# 19M Ba1ant Kumar v. llark RoWng Mills Gaiendragadkar - **Citation:** [1964] 6 S.C.R. 920 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1964-02-26 - **Case number:** Criminal Appeals Nos. 150 and 185 of 1961 - **Bench:** K. Subba Rao, Raghubar Dayal, J. R. Mudholkar - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/19m-ba1ant-kumar-v-llark-rowng-mills-gaiendragadkar-3232 - **Pages:** 16 ## Headnote Criminal Trial-Whether the person must be physically present at the 1.1ctual commission of the crime-Acts done by several person.t in 1u11,'1erance of common intention-Essence of-lndia11 Penal Code, !KllO ( 4S of 1860), •· 34. In a trial by jury the appellants were jointly charged along witlt accused No. 1 with an offence punishable under ss. 471 and 467 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The first charge was that in 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 921 19M Shiv Prasad Chunilal v. furtherance of their common intention to cheat the railway administration, accused No. 1 had fraudulently or dishonestly used the forge'd railway receipt. The sl.!cond ch· .. rge v.:as framed in the alternative. Firstly it charged all the .accused under s. 467 read with s. 34 l.P.C. on account of accused No. I having forged the bill portion. In the alternative, accused No. 1 was charged under s. 467 I.P.C. and the appellant.~ were charged under s. 467 read with s. 109 I.P.C. for having abetted accused No. 1 in the ..:ommission of that offence. Similarly charges ~los. 3 to 6 were framed in the alternative. The jury returned a unanin1ous verdict of guilty against all the accused for the various offencrs read with s. 34 I.P.C. The verdict of the jury was not recorded with respect to the five alternative charges against accused No. 1 regarding substantive offences and against appellants with respect to various offences read with s. 109 I.P.C. The Sessions Judge accepted the verdict of the jury and convicteO them of the various offences read with s. 34 J.P.C. Their appeals to the High Court also failed. On appeal by Special Leave the appellants mainly contended that the learned Sessions Judge misdirected the jury with respect to the requirements of s. 34 T.P .C. tt was urged that the various offences were actually committed by accused No. l, that the appellants were not present when accused t.J o. 1 presented the forged railway receipts, did other criminal acts and took Uelivery of the goods and that therefore even if they had agreed V1ith accused No. I for the cheating of the railway by obtaining the ioods dishonestly by presenting the forged receipt. they might have a.betted the commission of the various offences, but could not be guilty of those offences with the aid of s. 34 J.P.C. whose provisions do not 1.pply in the circumstances of the case. For the applicability of s. 34 against an accused, it is necessary that that accused had actually partiicipated in the commission of the crime either by doing something which forms part of the criminal act or by at least doing something which 'Vfould indicate that be was a participant in the commission of that criminal act at the time it was committed. Stai. of MaMrashtra Held: In the present case, accused No. 1 alone did the various acts which constituted the offences of which he was convicted. The oppellants took no part in the actual commission of those acts. Whatever they might have done prior to the doing of those acts, did not form an ingredient of the offences committed by accused No. 1. They 1:ould not be said to have participated in the commission of the criminal act which amounted to those various offences. They could not be therefore held liable, by virtue of s. 34 I.P.C., for the acts committed by accused No. 1 alone, even if those acts bad been committed in further· ance of the common intention of all the three accuse([. Therefore. the conviction of the appellants, for the various offences read with s. 34 I.P.C. must be set aside. Barendra Kumar Ghosh v. The King Emperor, (1929) L.R. 52 I.A. 40, Shree Kantiah Ramayya Munipalli v. State of Bombay [1955] I S.C.R. 1177 and Jaikrishnadas Manohardlll Duai v. State of Bombay [1960) 3 S.C.R. 319, referred to. 1964 Shiv Pra•ad Chunilal v. State of Maha· rashtra 922 SlTPREME COURT REPORTS ## Text 19M Ba1ant Kumar v. llark RoWng Mills Gaiendragadkar c. J. 1964 February 26 920 SUPREME COURT REPORTS No. 1 in all the three appeals were not entitled to curtail the benefits provided to the appellants by them and that the said benefits were not similar either qualitatively or quantitatively to the benefits under the Scheme which had been brought into force under the Act. The High Court has held that the question as to whether the notices and circulars issued by respondent No. 1 were invalid, could not be considered under Art. 226 of the Constitution; that is a matter which can be appropriately raised in the form of a dispute by the appellants under s. 10 of the Industrial Disputes Act. It is true that the powers conferred on the High Courts under Art. 226 are very wide, but it is not suggested by Mr. Chatterjee that even