# 570 S. SHANMUGAM PILLAI AND ORS v. K. SHANMUGAM PILLAI AND ORS - **Citation:** [1973] 1 S.C.R. 570 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1972-05-04 - **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 693 of 1967 - **Bench:** K. S. Hegde, A. N. Grover - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/570-s-shanmugam-pillai-and-ors-v-k-shanmugam-pillai-and-ors-5693 - **Pages:** 14 ## Headnote Hindu Law;___Widow's estate-Family arrangement-,lUenation ,by widow-When reversioners precluded from challenging alienation-Charitable Trust-Tests for determining whether dedication coniplete or partial: The last male-h6lder endowed some of his properties for a charity the management of which was hereditary. His widows alienated the properties inherited by them including the properties endowed. The appellants, as reversioners, filed a suit for 'setting aside the alienations and claiming the enoowed properties as 'huqdars'. The High Court! dismissed the suit. HEID, dismissing the appeal, that the appellants were precluded from questioning the alienations of the properties. (i) Equitable principles such as estoppel, election and family settlement are not mere technical rules of evidence. They have an important pμrpose to serve in the administration of justice and their scope should not be narrowed down. An alienation by a Hindu widow is voidable and not void. A reversioner to the estate of a deceased separated Hindu, who has expressly assented to an alienation of property forming part of the estate, made by the widow in possession, cannot on succeeding to the estate after the widow's death repudiate his action and sue for possession of the property alienated by the widow. If the presumpfive reversioner is a minor at the time he has taken a benefit under the transaction, the principle of estoppel will be controlled by' another rule governing the law of minors. A minor cannot be compelled to take the benefit of a transaction which will have the effect of depriving him of his legal rights when the succession opens. But a minor can, after attaining majority, ratify the transaction entered into on his behalf by his guardian. If he so ratifies the transaction entered into by his guardian and accepts the benefit thereunder, there cannot be any difference in the application of the principle of election. If the original transaction conferring. the benefit was in favour o'f.the minor his enjoyment of the benefit after attaining the ir.ajority may in itself be ·a sufficient act of ratificafion. f,578 D-G] Krishna Beharilal v. Guiab Chand, :L1971] 1 S.C.C. 837, T. V. R. Subbu Chetty's Family Charities v. M. Raghava Mudaliar and Ors., [,1961) 3 S.C.R. 624, Fateh Singh v. Thakur Rukmini Pamanji Maharan, I.L.R. XIV All. 339 Jagarlpudi Seetharamayya ''- Sarva Chandra/ya (1954] 2 M.L. J. 162, Maklneni Vinzyya, v. Madamanchi Sapayya, [1964] 1 M.L.J. 276, and Ramgouda Annagouda v. Bhausaheb, 54 I.A. 396, referred to. Further, if a person having full knowledge of his right as a possible reversioner enters into a transaction which settles his claim as well as the claim of the opponents at the relevant time he cannot be permitted to go hack on that agreement when reversion actually falls open. Although conflict of legal claims in present or in future is generally a condition for the validity of family arrangements it is not necessarily so. Even bona fide disputes present or possible, which may not involve legal claims would be suffi~ient. Members of a Joint Hindu family may, to maintain peace A B D E F G H A B c D E F G H s. s. PILLAI v. K. s. PILLAI (Hegde, J.) 57 l or to bring about harmony in the family, enter into such a family arralfgement. If such an agreement is e'1tered into bona fide and the terms thereto are fair in the circumstances of a particular case, the courts would more readily give assent tc such an agreement than to avoi? it. .[580 D, 581Al Sallu Madho Das v. Pandit Mukand Ram, :[,1955] 2 S.C.R. 22, Maturi Pul/aiah v. Maturi Narasimhan, A.I.R. 1966 S.C. 1836 and Krishna Behari/ll/ v. Guiab Chand, [1971] 1 S.C.C. 837, referred to. (ii) A dedication of a property to religious or charitable purposes may be either complete or partial. If the dedication is complete a trust in favour of a charity is created. Jlf the ded,cation is partial, a trust in favour of a cbarity is not created but a charge in favour of charity is attached to, and ## Text .570 S. SHANMUGAM PILLAI AND ORS. v. K. SHANMUGAM PILLAI AND ORS. May 4, 1972 [K. S. HEGDE AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.J Hindu Law;___Widow's estate-Family arrangement-,lUenation ,by widow-When reversioners precluded from challenging alienation-Charitable Trust-Tests for determining whether dedication coniplete or partial: The last male-h6lder endowed some of his properties for a charity the management of which was hereditary. His