# A. K. SUBRAMAN & ORS. ETC v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS - **Citation:** [1975] 2 S.C.R. 979 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1975 - **Bench:** P. Jaganmohan Reddy, P. N. Bhagwati, P. K. Goswami - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/a-k-subraman-ors-etc-v-union-of-india-and-ors-6379 - **Pages:** 17 ## Headnote Civil Servic~mlority, wMther to follow length .of strvice or eonflmration -Quota rule whether implies rotational formula-Whether vacancies means 1•acancie• in permalftnt posts ""'Y or it indudes vacandes in temporary posts lllso.-Memorandum of Home Ministry dated 22-6-11149 and 22-12-1959Mem11ra11dum 11/ Ministry of Works, Housin~ and Supply dated 8-12-1960 .. Disti11cti011 between promo/ion and confirmation. For recruitment through two sources whether quota is inte.rdependent or 1:~dependent-Constitutio11 Article 11(3)-Ef}ect of Memorandum issued by Mr'nistry other than one empowered under Al/dcation of Bual1ieS1J Rules. 'The petitioners who were Assistant Engineers (Class Il) were promoted to ofticiatc as Exe:;utive Engineer!! in Clas!! I Central Engineering Semce by a propedy oonstituted Departmental Promotion Committee. Respondents 4 to '6 we.-e initially recruited as Assistant Executive Engineers Clas9 I and wero promlltc'..1 to the grade ot Executive Engineer. The vacancies in the grado of Bx.eOl.'.tiVe Engineer can only be filled by promotion trom the aforesaid two :radei in the ratio of 75% and 25%. The relevant mle reads as under:- "75 per cent of the vacancies. in the grade of Executive Engineer, Clasa I, shall be filled by promotion of Assistant Executive Engineers Oas'! I, the reit of the vacancies being filled by promotion and or by transfer in accordance with paru 4 and. 5 of the rules respectively". There are no statutory seniority rules. The petitioner1 were sohown u junior tct reipomlents No. 4 to 66 and they were not considered for promotion to the llilber post of Superintending Engineer, although they have been· Executive llngincers for loneer period, br fbllowing the- quota rule at the. itagc of cGnfirmation. · The ,petitioner> contended that their seniority should be determined in accordance wi1l the Home Ministry's MemOl'lllldum dated 22-6-1949. i.e., the lcD&lh of iervice put in by them in the grade of Excrotive Engineer. F It was contmded on behalf Df the re11pondcnu. (1) Jn the quota rule there is an implied rotation&! system by which only at the time of confirmation of the petitioners as Executive Engineers the 1cniority may, be fixed in ~ with the quota. (2) Reliance was also placed ·on the Office Memorandum dated S-12-1960 iSiued by the Miiiistry of . Works, Housing and Supply . according to which confirmation was t. bo made by applyin1 rotational method in workini out G the quota rule. (3) Vacancies .in quota role means only vacancie1 in permanent poati. ( 4) Quota rule applies et the stage ot confirmation and the seniority would 9c relatablc to confirmation. · (5) One third quot& cannot be filled in until and unleis two third quota is available and filled in. H (6) Since the pctitiooera .had their lien in 0111 II po11ta I.my cannot be expected to belon1 to 2 lfadcl at tho r:une time. (7) Memorandum dated 22-6-1949 hu no application Unai it wat ioued ia •rd« to safesuard the inlllrei;ts of thG displaced government &ervant1. 988 SUPREM! COURT REPORTS [1975] 2 s.c.1.. HELD: ( 1) When :recruitment j5 !rom two 0r several sources there is ao inherent invalidity in introduction of· quota aystem and to work. it out by a rule of rotation. The existence of a quota and rotation~ I rule by itsell will not violate Article 14 or Article 16 of the Constitution. [993 El Mervin Coutinhd and Govind Dattatr.aya Ktlkar cases referred to. A It is the unreasonable implementation of the s.1me which may in a £iven ca,. attract the frown of the equality clause. [993 E-F] B (2) The Memor3ndum dated 8-12-1960 issued by the Ministry of WorkJ, Housing and Supply ha~ not emanated from the Home Ministry which i• the •ppropriate department for issuing instructions in service matters under Allocation of Busine!s Rules of the Central Government frame contended that their seniority should be determined in accordance wi1l the Home Ministry's MemOl'lllldum dated 