these powers can take in within their sweep industrial disputes of the kind which this contention seeks to raise. Therefore, without expressing any opinion on the merits of the contention, we would contirm the finding of the High Court that the proper remedy which is available to the appellants to ventilate their grievances in respect of the said notices and circulars is to take recourse to s. 10 of the Industrial Disputes Act, or seek relief, if possible, under sections 74 and 75 of the Act. The result is, the appeals fail and are dismiBsed. There would be no order as to costs. A ppea/s dismissed. SHIV PRASAD CHUNILAL JAIN v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA (K. SUBBA RAO, RAGHUBAR DAYAL AND J. R. MUDHOLKAR JJ.) Criminal Trial-Whether the person must be physically present at the 1.1ctual commission of the crime-Acts done by several person.t in 1u11,'1erance of common intention-Essence of-lndia11 Penal Code, !KllO ( 4S of 1860), •· 34. In a trial by jury the appellants were jointly charged along witlt accused No. 1 with an offence punishable under ss. 471 and 467 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The first charge was that in 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 921 19M Shiv Prasad Chunilal v. furtherance of their common intention to cheat the railway administration, accused No. 1 had fraudulently or dishonestly used the forge'd railway receipt. The sl.!cond ch· .. rge v.:as framed in the alternative. Firstly it charged all the .accused under s. 467 read with s. 34 l.P.C. on account of accused No. I having forged the bill portion. In the alternative, accused No. 1 was charged under s. 467 I.P.C. and the appellant.~ were charged under s. 467 read with s. 109 I.P.C. for having abetted accused No. 1 in the ..:ommission of that offence. Similarly charges ~los. 3 to 6 were framed in the alternative. The jury returned a unanin1ous verdict of guilty against all the accused for the various offencrs read with s. 34 I.P.C. The verdict of the jury was not recorded with respect to the five alternative charges against accused No. 1 regarding substantive offences and against appellants with respect to various offences read with s. 109 I.P.C. The Sessions Judge accepted the verdict of the jury and convicteO them of the various offences read with s. 34 J.P.C. Their appeals to the High Court also failed. On appeal by Special Leave the appellants mainly contended that the learned Sessions Judge misdirected the jury with respect to the requirements of s. 34 T.P .C. tt was urged that the various offences were actually committed by accused No. l, that the appellants were not present when accused t.J o. 1 presented the forged railway receipts, did other criminal acts and took Uelivery of the goods and that therefore even if they had agreed V1ith accused No. I for the cheating of the railway by obtaining the ioods dishonestly by presenting the forged receipt. they might have a.betted the commission of the various offences, but could not be guilty of those offences with the aid of s. 34 J.P.C. whose provisions do not 1.pply in the circumstances of the case. For the applicability of s. 34 against an accused, it is necessary that that accused had actually partiicipated in the commission of the crime either by doing something which forms part of the criminal act or by at least doing something which 'Vfould indicate that be was a participant in the commission of that criminal act at the time it was committed. Stai. of MaMrashtra Held: In the present case, accused No. 1 alone did the various acts which constituted the offences of which he was convicted. The oppellants took no part in the actual commission of those acts. Whatever they might have done prior to the doing of those acts, did not form an ingredient of the offences committed by accused No. 1. They 1:ould not be said to have participated in the commission of the criminal act which amounted to those various offences. They could not be therefore held liable, by virtue of s. 34 I.P.C., for the acts committed by accused No. 1 alone, even if those acts bad been committed in further· ance of the common intention of all the three accuse([. Therefore. the conviction of the appellants, for the various offences read with s. 34 I.P.C. must be set aside. Barendra Kumar Ghosh v. The King Emperor, (1929) L.R. 52 I.A. 40, Shree Kantiah Ramayya Munipalli v. State of Bombay [1955] I S.C.R. 1177 and Jaikrishnadas Manohardlll Duai v. State of Bombay [1960) 3 S.C.R. 319, referred to. 1964 Shiv Pra•ad Chunilal v. State of Maha· rashtra 922 SlTPREME COURT REPORTS CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeals Nos. 150 and 185 of 1961. Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated Jun~ 19, 1961 of the former Bombay High Court in Crimin31 Apneals Nos. 218 and 242 of 1961 respectively. S. Mohan Kumarmanga/am, R. K. Garg and M. K. Ramamurthi. for the appellant (in Cr. A. No. 150/61). B. M. Mistry, Ravinder Narain and J. B. Dadachanji, for the appe1lant (in Cr. A. No. 185 of 1961 ). B. K. Khanna, B. R. G. K. Achar and R. H. Dhebar, for the respondent (in both the appeals). February 26, 1964. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by &,hubar v111al J. RAGHUBAR DAYAL J.-Shiv Prasad Chunilal Jain, appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 150 of 1961 was accused No. 3 and Pyarelal Jshwardas Kapoor, appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 185 of 1961 was accused No. 2, at the Sessions Trial before the Additional Sessions Judge, Greater Bombay. Along with them was a third accused, Rameshwarnath Brijmohan Shukla who was accused No. l at the trial. As the two appeals arise from a common judgment. we would dispose of them by one judgment. The appellapts would be referred to as accused No. 3 and accused No. 2 respectively. The facts leading to the conviction of the appellants are that a large quantity of iron angles was consigned early in February 1959 from Gobind Garb to Raypuram under railway receipt No. 597 481. They were despatched in an open wagon bearing E.R. No. 69667. The labels of the wagon were changed at Jtarsi railway station and it was diverted to Wadi Bunder under a label showing that the iron angles had been despatched from Baran to W~di Eunder under railway receipt No. 43352 dated February 6, ,;59, This wagon reached Wadi Bunder on February 16, B59. On February 17 it was unloaded by Ilaburao 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 923 Gawade, P.W. 1 and Shridhar. P.W. 14. On February 18, 1964 accused No. 1 obtained the delivery sheet of the bill and Shiv J:riuad signed it in the name of Shri Datta. He also obtained Chunii.J ... delivery of the iron angles from the railway and signed the state of Mahi>-· Railway Delivery Book in the name of Shri Datta. The r~ railway authorities delivered these on the presentation ;;~ Raghubar Dayal J; the forged receipt No. 43352 and on payment of the charges amounting to Rs. 1,500/-. These iron angles were then transported to the godown of the National Transport Company at Sewri and stored there. The entries in the book showed their receipt in the account of accused No. 3 and also contained a further entry indicating the goods to be received in the account of accused No. 2. The latter entry was made on the receipt of a chit, Exhibit ZS, from accused No. 1 saying that the goods be entered in the name of accused No. 2. On Febrnary 24, 1959 the accused No. 2 signed an application, Exhibit K, addressed to the head office of the National Transport Company for delivering the goods. Accused No. 1 obtained the goods from the godown of that company on February 26 and March 3, 1959. A complaint by the original consignee about iile nonreceipt of the iron angles sent from Gobind Garb led to an enquiry and eventual prosecution of the three accused. Six charges were framed. The first charge was against all the accused for an offence punishable under ss. 471 and 467 read with s. 34 l.P.C. and stated that in furtherance of their common intention to cheat the railway administration, accused No. 1 had fraudulently or dishonestly used the forged railway receipt No. 43352. The second charge was framed in the alternative. Firstly it charged all the accused for an offence under s. 467 read with s. 34 l.P.C. on account of accused No. 1 having forged the bill portion. In the alternative, accused No. 1 was charged with the offence under s. 467 l.P.C. and the other accused Nos. 2 and 3 were charged under s. 467 read with s. 109 l.P.C. for having abetted accused No. I in the commissiC1n of that offence. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1961 Charges Nos. 3 to 6 were similarly framed in the Shiv Prasad alternative, i.e., in the first instance all the three accused Chunilal were charged with certain offences read with s. 34 LP .C. Stak 0j· Maha- while in the alternative accused No. 1 was charged of .the TfJ8htra specific offence and the other two accused were charged Jl11i/iubar DayalJ. with that offence read with s. 109 l.P.C. The accused were tried by the Additional Sessions Judge, Greater Bombay, with the aid of a jury. The jury returned a unanimous verdict of guilty against all the accused for the various offences read with s. 34 I.P.C. The verdict of the jury was not recorded with respect to the five alternative charges against accused No. 1· regarding substantive offences and. against accused Nos. 2 and 3 with respect to the various offences read with s. 109 I.P.C. The Sessions Judge accepted the verdict of the jury and convicted them of the various offences read with s. 34 I.P.C. Their appeals to the High Court were unsuccessful and therefore accused Nos. 2 and 3 have preferred these appeals after obtaining special leave from this Court. The main contention for the appellants is that the learned Sessions Judge misdirected the jury with respect to the requirements of s. 34 l.P.C. The contention is that the various offences were actually committed by accused No. 1 on February 18, that neither accused No. 2 nor accused No. 3 was present when he presented the forged railway receipt, did other criminal acts and took delivery of the iron angles and that therefore even if they had