widows alienated the properties inherited by them including the properties endowed. The appellants, as reversioners, filed a suit for 'setting aside the alienations and claiming the enoowed properties as 'huqdars'. The High Court! dismissed the suit. HEID, dismissing the appeal, that the appellants were precluded from questioning the alienations of the properties. (i) Equitable principles such as estoppel, election and family settlement are not mere technical rules of evidence. They have an important pμrpose to serve in the administration of justice and their scope should not be narrowed down. An alienation by a Hindu widow is voidable and not void. A reversioner to the estate of a deceased separated Hindu, who has expressly assented to an alienation of property forming part of the estate, made by the widow in possession, cannot on succeeding to the estate after the widow's death repudiate his action and sue for possession of the property alienated by the widow. If the presumpfive reversioner is a minor at the time he has taken a benefit under the transaction, the principle of estoppel will be controlled by' another rule governing the law of minors. A minor cannot be compelled to take the benefit of a transaction which will have the effect of depriving him of his legal rights when the succession opens. But a minor can, after attaining majority, ratify the transaction entered into on his behalf by his guardian. If he so ratifies the transaction entered into by his guardian and accepts the benefit thereunder, there cannot be any difference in the application of the principle of election. If the original transaction conferring. the benefit was in favour o'f.the minor his enjoyment of the benefit after attaining the ir.ajority may in itself be ·a sufficient act of ratificafion. f,578 D-G] Krishna Beharilal v. Guiab Chand, :L1971] 1 S.C.C. 837, T. V. R. Subbu Chetty's Family Charities v. M. Raghava Mudaliar and Ors., [,1961) 3 S.C.R. 624, Fateh Singh v. Thakur Rukmini Pamanji Maharan, I.L.R. XIV All. 339 Jagarlpudi Seetharamayya ''- Sarva Chandra/ya (1954] 2 M.L. J. 162, Maklneni Vinzyya, v. Madamanchi Sapayya, [1964] 1 M.L.J. 276, and Ramgouda Annagouda v. Bhausaheb, 54 I.A. 396, referred to. Further, if a person having full knowledge of his right as a possible reversioner enters into a transaction which settles his claim as well as the claim of the opponents at the relevant time he cannot be permitted to go hack on that agreement when reversion actually falls open. Although conflict of legal claims in present or in future is generally a condition for the validity of family arrangements it is not necessarily so. Even bona fide disputes present or possible, which may not involve legal claims would be suffi~ient. Members of a Joint Hindu family may, to maintain peace A B D E F G H A B c D E F G H s. s. PILLAI v. K. s. PILLAI (Hegde, J.) 57 l or to bring about harmony in the family, enter into such a family arralfgement. If such an agreement is e'1tered into bona fide and the terms thereto are fair in the circumstances of a particular case, the courts would more readily give assent tc such an agreement than to avoi? it. .[580 D, 581Al Sallu Madho Das v. Pandit Mukand Ram, :[,1955] 2 S.C.R. 22, Maturi Pul/aiah v. Maturi Narasimhan, A.I.R. 1966 S.C. 1836 and Krishna Behari/ll/ v. Guiab Chand, [1971] 1 S.C.C. 837, referred to. (ii) A dedication of a property to religious or charitable purposes may be either complete or partial. If the dedication is complete a trust in favour of a charity is created. Jlf the ded,cation is partial, a trust in favour of a cbarity is not created but a charge in favour of charity is attached to, and follows the property which retains its original private and secular character. Whether or not a dedicat:on is complete would naturally be a quesfon of fact to be determined in each case on the terms of the relevant document if the dedication in question was made under a document. If the income of the property is substantially intended to be used for the purpose of a charity and only an insign;ficant and minor portion of the income is expected or required to be used and a substantial or the manager, it may be possible to take the view that dedication is complete. If on the other hand, for the maintenance of charity a minor portion of the income is expected or required to be used and· a substantial surplus is lefr in the hands of the manager or worshipper for his own private purposes, it would be difficult to accept the theory of complete dedication . . In the present case the appellants failed to establish that the dedication was complete. The dedication being only partial the properties re· tained the character of private properties and therefore the widows had a beneficial interest in those properties., [582 D-Hl Menakuru Dasaratharmai Reddi v. V. Duddukuru Suhba Rao, A.I.R. 1957 S.C. 797, referred tn. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 693 of 1967. Appeal from the judAAient and decree dated November 10, 1966 of the. Madras Hi"h Cou\11: in Appeals Nos, 245 and 530 of 1961. M. C.Chaala and B. R . .Agrawala, for the appellant. S. T. Desai, K. R. Nagara/a. D. P. Mohanthy and S. Gopa/a· kishnan, for the respondents Nos. l, 3 and 4. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Hegde, J.-This is a plaintiffs' appeal by certificate. The plaintiffs sued for possession of the properties described in Sch. I and IV of the plaint as reversioners of one V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai who admittedly was the last male holder of those properties as wel! as several other properties. They also claimed past and futu~e mesne profits in respect of those properties. Properties .detailed in Sch. I were said to have been endowed for a charil'J by name Annadhana Chatram Charity. The plaintiffs claimed possession of those properties as "Huqdars". They claimed possesion of Sch. IV properties as reversioners. The trial court 572 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 1 S.C.R. decreed the plaintiffs' claim in part. It gave a decree in favour A of the plaintiffs in respect of plaint Sch. I properties but disJltls.,ed their claim regarding Plaint-Sch. IV properties.; Both the parties appealed against the judgment and decree of the trial court. The High CQllrt allowed the appeal of the defendants and dismissed that of the plaintiffs. In the result the entire suit was dismissed. In order to examine the various contentions advanced at the hearing, it is necessary to state in brief various events that took place prior to the institution of the suit. One Ramalingam Pillai was the owner of a substantial· part of the suit properties. I-Jc had a brother by name Kuppan Pillai. Ramalingam Pill~i's wifr pre-deceased him. He had no children. Ramalingam Pillai and Kuppan Pillai had married sisters. Ramalingam Pillai in 1898 but Kuppan Pillai had pre-dece~sed him. He had.died in 1894, leaving behind him his two daughters Palani Achi Ammal and Pichai Anunal. Kuppan Pillai's wife had also predeceased Ramalingam Pillai. Ramalingam Pillai had brought up hi5 blfother's daughters Palani Achi Aroma! and Pichai Ammal as his foster· daughters. Before '1lis death, Ramalingam Pillai had gut married Palani Achi Aroma! to V. Rm. Shanmugham Pillai, his maternal uncle's son by his first wife. The said Shanmugarn Pillai was associated with Ramalingam Pillai in his business. On September 29, 1898 Ramalingam Pillai executed a settlement deed l Ex. A-2) settling his properties principally on Palani Achi Ammal, Pichai Ammal and Shanmugam Pillai. Under that deed. he gave some properties to his deceased wife's sister's son, Subramania Pillai. Subramania Pillai was the son of Chitravadav,rn1mal, sister of the wives of Rarnalingarn Pillai and Kuppan Pillai. Under Ex. A-2 Plaint-Sch. I properties except item No. 4. were set apart for charities which Ramalingam Pillai was carryc E in.g on. Under that document Shanmugam Pillai was declared "Huqdars" of the aforementioned Annadhana charity. The Huqdarship was to be hereditary in the family of Shanmugam Pillai. Ramalingam died very soon after eA:ecutii;ig E:::. A-2. After the death of Ramalingam Pillai, Shanmugam Pillai took as F his second wife Pichai Aroma!, the sister of his first wi.fe Palani Aclli Aroma!. While managing the Annadhana Charities, Shanmugam Pillai acquired item No. 4 of Sch. I. and treated that property as that of the Charity. Shanmugam Pillai had no issue!. He had executed a will on December 19, 1926. It was a regi~ tered will. That will be revoked on December 29, 1926. He G died on December 31, 1926. After bis death, his widows put forward another will said to have been executed by him on December 30, 1926 under which substantial biequests were made. H to Shanmugam Pillai know;11 as Vendor Shanmugam Pillai, the step brother of V. Rm. Shanmugaoi Pillai as well as to his step sisters Irnlammai and her hasband Subramania Pillai. A I! c 0 E F G H s. s. PJLLAl \'. K. s. PILLAI (lle1 the guardian of his brother, the second plaintiff settling some of . the properties obtained under Ex. B-2 on their sister. The second plaintiff after becoming a major' jcined with the first plaintiff in conveying an item of property secured under Ex. B-2 in favour of one Sublbiah Konar (Ex. B-11). Palintiffs 1 and 2 effected various alienations under Ex. B-12, B-15 and B-16 to B-42 of the pmperties obtained by them under Ex. B-2. All these transactions proceeded on the basis that the arrangement entered into under B-2 as was valid one. Those tran~actions show that plaintiffs 1 and 2 ratified the arrangement mllde under Ex. B-2. The third plaintiff in his turn alienated several items of the property obtained by him under Ex. B-5. On October 16, 1939, he