# [1976] 2 S.C.R. 327

- **Citation:** [1976] 2 S.C.R. 327
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1975-11-06
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 898 of 1968
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/1976-2-s-c-r-327-6811
- **Pages:** 12

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327
AFSAR SHEIKH AND ANR.
v ..
SOLEMAN BIBI AND ORS.
November 6, 1975
[Y. V. CHANDRACHUD, R. S. SARKARIA AND A, C. GUPTA, JJ.l
Contract Act (9 of 1872) s.
0 16-Undue ilzfluence-Cdurt's approach in
11<
case whe!'e, a transaction if>' soug/u to be set aside on ground of undue influence.
Cede of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1908), 0. 6. rr. -2 a11d 4-Plea of fraud
and misrepresentation-Court spelling o'ut a plea of undue influence--Propriety .
<::&de of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1908), ss. JO(),
power under in sec(md appeal.
IOI and I 03-High Court's
The predecessor-in-interest of the respondents filed a suit for a declaration
that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz executed by him was void and
inoperative
due
to
fraud aJJd misrepresentation proceeding from the appellant ( donee ), the allegatf&n being that the appellant represented it to be a deed of cancellation ot a
\\ill.
.
The trial court and the first appellate court dismissed the suit.
Jn 5econd
appeal, the High Court remanded the case to the first appellate court holding
that the finding given by the court below that the plaintiff had executed the
doclilment after knowing _it5 contents was not sufficient in law to throw out the
plaintiff's case, because, in view of the allegations in the plaint that the appellant was assisting him in the management of his property and that as a result
thereof the plaintiff had developed confidence in the appellant which was abused
by him by getting the document executed in his favour by the plaintiff, it was
incumbent on the court to find out whether the donee was in a position
to
dominate the will of •the donor. After remand, the first appellate court again
.dismissed the suit. In a further second appeal. the High Court allowed the
appeal on the ground that the written statement of the appellant contained
a
clear admission of intimate relationship between the parties indicative of the
JJOssibi!ity of dominating the will of the plaintiff by the appellant. and conse~
lquently, the onus had shifted on the appellant to show that the plaintiff had
access to independent advice, and since the appellant did not produce any
such e\·idence, the plaintiff should have been taken to have proved that the
document was vitiated by. the undue influence of the appellant.
Allowing the appeal to this Court.
HELD : The finding of the first appellate court to the effect that the plaintiff
had failed to prove that the appellant Was in a position to dominate his wilt
was not wrong or unreasonable.
In any case, it did not suffer
from
any
illegality. omission, error or defect such as is referred to in s.100-( I) C.P.C.
ft is a finding of fact and the High, Court. in second appeal, had no jurisdiction
to intezfere with it even if it appeared to be erroneous to the High Court, the
error not being of the kind indicated in the sub-section.
(338 C-D]
( 1) The High Court in second appeal has tried to make out a new case
for the plaintiff. of undue influence which was neither pleaded adequately in
the plaint nor put in issue nor raised in the trial court or the first appellate
court on ·the first occasion. [332 D-El
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(a) The pleas of undue influence, fraud and misrepresentation arc in Jaw
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distinct categories and are somewhat inconsistent with one another.
In view
of 0 6, r.4 read with 0 6, r.2, C.P.C. thev are requ•recl to lfi? separately pleaded
with soecilicity. particularity and precision.
(332 H-333 Al
22-L1276/SCI /75
328
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1976] 2 S.C.R.
A
(b) The specific case set up in the plaint was that the document
was
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vitiated by fraud and misrepresentation practised by the appellant (332 El
( c) A general allegation in the plaint that the plaintiff was a simple old
man of 90 years who had reposed great confidence in the appellant
was
totally insufficient to amount to an averment of undue influence oi which the
High Court could take notice. Apart from this general and nebulous allegation
no particulars of undue influence w

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327
AFSAR SHEIKH AND ANR.
v ..
SOLEMAN BIBI AND ORS.
November 6, 1975
[Y. V. CHANDRACHUD, R. S. SARKARIA AND A, C. GUPTA, JJ.l
Contract Act (9 of 1872) s.
0 16-Undue ilzfluence-Cdurt's approach in
11<
case whe!'e, a transaction if>' soug/u to be set aside on ground of undue influence.
Cede of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1908), 0. 6. rr. -2 a11d 4-Plea of fraud
and misrepresentation-Court spelling o'ut a plea of undue influence--Propriety .
<::&de of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1908), ss. JO(),
power under in sec(md appeal.