agreed with accused No. 1 for the cheating of the railway administration by obtaining the iron angles dishonestly by presenting the forged receipt, they might have abetted the commission of the various offences, but could not be guilty of those offences with the aid of s. 34 I.P.C. whose provisions, it is contended, do not apply in the circumstances of the case. It is contended that for the applicability of s. 34 against an accused, it is necessary that that accused had actually participated in the commission of the crime either by doing something which forms part of the criminal act or by at least doing something which would indicate that " he was a participant in the commission of that criminal act at the time it was committed. Reliance is placed on the 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 925 cases reported as Barendra Kumar Ghosh v. The King Emperor(') and Shreekantiah Ramayya Munipalli v. The State of Bombay(2 }. The learned Sessions Judge in the instant case had told the jury: "In case you come to the conclusion that there was a common intention in the minds of all the three accused and accused No. 1 was acting in furtherance of that common intention, all the accused would be answerable for the cffences proved against accused No. 1 by virtue of the provisions of s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code, and it would be no answer to the charge to say that the acts were done by accused No. 1 alone. Therefore, you have first, to consider for yourselves what offences are proved against accused No. 1. You have next to ask yourselves whether it is proved (and it can also be proved by circumstantial evidence) that there was a common intention in the minds of all the three accused and the acts done by accused No. l were done in furtherance of that common intention. If your answer is 'yes' all the three accused would be guilty of the oharges proved against accused No. 1 by virtue of s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code." It is contended that in thus ptitting the case to the jury the learned Sessions Judge was in error as he did not take into consideration the fact that accused Nos. 2 and 3 were not present at all at the time when the various offences were actually committed by accused No. 1. The two cases relied upon by the appellants support their contention. In Shreekantiah's case( 2 ), three persons were convicted Oil.several charges under s. 409 read with s. 34 I.P.C. for committing criminal breach of trust of certain goods entrusted to them as government servants in charge of the stores depot _ (I) L.R. 52 I.A. 40. (2) [1955] 1 S.C.R. 1177. 1964 Shiv Praltlll Chunllal Y. Stat• of M.m. rashtra Raghubar D111al I. 926 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1964 at Dehu Road near Poona. The stores had illegally passed Shiv PraMd out of the depot and were handed over to a person who was Chuni1411 not authorised to get them from the depot. It was alleged Stat• 0/· Maha- that those accused had conspired to defraud the Government rashtra of those properties and that it was in pursuance of that llaghubar Dayal J. conspiracy that they had arranged to sell the goods to the other person. Accused No. 1 in that case was not present when the goods were loaded nor was he present when they were allowed to pass out of the gates, that is to say, he was not present when the offence was committed. Bose J., delivering the judgment of the Court, said at p. 1189 : "If he was not present, he cannot be convicted with the aid of section 34. He could have been convicted of the abetment had the jury returned a verdict to that effect because there is evidence of abetment and the charge about abetment is right in law. But the jury ignored the abetment part of the charge and we have no means of knowing whether they believed this part of the evidence or not." In considering the misdirection in the charge to the jury and the requirements of s. 34 I.P.C. the learned Judge said at p. 1188 : "The essence of the misdirection consists in his direction to the jury that even though a person 'may not be present when the offence is actually committed' and even if he remains 'behind the screen' he can be convicted under section 34 provided it is proved that the offence was committed in furtherance of the common intention. This is wrong, for it js the essence of the section that the person must be physically present at the actual commission of the crime." Shreekantiah's case(') is practically similar to the present case. Both accused No. 2 and accused No. 3 deny their presence at the railway station on February 18 when the various offences were committed. None deposed that accused No. 3 was then present. The presence of accused No. 2 was, however, stated by Babu Rao Gawade, P.W. 1. (!) [1955] I S.C.R. 1177. 