sold some portions of that property under Ex. B-34 for Rs. 4,000/-. Again under Ex. B-36, he sold some other items on July 13, 1953 for a sum of Rs. 25,000/-. He also effected certain exchanges under Ex. B-34 and B-35. All these transactions proceeded on the basis that the arrangement made under Ex. B-5 was a valid A c tr, r I> 1 '· E F G H A B c D E .F G lJ s. s. PILLAI v. K. s. PILLAI (Hegde, J.) 515 one. Having set out the course of events, we shall JJOw examine whether it is open to the plaintiffs to 'challenge the alienations effected in favour oi D-1 to D-4. We shall first take up the question whether the alienation of the Plaint-Sch. IV properties by PalaJJi Achi Ammal and Pichai Ammal is open to challenge. There is now no dispute that these two widows had only widows' estate in the properties left by their husband. The impugned alienations were not effected to meet any JJeccssity of the estate of the deceased last male holder. Hence prima facie, the impugned alienations are not binding on the reversioners. But it is now well settled that an alienaticm by a Hindu widow is only voidable and not void. The reversioners may or may not choose to avoid the same,-see Ramgouda Annagouda and ors. v. Bhausaheb and ors.(1) and T. V. R. Subbu Chetty'~ Family Charities v. M. Raghava Mudaliar and ors('). Both the trial court as well as the appellate court have come to the conclusion that the plaintiffs are not entitled to avoid the alienations in question either on the ground of estoppet or election. So far as the third· plaintiff is concerned, he is clearly estopped from challenging those alienations made. As seen earlier even after the High Court came to the conclusion that the will put forward by the widows is not proved to be genuine, he entered into an agreement with those widows under which he obtained some properties as absolute owner. In hls turn he acknowledged the right oi the widows to the remaining properties iJlcluding those that had been alienated in favour of defendants 1 to 4. As seen earlier by the time Ex. :S-5. came to be execute\! on October 27, 1938, the alienations in favour of defendants 1 to 4 had taken place. D-1 to D-4 were parties to Ex.-B-5. It is clear from Ex. B-5 that the, third plaintiff was aware of those alienations. In Ex. B-5, he accepted the validity of those alienations. In other words with full knowledge of facts the third plaintiff represented to the widows a5 well as to defendants 1 to 4-that he accepts the validity of the alienations in favour of defendants 1 to 4. By doing so he secured immediate advantage of getting possession of fairly extensive properties which he would not have otherwise got till the death of the two widows. Hence he is clearly estopoed from contesting the validity of the alienations in favour of defendants 1 to 4. The claim of the third plaintiff may be examined from another angle. It is seen from the record that within about a month of the decision of the High Court in the litigation relating to the will, the guardian of the third plaintiff entered into a compromise (I) 54 I.A. 396. (2) [1961] 3 S.C.R. 624. 576 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] I S.C.i;. with the two widows possibly with a view to avoid further litig~ tion. Evidenrly in pursuance of that agreement Ex. B-5 cam~ to be executed after the third plaintiff became a major. Hem:e Ex. B-5 can be considered as a family settlement. That is not ail. As seen earlier after. he Lecame a major, on the strength ot Ex. B-5, he alienated several ite1ns o~-property obtained by him under that document. We shall presently examine the relevant decisiolli but at present it is sufficient to say that the third plaintiff is precluded from challenging the validity of the alienation made in favour of defendants l to 4. Let us now examine whether plaintiffs 1 and 2 can challenge tho alienations made in favour of defendants 1 to 4. The trial court ha' come to the conclusion that they are estopped from challenging the validity of the alienations in favour of defendant' 1 to 4 in respect of the properties mentioned in Plaint-Sch. IV. The High Court has affirmed that decision on the ground that after they became majors they had elected to stand by Ex. B-2. Hence they cannot challenge the alienations in question. \\'. c have earlier seen that very soon after the death of V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai, the father of the plaintiffs, Vendor Shanmug1m Pillai on his own behalf and as the guardian of plaintiffs J and 2 entered into an agreement with the wido\''S of v: Rm. Shanmumugam Pillai (Ex. B-2). Under that agreement he secured immediate possession oJ' considerable properties for himself and his minor sons, plaintiffs 1 and 2. Under Ex. B-2, Vendor ."hanmugam Pillai by implication, admitted the genuineness of the alleged wi11 of V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai which was ultimately found to be not genuine by the High Court as seen earlier. But for the agreement under Ex. B-2 Vendor Shannrngam Pillai would not have got any portion of the properties left by V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai during the life time of the widows of V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai. It was said that at the time when Ex. B-2 was entered into V. Rrn.Shanmugam Pillai might not have been aware of tlte fact that the will put forward by the widows was not a genuine one. Our attention was iavited to the finding of the trial court that Ex. B-2, was a part of a scheme on the part of the widows of V. Rm. Shanmugarn Pillai and Vendor Shanmugam Pillai. to defeat the claims of Sankarlingam Pillai, the father of the third plaintiff. It is true that the plaintiffs who were minors on the dale of Ex. B-2 would not have been bound by the agreement contained th~rdn if they had not chosen tG stand by it. It was open to them on attaining majority either to sL1nd by the agreement or renounce the same. By the time they attained mJjority, the will case had been decided by the High Court. It is reasonable to assume that they were aware ot the fact that the High Court had come to the conclmion that the will put forward was not genuine. Therefore A B c D F' G H A B c 0 E F G H s. s. l'ILLAL I'. K. s. PJLLA[ (Hegde, J.) 577 it y;as open to them to denounce the agreement under Ex. B-2. But they did not choose to do so. On the other hand they not only continued to enjoy the properties that they and their fath~r got under Ex. B-2 but also went on allienating various items ,,r those properties, see Ex. B-9, B-10, B-11, B-12, B-15 and B-16 to B-4l. From these transactions, it is clear that plaintiff> 1 and 2 ratified the agreement entered into under Ex. B-2. It i» alsu reasonable to hold that after becoming majors instead of rtituting a family arrangement. The plaintiffs and the widoW» 'of V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai are near relations. There were sever~! diiputes between the parties. The parties must have thought it wiie that instead of spending their money and energy in courts, ti' settle their disputes amicably. The father of plaintiffs 1 and ~ and later on the plaintiffs were only presumptive reversionen, ,,, also was the third plaintiff. None of them had any vested right in the suit properties till the death of the widows. Hence first the father of plaintiffs 1 and 2 and later on the plaintiffs must have thought that a biird in hand is worth more than two in the bush. If in the ;~terest of the family properties or. family pf>ace the cloie relations had settled their disputes amicably, this court will be reluctant to disturb the same. The courts generally Jean in fa'Jour oi family arrangements. Equitable principles such as estoppel, election, family settlement etc. are not mere technical rules of evidence. They have an important purpose to serve in the administration of justice. The ultimate aim of the Jaw is to secure justice. In recent tiln~ '·' order to render justice between the parties, courts have been liberally relying on those principles. We would hesitate to narrow down their scope. Now Jet us proceed to cc,1sider the decided cases re:td to l1' at the hearing ,of the appeal. In Fat~h Singh v. Thakur Rukmini Ramanji Maharaj( 1), a Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court held that a reversion"r to the estate of ~ de~eased separated Hindu, who has exprmly assented to an ahenalion of pro~rty forming p~;rt of the estate. made by the widow in posses>ion, canno\ on succeeding to the Oitate after the widow's death repudimc his action y entering into· a compromise with third parties to the prejudice of the ultimate reversioner. But the same will not be true if the compromise is entered into with persons who ultimately become the reversioners." As ob.~erved by this Court in T. V. R. Subbu Chetty's Familv Charit~s· Case (supra), that if a person having full knowledge of hii right as a possible reversioner enters into a transaction which settks his claim as well as the claim of the opponents at the· relevant time, he cannot be permitted to go back on that agrocment when reversion actually falls open. The application of the tests laid down in the above decisions Jeadll to the firm conclusion that the plaintiffs are precluded from queitioning th" alienations of the various items of property covered by Sch. IV of the plaint. Now turning to the plea of family arrangement, as observctl by this Court in Sahu Madho Das and ors. v. Pandit Mukand Ram and another('), the courts lean strongly in favour of family a~ungeme:1ts that bring about harmony in a family and do justice to it11 various members and avoid, in anticipation, future disputes which might ruin them all. As ol$erved in that case the familv arr~ngement can