IOI and I 03-High Court's
The predecessor-in-interest of the respondents filed a suit for a declaration
that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz executed by him was void and
inoperative
due
to
fraud aJJd misrepresentation proceeding from the appellant ( donee ), the allegatf&n being that the appellant represented it to be a deed of cancellation ot a
\\ill.
.
The trial court and the first appellate court dismissed the suit.
Jn 5econd
appeal, the High Court remanded the case to the first appellate court holding
that the finding given by the court below that the plaintiff had executed the
doclilment after knowing _it5 contents was not sufficient in law to throw out the
plaintiff's case, because, in view of the allegations in the plaint that the appellant was assisting him in the management of his property and that as a result
thereof the plaintiff had developed confidence in the appellant which was abused
by him by getting the document executed in his favour by the plaintiff, it was
incumbent on the court to find out whether the donee was in a position
to
dominate the will of •the donor. After remand, the first appellate court again
.dismissed the suit. In a further second appeal. the High Court allowed the
appeal on the ground that the written statement of the appellant contained
a
clear admission of intimate relationship between the parties indicative of the
JJOssibi!ity of dominating the will of the plaintiff by the appellant. and conse~
lquently, the onus had shifted on the appellant to show that the plaintiff had
access to independent advice, and since the appellant did not produce any
such e\·idence, the plaintiff should have been taken to have proved that the
document was vitiated by. the undue influence of the appellant.
Allowing the appeal to this Court.
HELD : The finding of the first appellate court to the effect that the plaintiff
had failed to prove that the appellant Was in a position to dominate his wilt
was not wrong or unreasonable.
In any case, it did not suffer
from
any
illegality. omission, error or defect such as is referred to in s.100-( I) C.P.C.
ft is a finding of fact and the High, Court. in second appeal, had no jurisdiction
to intezfere with it even if it appeared to be erroneous to the High Court, the
error not being of the kind indicated in the sub-section.
(338 C-D]
( 1) The High Court in second appeal has tried to make out a new case
for the plaintiff. of undue influence which was neither pleaded adequately in
the plaint nor put in issue nor raised in the trial court or the first appellate
court on ·the first occasion. [332 D-El
A
B
c
))
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F
G
(a) The pleas of undue influence, fraud and misrepresentation arc in Jaw
H
distinct categories and are somewhat inconsistent with one another.
In view
of 0 6, r.4 read with 0 6, r.2, C.P.C. thev are requ•recl to lfi? separately pleaded
with soecilicity. particularity and precision.
(332 H-333 Al
22-L1276/SCI /75
328
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1976] 2 S.C.R.
A
(b) The specific case set up in the plaint was that the document
was
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vitiated by fraud and misrepresentation practised by the appellant (332 El
( c) A general allegation in the plaint that the plaintiff was a simple old
man of 90 years who had reposed great confidence in the appellant
was
totally insufficient to amount to an averment of undue influence oi which the
High Court could take notice. Apart from this general and nebulous allegation
no particulars of undue influence were pleaded. Even the mere relationship
between the plaintiff and the appellant (appellant was the grandson of the
sister of the mother of the plaintiff) was not disclosed. It was not particularised
how the appellant was in a position to dominate the will of the plaintiff, in
what manner he exercised that influence, and how it was 'undue' influence.
(332 E-G; 333 A-Cl
( d) All that has been said in the written statement was that the relationship
subsisti'ng between the plaintiff and the appellant was marked by love and
affection and was skin to that of father and son.
This pleading could not
be reasonably construed as an admission that he was in a position to dominate
the will of the plaintiff.
Normally, it would be the father anct not the son
who would be in a position of dominating influence.
In spelling out a plea
of undue influence for the plaintiff by an inverted construction or the
appellant's written statement the High Court over-looked the principle of the
maxim secundum allegata et probata that the plaintiff could
succeed
only
by what he had alleged and proved.
[333 D-G]
(2) (a) The law relating to undue influence is the same as that embodied in
s. 16, Indian Contract Act, 1872.
Under s. 16{1) the Court must consider
two things, namely, ( i) are the relations between the donor and donee such that
the donee is in a position to dominate the will of the donor ? and (ii) has the
donee, in fact, used that position to obtain an unfair advantage over tlJ.e donor ?