6 S.C.R. SUPREM.E COURT REPORTS 927 He had not stated so in his slatement before tlr T'dice during 1964 investigation and the summmg up by the learned Sessions Shi• PraJtUl Judge was that, under tho>e circumstances, it was for the Chunilal jury to consider whether tc believe the statement of the Stat• of. Ma/ut. witness in Court or not. It cannot be said as there was other ras/Jtra evidence against accused No. 2 as well about his connection R.aghubar Dayal 1. with this criminal transaction whether the jury believed his presence at the railway station on February 18 or not. In Jaikrishnadas Manohardas Desai v. The State of Bombay('), Shreekantiah's ca.1e(') came up for consideration and was distinguished, on facts. In that case, the two accused, who were directors of a company, were convicted of an offence under s. 409 read with s. 34 l.P.C. for committing criminal breach of trust with respect to certain cloth supplied to them. It was alleged that one of the accused was not working at that factory. during the period when the goods must have been removed and that therefore he could not be made liable for the misappropriation of the goods by taking recourse to the provisions of s. 34 I.P.C. Shah J ., delivering the judgment of the Court, said at p. 326 : "But the essence of liability under s. 34 is to be found in the existence of a common intention animating the offenders leading to the doing of a criminal act in furtherance of the common intention and presence of the offender sought to be rendered liable under s. 34 is not, on the words of the statute, one of the conditions of its applicability. . ..... A common intentiona meeting of minds-to commit an offence and participation in the commission of the offence in furtherance of that common intention invite the application of s. 34. But this participation need not in all cases be by physical presence. In offences involving physical violence, normally presence at the scene of offence of the offenders sought to be rendered liable on the principle of joint Iiabi 1ity may be necessary, but such is not the case in respect of other offences where the offence consists of diverse acts which may be (I) 11960] 3, S.C.R. 319. (2) [1955] I S.C.R. 1177. 1964 Shiv Pr@tld Chun/la/ v. Stat• of Maharashtra Roghubar Dayal J. 928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS done at different times and places. In Shree Kantiah's case( 1 ), misappropriation was committed by removing the goods from a Government depot and on the occasion of the removal of the goods, the first accused was not present. It was therefore doubtful whether he had participated in the commission of the offence, and this Court in those circumstances held that participation by the first accused was not established. The observations in Shree Kantiah' s case (1) in so far as they deal with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code must, in our judgment, be read in the light of the facts established and are not intended to Jay down a principle of universai application." Accused No. 1, in the present case, alone did the various acts on February 18, 1959 which constituted the offences of which he was convicted. Accused Nos. 2 and 3 took no part in the actual commission of those acts. Whatever they might have done prior to the doing of those acts, did not form an ingredient of the offences committed by accused No. 1. They cannot be said to have participated in the commission of the criminal act which amounted to those various offences. They cannot be therefore held liable, by virtue of s. 34 I.P.C., for the acts committed by accused No. 1 alone, even if those acts had been committed in furtherance of the common intention of all the three accu~ed. The result, therefore, is that the conviction of the appellants, viz., accused Nos. 2 and 3, for the various offences read with s. 34 I.P.C. is to be set aside. We did not hear, at first, the learned counsel for the appellants, on the alternative offences of abetmcnt being made out against the appellants and with respect to which the verdict of the jury was not recorded by the Sessions Judge. We did not consider it necessary to remit the case for further proceedings with respect to those charges and preferred to dispose of the case finally after giving a further hearing to the learned counsel for the appellants. We accordingly heard them on the charges relating to the appellants abetting accused No. I in the commission of the \IJ [19551 I S.C.R. 1177. ' .. ' ' ' 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 929 various offences, subjt'Ct m~tter of charges Nos. 2 to 6 and now deal with that matter. We need not discuss the evidence on the record and would just note the various facts which are established from the evidence or which are admitted by lhe accused. The relevant facts having a bearing on the question of accused No. 2 abetting the commission of the offences committed by accused No. I are : 1. Accused No. 1 is the servant of accused No. 3 at whose shop accused No. 2, who is a broker, sits. 2. Accused No. 2 deals in non-ferrous goods. 3. Accused No. 2 went with Baburam Gavade, P.W. 1, a clearing agent, on February 17, 1959, to see the goods. 4. The godown register showed the angle irons to be received in the account of Shiv Prasad Bimal Kumar and Pyare Lal, accused· No. 2. 