22-6-1949. i.e., the lcD&lh of iervice put in by them in the grade of Excrotive Engineer. F It was contmded on behalf Df the re11pondcnu. (1) Jn the quota rule there is an implied rotation&! system by which only at the time of confirmation of the petitioners as Executive Engineers the 1cniority may, be fixed in ~ with the quota. (2) Reliance was also placed ·on the Office Memorandum dated S-12-1960 iSiued by the Miiiistry of . Works, Housing and Supply . according to which confirmation was t. bo made by applyin1 rotational method in workini out G the quota rule. (3) Vacancies .in quota role means only vacancie1 in permanent poati. ( 4) Quota rule applies et the stage ot confirmation and the seniority would 9c relatablc to confirmation. · (5) One third quot& cannot be filled in until and unleis two third quota is available and filled in. H (6) Since the pctitiooera .had their lien in 0111 II po11ta I.my cannot be expected to belon1 to 2 lfadcl at tho r:une time. (7) Memorandum dated 22-6-1949 hu no application Unai it wat ioued ia •rd« to safesuard the inlllrei;ts of thG displaced government &ervant1. 988 SUPREM! COURT REPORTS [1975] 2 s.c.1.. HELD: ( 1) When :recruitment j5 !rom two 0r several sources there is ao inherent invalidity in introduction of· quota aystem and to work. it out by a rule of rotation. The existence of a quota and rotation~ I rule by itsell will not violate Article 14 or Article 16 of the Constitution. [993 El Mervin Coutinhd and Govind Dattatr.aya Ktlkar cases referred to. A It is the unreasonable implementation of the s.1me which may in a £iven ca,. attract the frown of the equality clause. [993 E-F] B (2) The Memor3ndum dated 8-12-1960 issued by the Ministry of WorkJ, Housing and Supply ha~ not emanated from the Home Ministry which i• the •ppropriate department for issuing instructions in service matters under Allocation of Busine!s Rules of the Central Government frameSes of promotion and conlirmatioa are entirely different. (989 F-0) (7) Memorandum dated 22-6"1949 will clearly apply and Memorandma dated 22-12--1959 ill not applldible in this particular case. [98.5 . F-G) ' . . Union of India cl Or6. v. Ravi Varma a11d othm, etc., [1M2] 2 S.C.R. 992, followed (8) In view of the judl!IDCllt in the Writ Petition the Judgment of tilt full Bench of Pe)hl High Court was set aside. [994 HJ OltIGINAL Jt,JRISDICTlO~: Writ Petition No. 48Y of 1972. Petition Under Article 32 ot the Constitution of India AND C.A. Nos. 1145 to 1747 o/ 1974 Appeal by Special LC'ave from the: Judgment 4 Order dated tlao 20th May, 1971 of Delhi High Court in C.W. No. 716/69, 553/i'O and 574 ot 1970. M. C. Bhandare, P. H. Parekh and S. Bhan.dare, for the Petitioner (In WP No. 489/72) and Appellants (In CA. No. 1745-/74). - D F G H A 8 A. K. SUBRAM.AN v. UNION (Goswami, J.) 981 Lal Narain Sinha, Solicitor General of India, S. N. Pras/Jd. an« R. N. Sachthey, for Respondents Nos .. 1-3 (In WP. No. 489/72). K. S. Ramamurthi, S. Balakrishnan and T. M. Ghatate of Bali> krishnan and Ghatate, for Respondents Nos. 5, 23, 27, 31, 53, 59 &: li5 (In WP. No. 489 /72). S. Markandeya, for Respondents Nos. 71, 73, 83, 87, 93, 94, 9 confirred Assistant Engineers in the Central Engineering Service (Clasi Il). They were promoted to officiate as Executive Engineers in Clast I between December 27, 1956 and September 8, 1959, by a properly constituted Departmental Promotion Committee and have been work· ing ~Executive Engineers in the Central Public Works Department of the Ministry of Works and Housing of the Government of India. Ex· c:ept one petitioner (namely, K. G. Chopra) 'All the petitioners wero E promoted to the grade· of Executive Engineer prior to their confirma· · tion as Assistant Engineers. The respondents 4 to 66 were initially recruited as· Assistant Bxecutive Bngineers in Class 1 and were promoted to the grade ot Bxecutive Engineer between the period March 11, 1957 and February 23, 1966. · · The appellants in Cjvil Appeals Nos. 1745 of 1974 and 1746 and 1747 of 1974, who were recruited directly to Class II as a result of F competitive examination in which they had failed to. secure requisite marks for being selected for Class I, are also confirmed Assistant Engineers in Grade ll and have been officmting as Executive Engineers in Grade I. They have obtained special leave against the Full Bench judgment of the Delhi High Court in their writ petitions under Articll 226 of tho Constitution decided by a common judgment of 20th May, 1971. Since a common question of law is involved in all these mattera, G this judgment will govern all the above matters. We will, therefore, include the 'appellants also in describing them as petitioners in thi1 judgment. The Service with which we are concerned is tho Central Engineerina Service, Class I. According to the; Central Engineering Service, Claso I, Recruitment Rules (briefly the Rules) framed in the year 1954 by H S.R.0. 