Under _s. 16(3), if the person seeking to avoid a transaction on the ground of
undue influence, establishes that the person who had obtained the benefit was in
a position to dominate his will, and that the transaction was unconscionable,
the burden shifts on the party who had obtained the benefit to show that the
transaction was not i'nduced by undue influence. Therefore, there are three stages
to be considered by the Court, in a case of undue influence in the order spe'Ci-
.fied: (i) Whether the party seeking relief on the ground of undue influence has
proved that the relations between the parties are such that one is in a position ·
to dominate the will of the other; (ii) it is not sufficient for the person seeking
relief to show merely that the relatio1!_5_ 9f the parties have been such that one
naturally relied upon the other for advice and that the other was i'n a position
to dominate the will of the first in giving it. That is, making out mere influence is not sufficient and something more must be proved so as to render the
influence 'undue' in law; and (iii) if the transaction appears to be unconscionable, then the burden of proving that it was not induced l)y undue influence lies
upon the person who was in a position to dominate the will of the other. ·
[334 F-336 Bl
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Subhas/; Chandra v. Gana Prasad (1967] 1 S.C.R. 331 at 334; Roghunath
Prasad v. Sarju Prasad, 51 I.A. 101 and Poosathurai v. Kappanna Chattiar and
o'thers, 47 I.A. 1, followed.
....
(b) The High Court in the present case,. did not consider the propositions in
the order indicated and was thus led to a wrong decision. [336 Bl
( c) The first appellate court after a careful examination of the
evidence
found the first two stages against the plaintiff. It has held that although the
relationship between the donor and the donee was intimate like that of father
and son characterised by mutual cordiality and affection, the donee' was not
in a position to dominate the will of the donor. that the appellant did not exercise any undue influence on the plaintiff and that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz was voluntarily executed by the plaintiff after understanding its contents and effuct. The
evidence shows that (i) Though the plaintiff was an old man, he was quite fit
to look after his own affairs and that he deliberately overstated his age in the
plaint.
(ii) There was nothing to show that his mental capacity was temporarily
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AFSAR SHEIKH V, SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, !.)
329
that he
or permanently affected or enfeebled by old age or other cause so
could not understand the nature of the deed and the effect and consequences
of its execution. [336 B-C, E-Gl
(iii) The scribe gave evidence that the document was prepared ac?ording
to the instructions of the plaintiff in the presence of the attesting witnesses
aud that he read it out to the plaintiff who accepted it as correct and then
affixed this thumb mark. [337 B-Cl
(iv) The attesting witness corroborated the scribe and the trial court and
the first appellate court had concurrently found that these two. witnesses were
respectable, independent and .disinterested persons, and that their evidence was
credit-worthy. [337 D-EJ
(v) The scribe of the document which cancelled the registered will did _not,
in his evidence, state that the appellant was present when that deed was written
and executed and so, the appellant could not have come into possession or
the cancellati~n deed to enable him to induce by misrepresentation or undue
influence the execution of the Hiba-bil-Ewaz.
[337 F-G]
(vi) The plaintiff in his evidence refused to concede that he had brought up
the appellant as a son from hi~ V'ery infancy and that the latter used to look
after his lands, thus destroying the slender basis from which the High Court
spelt out fiduciary relationship. But assuming that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz was induced by the influence of the appellant in whom the plaintiff reposed confidence
such. as a father does in his son, it had not been proved that the influence was
undue.
There is no presumption of undue influence .in the case of a gift to
a son even when made during the donor's illness and a few days before his
death.
[336C-D, H-377B]
Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd Edition, Volume 17, p. 674, referred to.
(3) The first appellate court also· held that the gift was acted Upon by
the parties, that the appellant entered into po>Session of the gifted land, and
that it was the plaintiff's natural son who did not like the property being given
to the appellant that was responsible for the filing of the suit. [337 G-338 Bl
(4)(a) The High Court was incompetent in second appeal to reverse the
findings of fact recorded, after remand, by the first appellate court. The scope
of the powers of the High Court to interfere in second appeal with the judgments and decree~ of the courts below is indicated in ss. 100, 101 and 103,
C.P.C. The effect of ss. 100 and 101 is that a second appeal is competent only
on the ground of' an error in law or prdcedure and not merely on the ground of
an error on a question of fact, however, gross or inexcusable the error may
seem to be. Section 103 enables the High Court in second appeal where the
evidence on record is sufficient to determine an issue of fact necesiary for the
disposaf of the appeal, only; (a) if the lower appellate court has ·not determined
that issue of fact, or (b) if it has determined that issue wrongly. by reason of
any illegalitv, omission, error or defect such as is referred to in s. 101.
[333 G-334 CJ
Msi. Durga Chaudhrani v. Jawahar Singh, 17 I.A. 122 (P.C.) referred to .
(b) It is well settled that a question whether a person was in a position to
dominate the will of another and procured a certain deed by undue influence
is a question of fact and a finding thereon is a finding of fact, and if arrived
at fairly in accordance with the procedure prescribed. it is not liable lo be
reopened in second appeal. [334 C-Dl
Satgur Prasad v. Har Narain Das, 59· I.A. 147 and Ladli Parshad Jaiswal v.
