a ground for eviction under the Act·· Section 2(g) provides that 'premises' does not include "a room ih a hotel or lodging house.~ The sub-lessee of a room in a hotel is, therefore, not a tenant and cannot claim protection under s. 13 from eviction, nor can he ask for fixation of standard ·rent, see Associated Hotels of India Ltd. v. R. N. Kapoor('). If the interest of the tenant of the hotel premises is determined. the sub-tenant to whom a room in the hotel has been lawfully sublet becomes under s. 20 a direct tenant of the landlord, It may ·be that when the sub-tenant of a room in a hotel becomes a Clirect tenant under s. 20 he enjoys the protection of the Act because the room is no longer a room in a hotel. But that point does not arise and need not be decided. Because a room in a hotel is not (I) [19frl] I S.C.R. J6S. 556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1968] 2 S.C.R. premises, it docs not follow that the room is not a part of the hotel premises or that a sub-letting of the room is not a contravention of els. ( b) and ( c) of the proviso to s. 13 (I). The Courts below concurrently fowid that the sub-lettings after the commencement of the Act were made without obtainine the consent of the landlord in writing, and the sub-lettings before the commencement of the Act were made without obtaining the consent of the landlord either orally or in writing. We are not inclined to interfere with this concurrent finding. It is said that by the lease deed dated August 18, 1939 the respondent impliedly consented to this sub-letting. Clauses 21 and 22 of the lease are in these terms : "21. That the lessee shall not be entitled to either transfer or. sub-lease the premises or any part thereof 111 any other party without the written consent of the lessor a. d on such transfer, both the transferee and the lessee shall be liable for the payment of rent to the lessor 3nd responsible to deliver possession of the building am! equipments in the same condition as when taken. 22. That the lessee will use the premises only for the purpose of running a first class hotel." It is "aici that for the purpose of running a first class hotel A c D it was necessary to sub-let the apa11mcnts. It is impossible to E accept the contention. A hotel-keeper may run a first cla;, hotel without sub-letting any part of it. Clause 21 ckarly pro•;ided that the lessee shall not sub-lease the hotel premises or any part thereof. In the teeth of cl. 21, it is impossible to read in cl. 22 an implied consent to sub-lcuing. Reliance is placed on the correspondence passed be,wecn the F Land Development O!fic~r, New Delhi and the respondent between April 1948 and Fchruary 1949 for establishing that the respondent gave written consent to the sub-lettings. The Land and Development Officer was then complaining of th~ o.:cupation of portions of the premises hy Pan American World Airways and other persons. By his letters dated l\ovcmbcr 4, 1948 and G february 23, 1949, the respondent requested the L;nd and Development Officer to regularise the matter adding that in all first class hotels counters of air-lines and show-rooms of jewellery and curios were always provided. These letters do nc;t amount to a consent in writing to suh-lcaings of portions of the hotel to the persons mentioned therein. Morcovc·r, the consent, if any, was 11 to the >ub-lettings made heforc 1949 and not to the sub-lettings made thereafter. It is not possible to infer from these letters a general consent to all sub-lettings. ,, A B c D E F G H ASSOCIATED HOTELS v. RANJIT SINGH (Bachawat, J.) 557 It is argued that the respondent waived the requirement of consent to the sub-letting. Any sub-letting in breach of the provisions of cl. (b) of the proviso to s. 13 (1) is an offence punishable under s. 44. Assuming that the landlord can waive the requirement as to consent, it is not shown that the respondent waived it. A waiver.is an intentional relinquishment of a known right. There can be no waiver unless the person againsr whom the waiver is claimed had full knowledge of his rights and of facts enabling him to take effectual action for the enforcement of such rights. See Dhanukdhari Singh v. Nathima Sahu( 1 ). It is said that the respondent knew of the . sub-lettings as he frequently visit~(! the hotel. It appears that he visited the hotel up to 1953 and he mnst have known of the occupation of R. N. Kapoor, Indian Art Emporium and Pan American World Airways. But he came to know of the other lettings in January 1958 only. iV!oreover, the precise nature of the grant was never communicated to the respondent. The Courts below rightly held that the respondent did not waive his right to evict the appellant on the grounds mentioned in els. (b) and; ( c) of the proviso to s. 13 (1). We arc therefore satisfied that the respondent is entitled to evict the appellant on the ground of sub-letting of the rooms. The Courts below held that the aopellant had also sublet several counters, show-cases and garage:, to various persons. W c express no opinion on the question whether there was any sub-letting of the counters, show-cases and garages. The sublertings of the rooms are sufficient grounds of eviction under els. ( b) and ( c) of the ·proviso to s. 13 (1) . Clause 2 ( v) of the head lease. granted by the Government to the respondent provided that the respondent would not, without the previous consent in writing of the Chief Comniissioner, Delhi or a duly authorised officer, erect or suffer to be erected on any part of the demised premises any building other than the buildings erected there on the date of the lease. The appellant had due notice of the conditions of the head lease. Notwithstanding such previous notice, the appellant dealt witl!- the premises in a manner contrary to the conditions imposed by cl. 2\ v). The Courts below found that contrary to this condition, the appellant made several unauthorised constructions without obtaining the requisite consent. To give one illustration, the appellant admit' tedly constructed a room 16 ft. 6 in X 19 ft. 6 in. with R.C.C. slab and brick masonry walls. This newly constructed room was let 10 Shanti Vijay and Co. On the ground of unauthorised construction of this room alone it must be held that the appellant in contravention of cl. (k) of the proviso to s. 13(1), notwithstanding previous notice, dealt with· the premises in a manner contrary to (1) (1907) 11 C.W.N. 848, 852. 558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1%8] 2 S.C.R. a condition imposed on the respondent by the Government while A giving him a lease of the land on which the premises are situated. The notice of the conditions imposed by 'the head lease was sufficient notice for the purposes of cl. ·( k). The ground of eviction under cl. (k) was thus made out. The Courts below also held that the appellant caused substantial damage t'o the premises. We express no opinion on it., and this question is left open. B lt follows that the respondent is entitled to evict the appellant on the grounds mentioned in els. (b)(i), (c)(i) and (k) of the proviso to s. 13 (1 ) . In the result, the appeal is dismissed with costs. The cx~ution of the decree is stayed for a· period of six months from today. C The appellant through Mr. A. K. Sen gives an undertaking that the appellant will hand over to the respondent, on the expiry of six months, vacant possession of the entire hotel premisc5 except the portion in the possession of sub-lessees. Y.P. A ppea/ dismissed.