5. Accused No. 2 wrote the letter Exhibit K to the National Transport Company for issuing the delivery order with respect to the angle irons in order to enable him to take delivery thereof. 6. Accused No. 2 was in possession of the note Exhibit Z-7 which he delivered to the police during the investigation. The relevant facts having a bearing on the alleged abetment of the offences by accused No. 3 are : 1. Accused No. 1 is an employee of accused No. 3. 2. The angle irons were stored at the depot of the National Transport Company at the instance of accused No. 1. 3 . The hooks of the godown noted their receipt in the account of accused No. 3, though the account showed further that they were received in the account of accused No. 2. This further entry was made on receipt of Exhibit Z-8 from 134-159 S.C-59 196~ Shiv Prarad Chunilal v .• State of MaJrt.. rashtra Raghubar Dayal I. 1964 Shiv Pruad Ch1111illll v. S•t• ·of Jlahara1htra 930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1¢4] accused No. 1 when the last lot was delivered at the godown on February 18. a.,hubar D•yal J, 4. The entire writing on Exhibit Z-7 except the signature of an unknown person and the date below it, was written by accused No. 3. That document reads : "To, Piaraya Lal c/ o M/s. Sheopershad Bimal Kumar, Bombay. l. RR. No. 43351, dated 4-2-59 Ashoknagar to Carnac Bridge. 2. RR. No. 43352, dated 6-2-59 Baran to Wadi Bunder. I have received the material of the above RR which I have handed over to you for clearance. Sd./- Y ashwant .... 24-2-1959." Besides these circumstances, it is urged for the State that the effect of the diversion of the wagon from its right course at !tarsi railway station indicates that the people responsible for it must have a fairly large and influential organization with funds and that such a diversion could noi have been merely at the instance of accused No. 1, an employee of accused No. 3, who is a substantial merchant. About Rs. 1,500/- were paid as charges to the railway authorities before the angle irons could be taken delivery of. Accused No. 1 could not have been in a position to make that payment. It is further urged that accused No. 1 would not ha~ stored the goods with the National Transport Company unless the storage was on account of his master, accused No. 3. Accused No. 2 admits his going to see the goods on February 17, but states that he lost his interest in the goods i. u they were iron angles and his line of business was in non-ferrous goods. He explains his signing the letter Exhibit I 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 931 K by saying that he did so at the instance of accused No. 3 who represented to him that accused No. 1 had, by mistake, 11tored the goods in the name of accused No. 2 and of accused No. 3 showing him the document Exhibit Z-7 which he retained with himself. Accused No. 3 states that he had nothing to do with this matter and that he wrote Exhibit Z-7 at the instance of accused No. 2 who asked him to do so, he himself being unable to write in English or Hindi. We now discuss the evidence to determine whether the accused Nos. 2 and 3 abetted the commission of the offences committed by accused No. 1. Exhibit Z-7, as originally written, does not, appear to have had the first line, viz., the writing of 'To, Piaraya Lal C/o'. This was written subsequently. This is clear, as urged for accused No. 2, from the facts that it appears to have been written with a different pen and, possibly, with different ink also, and because the word 'C/ o' has been written at an unusual place. In ordinary writing, it should have been in line with the latter expression 'M / s. Sheopershad Bimal Kumar'. It follows therefore that this document was first written by accused No.· 3 to show that a third person had entrusted him with the railway receipt No. 43352, - x 1 1t . e must e conversant wit t e · anguage Ill r03htra which he signed. It was not necessary that the receipt R h b D al 1 Exhibit Z-7 should have been written in English or in Hindi ag " ar 01 • even if accused. No. 2 did not know any of those languages. We are therefore not prepared to accept the explanation of accused No. 3 with respect to his recording the document Exhibit Z-7. We hold, as admitted by him, that he had written this document. It .makes reference to the forged receipt of which advantage was taken in getting delivery of the iron angles. Accused No. 3, writing such a receipt, clearly points to his being concerned with the taking delivery of the iron angles, by accused No. 1, his employee. Once the forged receipt is traced to accused No. 3, from his own writing, the natural conclusion is that it was he who passed it on to his employee accused No. 1 for the purpose of getting delivery of those goods from the railway authorities. He thus aided accused No. 1 in obtaining delivery of those goods, and in his committing the various · offences for achieving that object. The further fact that the receipt was endorsed in the name of Datta and not in the name of accused No . .1, also proves that accused No. 3 must have known that the receipt he was dealing with was not a genume receipt for the goods which were to be taken delivery of. If· he had believed the Teceipt to be a genuine one, he would have endorsed it . or got it endorsed in the true name of his employee. 