The Karna/ Distillery Co. Ltd., [1964] 1 S.C.R. 270, referred to.
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CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 898 of 1968.
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From the Judgment and Decree dated the 9th November, 1967
of the Patna High Court in Appeal from Appellate Decree No. ·779/65.
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330
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1976] 2 S.C.ll.
Sarjoo Prasad and S. N. Prasad for the Appellants.
B. P. Singh for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by .
.
SARKARJA, J.-This appeal by special leave is directed against a
iudgment, ~at~d, No~ember 9, 196?, of th~ Patna High Court decreemg the plamtiff s smt after reversmg the Judgment of the Additional
District Judge, Dum1ca.
<;>n~ E?ad Sheikh~ t~e predecessor-in-interest of the respondents
~erem mstituted a smt m the Court of Subordinate Judge at Pakur
m 1960 for a declaration that the Hiba;-bil-Ewaz, dated February 9,
1959, executed by him, was void and inoperative due to fraud and
misrepresentation proceeding from the donee, Afsar Sheikh, original
defendant No. 1 (appellant No. 1 herein). Ebad claimed a further
declaration, confirming his possession over the suit lands which were
the subject of the Hiba. In the alternative, he prayed for possession
thereof.
·
The plaintiff's case as laid in the plaint, is that he is an illiterate,
simple villager, aged about 90 years.
On
April 2,
1957,
one
Saifuddin fraudulently got executed and registered a will, dated April
2, 1957, by the plaintiff in favour of the former and his wife
in
respect of the suit lands.
When this fraud was discovered by the
plaintiff, he brought it to the notice of
Afsar-appellant, a
distant
relation who was in his confidence and used to help him in cultivation
of his lands.
Afsar Sheikh on February 3, 1959, took the plaintiff
to Pakur for execution and registration of a deed cancelling the Will.
A cancellation deed was drawn up and executed by the plaintiff, but
it could not be presented for registration on that date on account of
some delay.
On February 9, 1959, Afsar again took the plaintiff
to Pakur and represented that the cancellation deed which was prepared on February 3, 1959, had been misplaced and lost, and con-
~equently it was necessary to execute a fresh deed of cancellation.
With this misrepresentation, Afsar got executed and registere~ in his
favour a Hiba-bil-Ewaz purporting to be a transfer of 12t Bighas of
lands by the plaintiff. Thereafter, Afsar sold some of the land which
he had obtained under the Hiba-bil-Ewaz to defendant-appellant 2.
This sale-deed executed by Afsar was bogus and without consideration
and did not confer any title or interest on the transferee.
In his written statement, Afsar, defendant denied the allegations
of fraud and misrepresentation. He averred that his grandmother was
the sister of the plaintiff's mother. The defendant's father die~ whe!1
he was an infant. The plaintiff brought him up as a son. Smee his
very infancy, the defendant has been living with the plaintiff, managing his affairs and treating him as his father.
Th~ defendant furth~r
stated that the plaintiff has transferred 1 O to 12 Bighas of land to his
natural son and an equal area to his second wife.
Out of love and
affection, the plaintiff conferred a similar benefit on the defendant and
voluntarily executed the Hiba-bil-Ew:μ: after receiving from the donee
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AFSAR SHEIKH v. SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, J.)
331
:a dhoti as a symbolic consideration therefor.
He denied that the
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plaintiff at the time of the gift was too old and infirm.
According
to him, the plaintiff was not more than 75 years of age. He further
averred that he was in possession of the suit lands ever since the
·execution of the Hiba.
After considering the
pleadings, the trial court
framed three
Issues. Issue No. 2 as recast on August 8, 1961, was as follows:
"Is the Hiba-bil-Ewaz void and inoperative, having been
fraudulently obtained by defendant 1st party, as alleged by
the plaintiff? Was it executed bona fide by the plaintiff out
of his own free will and given effect to so as to confer valid
title upon defendant 1st party with respect to the lands in
suit?"
The trial court found that there was no fraud or misrepresentation
()n the part of Afsar. It further held that the done was in possession
of the gifted lands ever since the gift.
In the result,· it dismissed
·the suit.
Aggrieved, the plaintiff preferred an appeal to the District Judge,
who by his judgment, dated July 3, 1962, dismissed the same, and
: affirmed the findings of the trial court.
The plaintiff carried a second appeal to the High Court.