1841 dated May 21, 1964, which are admittedly similar M Chose of 1949 Recruitment Rules, officers in tho grade of Assistant llfecutive Engineer (Class I) and certain Assistant Engineers (Ciao II) oro eliaible for promotion to tho plies of Executive Bngineer 982 SUPRBM! COURT ll.BPO!l.TS [1975] 2 S.C.lt. (Class I). The. vacancies in the jJt'ade of Executive Engineer can 011ly A be filled by promotion from the aforesaid two grades in the ratio of 75% and 25%. The aforesaid quota was retrospectively altered with effect from September 7, 1955, to 66-2/3% and 33-1/3%. Part I of the Rules contains the definitions. By Rule 2(b) thereof, "The Commission" means the Union Public Service Commission. Rulo 2(c) defines "The Service" as the 'Central Engineering Service, Class I. B The Service includes various grades of posts. Rules 3, 4 and 5 relevant for our purpo!ie are as under : "3. Recruitment to the service shall be made by any of the following methods:- · (a) By cOIDpetitive examination in India in accordance with Part ID of these rules. (b) By promotion in accordance with Part IV of these Rules. · (c) By tramfer in accordance with Part V of these Rules. c 4. ( 1) All ap~tment.s to the 1ervice or to posts borne upo11 th1~ cadre of the Service shall be made by GovernD ment. ( 2) Subject to the provisions ol'. rule 3 Government shall dE;termine the method or metho<;!s of requirement (sic) (recruitment?) to be employed for the purpose of filling any particular vacande! in the Service or 1uch vacancies therein as may be required to be filled E during any particular period and the number of candidates to be recruited by each method. Provided that all recruitments by competitive examination ( li.de Part Ill of the rules) shall ho to the 81'8de of ~sistant Executil'e Engineer, Class I only. Seventy-five per cent of the vacancies in the grade of Executive Engineer, Class I, shall be filled by promotion of Assistant Executi.ve Engineers, Class I, the re11t of the vacancies being 11lled by promotion and/ or by transfer in accordance with Parts IV and V of the Rules respectiYely. 5. Appointments to the Servic~ made otherwise than by promotion will be subject to orders issued from time to time by the Ministry of Home Affairs regarding special representation in the Semces for specific sec:tions of the people. As noted earlier the quota tor promotion between the directly recruited Assistant Executive EI1gineers and promotees from aass U, which was initially in the ratio<>f 775% and 25%, was later altered to ~2/3% and 33-1/3% in 1956 and with effect from April 1, 1972:, the percentage has come to be '0:50 for a period of se~en years. G J _. A B c D F G H A· x. SUBV.MAN v. UNION (Goswami, J.) 9M3 According to the petitioners prior to their promotion u ExCcdVo Engineers the petitioners and respondents 4 to '66 were holding interchangeable posts, the nature of work, responsibilities, powers ~ duties discharged by all of them being the same and subsequent to their promotion all these and the pay scales were identical in every respect. Prior to the promotion, however, the pay !iC1lle of the petitioners was dilierent from that of the Assistant Executive Engineer1 who wero already in Grade I. The Assistant Executive Engineers are directly recruited to Grade I by competitive examination and somctimct Alsi!