'His employee too would not have taken c.lelivery under a false name. We are therefore of opinion that it is established from these various circumstances and facts that accused No. 3 had abetted the commission of the offences, the subject matter of ch'!rges Nos. 2 to 6, by accused No. I • . The points in favour of accused No. 2 are that he does not deal in non-ferrous metals and therefore he would not have taken any interest in the transaction after he Jiad found out on February 17 that the goods were ferrous and not non-ferrous. The fact that the goods were not stored in his name in the accounts of the godown of the National Trans- 934 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1961 port Company, but were stored in the first instance in the Shiv Prasad name of No. 3, also goes in his favour. If accused No. 3 Chunilal had nothing to do with it and accused No. 1 was simply State of· Maha- acting for accused No. 2, he would have sent instructions rashtra in the very first instance to Himmatlal that goods were to Rarhubir Dayal 1. be stored in the account of accused No. 2. He did not do so. He sent intimation for storing the goods in the name of Pyarelal with the last lorry transporting the iron angles to the godown. Pyarelal bad no previous dealings with the National Transport Company. In this connection, the exact direction given by accused No. 1 is of some significance. The direction given by him in Exhibit Z-8 was 'Please give a receipt in the name of a/ c Py are Lal'. The request was not that the goods were of Pyare Lal and so be stored on his account. That should have been the natural direction. The receipt would have then been issued in the name of Pyare Lal and of nobody else. The direction given by accused No. 1 therefore indicates that for certain purposes he desired the receipt alone to be in the name of Pyare Lal. Naturally, Himmatlal bad to make some entry in the books of the godown which would be consistent with a receipt issued in the name of Pyare Lal. Himmatlal therefore noted the words 'account Pyare Lal' below the original note 'account Sheopersbad Bimal Kumar', but saw no reason to make a statement in the receipt Exhibit P that the goods were stored on behalf of Pyare Lal and noted in it that they were stored on behalf and under lien to Sheopershad Bimal Kumar. Accused No. 2 signed the letter Exhibit K for the issue of the delivery order. His explanation is that he did so when accused No. 3 insisted and told him that his employee had by mistake stored the goods in bis name. Ordinarily, this should not have been believed by accused No. 2 as there wa~ no reason why accused No. 1 should store the goods in bis name by mistake. He could have and might have suspected something not straight, but could shake off such su&picion by his being shown the receipt Exhibit Z-7, which showed that the goods had been cleared by A-3 on behalf of certain person who had passed on that receipt. He was under an o\lligation to accused No. 3 and it is possible that he oould ' ' ' 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 935 not have strongly resisted the request of accused No. 3 to sign the letter Exhibit K. Accused No. 3 had necessarily to obtain a letter signed by Pyare Lal when the goods had not been shown to be stored in his account but were noted in the account of Pyare Lal or of both Sheopershad Birnal Kumar and Pyare Lal. It is significant that accused No. 2 himself did not go to take delivery of the goods. It was accused No. 1 who took the delivery in two lots and each time signed the receipt in the name of Pyare Lal. If accused No. 2 was also a party to the dishonest obtaining of the goods from the railway, there would not have been any occasion for such duplication of names on whose behalf the goods were stored with the National Transport Company or for such a document as Exhibit Z-7 coming into existence or for accused No. 2 keeping the document with himself. He kept it with himself for his protection and produced it for that purpose during investigation. It may be that when accused No. 3 tried to dispel his doubts when he was requested to sign the Jetter Exhibit K, accused No. 2 himself suggested the receipt Exhibit Z-7 to be addressed in his name, as only then that receipt could be of any help to him. Jn these circumstances, we are of opinion that the complicity of accused No. 2 in the commission of the various offences by accused No. 1 is not established beyond reasonable doubt. We therefore allow the appeal of Pyare Lal and acquit him of the offences he was convicted of. We dismiss the appeal of accused No. 3, Shiv Prasad Chunilal Jain, but alter his conviction for the various offences read with s. 34 l.P.C. to those offences read with s. 109 I.P.C., and maintain the sentences. Appeal No. 185 allowed cmti Appeal No. 150 dismissed. Conviction altered and sentence maintained. lf64 SltiY l'rlllllll CllllnlW •• Stat1 of JI..,. r111htr• Raghubar Dqlll 1.