The
appeal was heard by a learned Single Judge who held that "the mere
finding as given. by the court below that the plaintiff in the present
case had executed the document after knowing its contents is not
sufficient in law to throw out the plaintiff's case" because in view of
the allegation in the plaint "that defendant No. 1 was assisting him
in the management of his property and that as a result thereof the
plaintiff had developed confidence in him, which, according to the
plaintiff, was abused in getting the document dated 9-2-59, executed
by the plaintiff", it was incumbent on· the court below to find out
whether the donee was in a position to dominate the will of the donor
in giving advice. In the opinion of the learned Judge, if the trial court
had come to the conclusion in favour of the allegations made by the
plaintiff then the onus in that case would have shifted to defendant
No. 1 to establish that he did not abuse his position and that the
deed of Hiba-bil-Ewaz though unconscionable on the very face of it,
· was not. brought about by any undue
influence
on
his
part.
\By his judgment, dated October 16, 1963, he remanded the case to the
District Judge "for a fresh hearing on the material already on the
record" for recording findings as to whether Afsar had obtained the
Hiba-bil-Ewaz by
exercising undue
influence over
the plaintiff,
whether consideration had been given for the
Hiba-bil-Ewaz
and
whether the alleged donee had been in possession of the gifted lands.
After the remand, the Additional District Judge, Dumka by his
judgment, dated June 18, 1965, again affirmed the findings of the
trial court.
He further found that there was nothing to show that
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332
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1976] 2 S.C.R.
Afsar was in a position to dominate the will of the plaintiff or had
got the Hiba-bil-Ewaz executed by exercising undue influence.
Against this judgment, dated June 18, 1965, of [he Additional
District Judge,, the paintift' preferred a Second Appeal in the High
Court.
This appeal came up for hearing before another
learned
Judge who by his Judgment dated November 19, 1967, allowed the
same and set aside the judgments of the courts below, on the ground
that the written statement of the defendant contained a clear admission
of intimate relationship between the parties indicative of the "possibility" of dominating the will of the plaintiff by defendant No. 1
and consequently the onus had shifted on the defendant to show that
the plaintiff had access to independant advice.
Since the defendant
did not produce any evidence to show that he had refrained from
dominating the will of the plaintiff in obtaining the Hiba-bil-Ewaz,
"the plaintiff should have been taken to have proved that the document was vitiated by undue influence of defendant No. 1".
The
learned Judge did not, in terms, set aside the concurrent finding
of the courts below on Issue No. 2 relating to fraud
and misrepresentation.
Against the judgment of the High Court, the defendants have
come in appeal before us.
We have heard the learned Counsel on both sides and carefully
scrutinised the record.
We are of opinion that the judgment of the
High Court, cannot be upheld as it suffers from manifest errors.
The High Court has tried in Second appeal .to make out a new
case for the plaintiff on the ground of undue influence which was
neither pleaded adequately in the plaint, nor put in issue.
· The specific case set up in the plaint was that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz
in question was vitiated by fraud and misrepresentation practised by
Afsar defendant.
It was in that context it was stated in a general
way, that the plaintiff was a simple, illiterate man of 90 years, an<d
had great confidence in Afsar, and "the . parties used to help each
other in respective cultivation''.
Apart from
this
general
and
nebulous allegation, no particulars of a plea of undue influence wei:e
pleaded. Even the near relationship between the plaintiff and Afsar
was not disclosed.
It was not particularised how Afsar was in a
position to dominate the will 0£ the plaintiff, in what manner
he
exercised that influence, how the influence, if any, used by Afsar
over him was "undue", and how and in what circumstances the Hiba-,
bil-Ewaz was an 'unfair' or unconscionable transaction. In short no
material particulars showing that the transaction was vitiated by undue
influence were pleaded. Rather somewhat inconsistently with a plea
of undue influence, it was alleged that the Hiba was tainted by fraud,
misrepresentation and deceit practised by Afsar.
While it is true that 'undue influence', 'fraud', 'misrepresentation'
are cognate vices and may, in part, overlap in some cases, they are
in law distinct categories, and are in view of Order 6, Rule 4, read
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AFSAR SHEIKH V. SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, !.)
333
with Order 6, r.2, of the Code of Civil Procedure, required to
be
separtely pleaded, with specificity, particularity and precision.
A
general allegation in the plaint, that the plaintiff was a simple old
man of ninety who had reposed great confidence in the defendant,
was much too insufficient to amount to an averment of undue influence of which the High Court could take notice, particularly when
no issue was claimed and no contention was raised on that point
at any stage in the trial court, or, in the first round, even before
the first appellate court.
The High Court has tried to spell out a plea of undue influence
by referring to paragraph 7 of the written statement in which the
defendant inter-alia stated that he was "looked after and brought up
by the plaintiff as his son and he became very much attached to the
·plaintiff and since his infancy till the middle of this year this defendant
always lived with the plaintiff and nsed to treat him as his father
helped him and looked after all his affairs." This paragraph, according to the learned Judge, contains "a clear admissi0n of the intimate
relationship between the two indicative 9f the position of dominating
the will of the plaintiff by defendant No. 1"
We are, with due respect, unable to appreciate this antic construction put on the defendants' pleading.