- tant Engineers (Class II) are also recruited by the same competiti'fo examinatlon to Class II when they cannot qualify with the req-uisito marks to obtain entry in Class I Services. Besides, Oass ID Offiurs are also promoted to Class II. In order, therefore, to give inctnti'ft of promotion tQ employees in Class n, who have already gathered experience in the service, .a certain percentage of quota is resemd for their promotion to the grade of Executive BnsiJiecr in the recruitment rules. The Principal grievance of the petitioners is aaainst the seniority list as on 1-1-1971 (Annexure 'J') where the petitioners have bee shown as Junior to the respondents 4 to 66 (in Writ Petition No. 489 of 1972) and to the respondents in the other two appeals. AccordinJ to them notwithstanding the fact that they were recruited by promotion to qfficiate in the grade of Executive Engineer regularly .as a result cf selection by the Departmental Promotion Committee and they ban been working in that capacity for nearly 13 yem or over their ~· were not considered for the purpose of promotion to the still higher grades in Class I and Assistant &ecutive En&incen recruited 11e.eral years after their recruitment have been held to be senior to them and some of them have bee111 promoted to the next higher &J.1ldcs ignorin1 their claim. · It is admitted that there are no statutory seniority rulCll as such and both sides depend upon certain meniorandum issued by tho Government of Indin in the Home Department to establish their rrspcctive clain1s. According to the mpondents it is manifest in the quota nile that there is an implied rotational system by which only at the time of confirmation of the petitioners as Bx_i:cutive Engineers the seniority m11y be fixed .in accordance with the quota. According to the learned Solicik>r General appearing on behalf of the Union of India the petitioners, who were conftrmcd in Class n, have a lien in that grade and they cannot be exp~ to belong to two grades at the same time. It ~. therefore, only at the time of confirmation against permanent vacancies that for tht first time the petitioners may be held to have been recruited to class I of the Service.. Since according to him the recruitment is from two sources it is essential that recruitment can only be understood within the meaninl!I of these rules to have taken place at the timD of confirmation of the petitioners in the superior grade, namely, Oaaa I. Necessarily, therefore, says the learned Solicitor General, the quota nJkl applies at the stage of confirmation and seniority would be relateable to confirmation in Grade I of the Service. 984 iUP.REME COURT REPORTS (1975] 2 8.C.l.l. It will be necessary also to refer to rulo 23 in Part IV referred t1:> in rule 4(2) providing·for promotion: "23(1) No Assistant Engineer, Class II ahall be promoted as Assistant Executive Engineer, Class I. (2) Recruitment by promotion to the Grado of Executive Engineer, Class I shall be made by aelection from among permanent Assistant ~neers in the Central En.gineering Service, Class II, after consultation with the Commiasion. No officer shall have any claim to 1uch promotion u of right. (3) No1 Asaistant Engineer shall be eligiblo for promotion t.o the Service, unless he- (a) would, but for age, bo qualified for ad.mission to tho competitive examination under Part III of theoe Rules. (b) hru1 rendered at least three year•' liervice in a pcrmaneut or temporary capacity as an Assistant Engineer and aubordinate under tho C'.entral Government; and ( c) satisfies the Com.mission that he is in every respect tuitabl~ for appointment to the Service. 4. It shall not be necessary to consult the ~ion, under this rule, in tho case of any person, if tho Commission bad been c:ons,μlt.ed in connection with his temporary prom· tion can be made only from amongst permanent Assistant Engineers, F . there can be no recruitment earlier when an Assistant Engineer i& holding his post in an officiating or temporary capacity. According to• him the petitioners could not be aaid to be recruited to Oass I when. they were not permanent As.~istant Engineers. Again accordip.g to him. the petitioners could be considered as permanent Assistant Engineer& only when they were confirmed in their posts in Oass II. According t.o the respondenlll, confirmation and not ·officiating appointment in the G fade of Executive Engineer is sine qua 1wn of recruitment to Oasa · As stated earlier there are no statutory seniority rules as such. The whole question will turn on the construction of rulo 4 read with rule 23 and also aDtY other appropriate administrative instruction& issued by the Ministry of Homo Mairs with regard to the principles for deterB mining seniority. We have already quot.ed tho said roles. We have llO'Q to consider the Memorandum of. the Home Ministry dated Jwte 22, U>.49 (Anneraro 0·1) ond another 1imilcr Memorandum dated .