as a matter or law be inferred from a long course of dealings between the parties. In Maturi Pullaiah and anr. v. Maturi l-/arasimhan and or-s. (3 1 thh Court held that although conflict of legal claims in presmti or in future is generally a condition for tb.e validity of family 'nangements, it is not necessarily so. Even bona-fide dispute> prCient or possible, which may not involve legal claims would be sW!icicnt. Members of a joint Hindu family may, to maintain peace or to bring about harmony in the family, enter into such a <1i (1971] S.C.C. 837. (JJ [1955] 2, S.C. R. 22, (2) A.LR. 1966 S.C 1816. A B c [) E G B A B c 0 E F G H 3. s. PILLAI v. K. s. PILLAI (Hegde, I.) 58] family arrangement. If such an agreement is entered into bona :ftde and the terms thereto are fair in the. circumstances of a particular case, the courts would moro readily give assent to such an agreement th?n to avoid it. In Krishna Behari/al' s case (supra), this Court observed : "The dispute between the parties was in respect of a certain property which was originally owned by their common ancestor namely Chhedilal. To consider a settlement as a family arrangement, it .is not necessary that the parties to the compromise shou!Q all belong to one family. As observed by tliis Court in Ram Charan Das v. Girjanandini Devi and ors. [1965] 3, S:C.R. 841, the word· "family" in the context of a family arrangement is not to be nnderstood in a narrow sense of being a group of persons who are recognised in law as having a right of succession or having a claim to a share in the property in dispute. If the dispute which is settled is one between near relations then the settlement of such a dispute can be considered as a family arrangementsee Ramcharan Das's case (supra)." Judged by the tests laid down in these decisions, we ca11 rea~onably come to the conclusion that Ex. B-2 and B-5 read together brought about a family settlement. This leaves us with the dispute relating to properties set out in Sch. I of the plaint. So far as the properties set out in Sch. I of the paint are concerned, the High Court and the trial court have reached dificrent conclusions. The trial court held that under E1( .A-2, RamaJingam Pillai had made a complete dedication of those propertie~ for charities and the management of the charities had been left to V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai an(fafter him to his successors. On the basis of those conclusions that Court held that the alienation of those properties is. invalid and not binding, on the plaintiffs. The High Court felt unable to come to any firm conclusion on the evidence on record, as to whether the dedication made under Ex. A-2 by Ramalingam Pillai was complete or partial. Further it came to the conclusion that the plaintiffs are precluded from questioning the management of those properties by defendants 1 to 4 in view of the various transactions between the partie5 referred to earlier. It may be noted that the parties are .:greed that charities mentioned in Ex. A-2 have to be conducted in accordance with the directions given in Ex. A-2. The only question is who should conduct them. Tho further controversy between the partie5 is whether the dedication made under Ex. A-2 is partial or complete. 582 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19'73] l S.C.R. We agree with the High Court that the evidence on record is not satisfactory enough to reach a firm conclusion as to the nature of the dedication. Plaintiffs have failed to adduce acceptable .evidence as regards the income of the properties set apart for charitie.s. That being so, even if we accept the estimate made by the trial court regarding the expenses to be incurred for conducting those charities, we have no basis to find out the extent of the surplus that is likely to be left in the hands of the persons who manage those charities. Under these circumstances it is nbt possible to come to the conclusion that under Ex. A-2, Ramalingam Pillai had created a trust in respect of those properties for conducting the charities mentioned in Ex. A-2. As observed by this Court in Menakuru Daisaratharami Reddi and anr. v. Duddukuru Subba Rao and ors.(1)_that dedication of a property to religious or charitable purposes may be either complete or partial. If the dedication is complete a trust in favour of a charity is created. Ii the dedication is partial, a trust in favour of a charity is not created but a charge in favour of the charity is attached to, and follows,. the property which retains its original private and secular character. Whether or not a dedication is complete would naturally be a question of fact to be determined in each case on the terms of the relevant document if the dedication in question was made under a document. In such a case it .is always a matter of ascer•aining the true intention of the parties, it is obvious