All .that has been said
in the written statement is that the relationship subsisting between the
plaintiff and the defendant was marked by love and affection, and
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was akin to that of father and son.
Normally, in such paternal
relationship, the father, and not the son, is in a position of dominating
influence.
The defendant's pleading could not be reasonably conE
strued as an admission, direct or inferential, of the fact that he was
in a position to dominate the will of the plaintiff.
In spelling out
a plea of undue influence for the plaintiff by an 'inverted' .construction
of the defendants' pleading, the High Court overlooked the principle
conveyed by the maxim secundum allegata et f)robata,
that
the
plaintiff could succeed only by what he had alleged and proved. He
could not be allowed to travel beyond what was pleaded by him and
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put in issue.
On his failure to prove his case as alleged, the court
could not conjure up a new case for hirn by stretching .his pleading
and reading into it something which was not there, nor in issue, with
the aid of an extraneous document.
Thus considered,
the
High
Court was in error when by its judgment, ·dated October 16. 1963,
it remanded the case . to the first appellate Court with a direction
to determine the question .of undue influence "on material already
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on record."
Be that as it may, the High Court was not competant, in second
appeal to reverse the finding of fact recorded, after . the remand,
by th~ first appellant Court, to the effect, that Afsar _was not in . a
position to dominate the will of t~e. plaintiff, a?d he did. not .exercise
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any undue influence on the plamtiff to o~ta~n the Hiha-b1l-Ew~z,
which was voluntarily' executed by the plamtiff after understandmg
its contents and effect.
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334
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1976] 2 S.C,R.
The scope of the powers of the High Court to interfere in second
appeal with judgments and decrees of courts below is indkated in
ss. 100, .101, and 103 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Broadly, the
effect of ss. 100 and 101, read together, is that second appeal
is
competent only on the ground of al) error in law or procedure, and
not merely on the ground of an error on a question of fact.
The
High Court has no jurisdiction to entertain a second appeal on the
"ground of a erroneous finding of fact, however gross or inexcusable
the error may
seem to be"
(Mst. Durga Choudhrani v. Jawahar
Singh) ( 1).
Section 103 enables the High Court in second appeal,
where the evidence on the record is sufficient, to determine an i~sue
of fact necessary for the disposal of the appeal only-
( a) if the lower appellate Court has not determined that
issue of fact, or
(b) if it has determined that issue wrongly by reason of
any illegality, omision, error or defect much as is
referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 100.
lt is well settled that a question whether a person was
in
a
position to dominate the will of another and procured a certain deed
by undue influence, is a question of fact, and a finding thereon is
a finding of fact and if arrived at fairly, in accordance with the
procedure prescribed, is not liable to be reopened in second appeal
(Satgur Prasad v. Har Narain Das;( 2 ) Lad/i Prashad Jaiswal v. Tile
Kariial Distillery Co. Ltd.(3).
Bearing in mind the provisions of s. 103 read with s.100(1),
the further question to be considered is:
Was the finding of the first
appellate Court on the point of undue
influence vitiated
_by
an
illegality, omission, error of defect such as is referred to in s. 1:00( l)?
For reasons to be stated presently, the answer to this questioa must
be in the negative.
The law as to undue influence in the case of. a gift inter vivos is
the same as in the case of a contract. It is embodied in s. 16 of the
Indian Contract Act. Sub-section (1) of s. 16 defines 'undue influence'
in general terms. It provides that to constitute 'undue influence' two
basic elements must be cumulatively present.
First, the relations
subsisting between the parties are such that one of the parties is in
a position to dominate the will of the other.
Second, the party in
dominant position uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage
over the other.
Both these conditions must be pleaded with particularity and proved by the person seeking to avoid the transaction.
In view of this sub-section, the Court trying a case of undue
influence of the kind before tis, must, to start with, consider two
things, namely, ( 1) are the relations between the donor and the
donee such that the donee is in a position to dominate the will of
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the donor?
and (2) has the donee used that position to obtain an
(I) 17 I. A. 122 (P. C.)
(2) 59 I. A. 147.
(3) [1964] 1 S. C. R. 270.
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AFSAR SHEIKH v. SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, J.)
335
unfair
advantage
over
the
donor?
(Subhas Chandra v. Gana
A
Prasad) . ( 1)
Sub section (2) of s. 16 is 'illustrative as to when a person is
considered to be in a position to dominate the will of the other.
It gives three illustrations of such a position, which adapted to the
facts of the present case, would be (a) whether the donee holds
a real or apparent authority over the donor, (b) whether he stands
in a fiduciary relation to the donor, or (c) whether he makes the
· transaction with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or
permanently affected by reason of age, illness or mental or bodily
distress.
Sub-section (3) contains a rule of evidence.
According to this
rule, if a person seeking to avoid a transaction on the grc'lund
of
undue influence proves-
( a) that the party who had obtained the benefit was, at
the material time, in a position to dominate the will of the
other conferring the benefit,° and
(b) that the transaction is unconscionable,
the burden shifts on the party bencfitting by the transaction to show
that it was not induced by undue influence. If either of these two conditions is not established the burden will not shift.
As shall be dis-
£ussed presently, in the instant case the first condition had not been
established, and consequently, the burden never shifted on the defendant.
In Subhas Chandra case (ibid), this Court quoted with approval
)lie observations of the Privy Council in Ragh.unath Prasad v. Sarju
/'rasad( 2 ) which expounded three stages for consideration of a case
of undue influence. It was pointed out that the first thing to be considered is, whether the plaintiff or the party asking relief on the ground
sf undue influence has proved that the relations between the parties
t'o each other are such that one is in a position to dominate the will
~f the other.
Upto this point 'influence' alone has been made out.
Once that position is substantiated, the second stage has been reached
-namely, the issue whether the transaction has been induced by undue
influence. That is to say, it is not sufficient for .the person seeking the
relief to show that the relations of the parties have been such that the
(me naturally relied upon the other for advice, and the other was in a
position to dominate the will of the first in giving it. "More than mere
fofluence must be proved so as to render influence in the language
·of the law, 'undue' (Poosathurai v. Kappanna Chettiar and others) .(3)
Upon a determination 'of the issue at the second stage, a third point
emerges, which is of the onus probandi". If ~he trans~ction appe~rs
ro be unconscionable, then the burden of provmg that 1t was not 111duced by. undue influence is to lie upon the person who was in a
position to dominate the will of the other.
(1) [1967] I S. C.R. 331 at 334.
(2) 51 T. A. 101.
(3) 4 7 I.A. I.
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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"Error is almost sur.e to arise if the order of these propositions be
changed. The unconsc10nableness of the bargain is not the first thing
to be considered.
The first thing to be considered is the relations of
the parties. Were they such as to put one in a position to dominate the
will of the other".
. In_ the present . case the High Court did not consider the propositions m the order md1cated above, and this led to a wrong decision.
In the case before us, after a careful examination of the evidence
on record, the first appellate Court found the points to be considered
at the first two stages, against the plaintiff. It held that although the
relationship between the donor and the donee was intimate, like that
of father and son characterised by mutual cordiality and affection, the
donee was not in a position to dominate the will of the donor.
No
less a witness than the donor himself, as R.W. 10, emphatically main~
tained in cross-examination : "Afsar worked sometimes as my labourer
on wages and I don't understand what confidence has got to do with
it." He intransigently refused to concede even the stark fact-which
was otherwise found fully established-that he had brought up Afsar
as a son from his very infancy and the latter used to look after the
former's lands.
Thus? even the slander shred 'in the plaint from which the High
Court tned to spell out a whole pattern of fiduciary relationship between the parties and a position of dominant influence for Afsar, was
. torn and destroyed by the plaintiff himself in the witness-stand.
Jn the context of the first-stage consideration, the District Judge
found on the basis of the evidence on record, that although the plaintiff was an old man-and he had intentionally, far overstated his agcyet he was quite fit to look after his affairs. On this point, the District
·Judge accepted the version of the plaintiff's own witness (PW 7) which
was to the effect, that the plaintiff himself yokes the bullocks, and unaided by anybody else, ploughs his lands. In the face of such evidence,
the District Judge was right in holding that Ebad plaintiff, though old,
was physically fit "to cari:.v on his affairs.
There was no e_vidence to
show that the mental capacity of the donor was tcmporarily or permanently affected or enfeebled by old age or other cause. so that he
could not understand the nature·of deed or the effect and consequences
of its execution. The mere fact that he was illiterate and old, was no
proof of such mental incapacity. None of the circumst~nces ~entioned
iii sub-section (2) of s, 16, had been proved. from which. an rnferen~e
could be drawn that the donee was in a position to dommate the will
of the donor.
The failure of the plaintiff to prove this element of 'un~ue influence' which was to be considered at the first stage, would itself lead
to th~ collapse of the whole ground of "undue influence".
Assuming for the sake of argument that the "Hiba-bil-Ewaz was
induced by influence of Afsar, in whom th~ former reposed confidence
such as a father does, in his son, then also 1t had not been proved that
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AFSAR SHEIKH v. SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, J.)
337
such influence was 'undue'.
As a rule "there is no presumption of
undue influence in the case of a gift to a son ... although made during
the donor's illness and a few days before his death". (Halsbury's Laws
of England 3rd Ed. Vol. 17, p. 674).
The District Judge has held (as per his judgment dated 18-6-1965)
that the plaintiff executed the Hiba-bil-Ewaz of his own free will after
understanding the contents of the deed.
Indeed, the evidence of the deed writer, DW 6, who knew Ebad
for abc,mt 5 years previously, was to the effect that he had scribed the
deed (Hiba-bil-Ewaz) according to Ebad's instructions in the presence
of the attesting witnesses. DW 6 then read out the contents of the
deed to Ebad, who accepted the same to be correct and then thumbmarked it. This account of the witness was not challenged in crossexamination.
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D.W. 7 is an attesting witness of the deed. He was the Sarpapch
of Birkiti Gram Panchayat. He had come to the Registration Oi1lce
at Pakur on that day in connection with his own business.
He was
known to Ebad. According to the witness, it was Ebad, the donor,-
and not the donee-who had requested the witness to attest the deed.
D
The witness stated that it was Ebad who told him that he was gifting
12-! biglias of land to Afsar in token consideration of a Dhoti given
by the latter. The witness corroborated the scribe, that the deed had
been drawn up according to the instructions given by Ebad.
The first two courts have concurrently found that these witnesses
are respectable, independent and disinterested persons,
and
their
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evidence is entirely creditworthy. They also accepted the evidence of
DW 3, DW 4 and DW 5 regarding the giving of Dhoti as considera.~
tion for the Hiba by the donee to the donor.
PW 4 was another deed-writer, who had scribed the cancellation
deed (Ex. I), admittedly executed by the plaintiff on 3-2-1959 to
revoke the will.
The plaintiff's case was that on 3-2,1959, it was
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Afsar who took him to Pakur and got the cancellation deed executed,
and took hold of that deed, and thereafter by a misrepresentation that •
the deed had been lost, got on 9-2-1959, the Hiba-bil-Ewaz executed.
The core of this story was gonged out by the plaintiff's own witness,
PW 4, who had scribed the cancellation deed.
PW 4 did not swear
to the presence of Afsar defendant on 3-2-59 at Pukar when the cancellation deed Ex. 1 was written and executed. In view of this, the
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first appellate court, was right in holding, in concurrence with the trial
court, that Afsar never accompanied Ebad to Pukar c:n 3-2-1959,
and he not having come into possession of the ca~eellat10n dee~, no
occasion for him arose to induce by misrepresentation or undue mfluence the execution of the Hiba-bil-Ewaz in question.
The first . appellate Court further came to the co?clusion tha.t this
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gift was acted upon by the parties, the dom~e entered mto pos~ess1on of
the gifted land, that the plaintiff's natural son Moktul who smce lc:ng
before the gift, had been living separately from ·him, started residmg
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SUPREME COUT REPORTS·
(1976] 2 S.C.R.
with the pla~tiff, a~d, according to the plaintiff's
own
admission,
M_oktul, sometn~e pnor to the suit (which has been filed about one year
after th~ execut10n of the Hiba) convened a Panchayat in the Mosque,
to consider why the land should be given to defendant 1 and since then
the trouble arose which led to the institution of the suit.
In short, the District Judge who was the final court of fact, after a
survey of the entire evidence on record, found that Afsar was not in
a position to dominate the will of Ebad Sheikh and that the execution
of the Hiba-bil-Ewaz was not induced by undue influence.
We have discussed the evidence of the important witnesses in some
detail to show that on the l\laterial on· record, the finding of the first
appellate court to the effect, that the plaiilill' had failed to pr0ve that
defendant 1 was in a position to dominate his will, was not wrong or
unreasonable. In any case, it did not sull'er from any "illegality, omission, error or defect such as is referred to in sub-section ( 1 ) of section
100". It was a finding of fact and the High Court in second appeal,
had no jurisdiction to interfere with the same, even if it appeared to be
erroneous to the High Court, the error not being of a kind indicated
in section 1 00 ( 1 ) .
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Since the plaintiff had failed to substantiate the first clement esscnrtial to the proof of undue influence, the High Court was wrong in
holding that the burden had shifted on the defendant to show that the
Hiba-bil-Ewaz was not induced by undue influence.
For these reasons we allow the appeal, set aside the judgment of the
High Court and dismiss the suit, but, in the circumstances of the case,
leave the parties to bear their own costs throughout.
V.P.S.
Appeal allowed.
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