• A .A. K. SUBRAMAN v. UNION (Goswami, /,) " 98 5 December 22, 1959 (Annexure G-11). The latter Memorandum gives an annexure containing the general principles for determination of seniority in the Central Services. . Mr. Bhandare followed by Mr. Rao relies upon the Memorandum of June 22, 1949 and agrees with the learned Solicitor General that the B · Memorandum of December 22, 1959, is not relevant. But the learned Solicitor General goes further to submit that the Memorandum of June 22, 1949, is also not relevant as it deals with seniority of displaced ·Jovernment servants who have been absorbed temporarily in the Central Government and the petitioners do not fall in that category. On the other hand, the petitioners submit that from the Memorandum of c D E F G t>ecember 22, 1959, it is clear that,although the instructions contained in the Memorandum dated June 22, 1949, were issued in order to safeguard the interests Of the displaced Government nervants, later on "as the specific objects underlying the instructions cited above have been achieved, there is no longer any reason to apply those instructions in preference to the normal principles for determinatipn of seniority. Tha Memorandum proceeds "it has, therefore, been decided in consultation with the Union Public Service Commission that hereafter the ienioriy of all persons appointed to th~ various Central Services after the date of these instructions should be determained in accordance with the General Principles annexed hereto". "The instructions contained in th~ various office Memorandum cited in paragraph 1 (including that of June 22, 1949) above are hereby cancelled, except in regard to determination of seniority of persons appointed to the various Central Services prior to the date of this Office Memorandum. The revised General Principles embodied in the Annexure will not apply with retrospective effect, but .will come into force with effect from the d&te of issue of these orders, unless a di.fferl!nt date in res.Peet of any particular service/grade from (sic (for?) which revised principles are to be adopted for purpose of determining seniority has already been or is hereafter agreed to by this Ministry". It i~, tberefore, clear that so far as the petitioners are concerned the Memorandum of December 22, 1959, is not attracted. On the other hand the Memorandum of June 22, 1949, will clearly apply (See Union of India and Others v. M. Ravi Varma and Others, etc,(1). Para 2 of that Memorandum may now be quoted :- "2. The question of seniority of Assistants in the Secretariat was recently examined very carefully in consultation with all the Minl~tries and the Federal Public Service Commission and the decisions reached are incorporated in para 8 of the instnictions for the initial constitution of the grade i1f Assistants, an extract of which is attached. It has been decided that this nile should generally be taken as the model H in framing the rules of seniority for other services and in res- · pect of persons employed in any particular grade seniority should, a~ a general rule, be determined on the basis of· the (I) [1972] 2 S.C.R. 992. 16· • 346SupCI-7S 936 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1975] 2 S.CJl. length of service in that grade as well as service in an equivalent grade irrespective of whether the latter was under C:mtral or Provincial Government in India or Pakistan". Paragraph 8 to which a reference is made in the above Memorandum !''~ads as follows :- "8. Seniority of Assistants in Grade IV as newly constituted. The names . of all existing permanent Assistant who are included in the permanent strength of the service and who were confirmed in their pas.ts prior Lo the 22nd October, 1943, will be arranged in the first instance Ministry-wise in accordance with the rules in force at present. Such permanent Assistance will be considered senior to all others confirmeci in pursuance of these instnictions in vacancies arising upto the~ 22nd Oi;tober, 1950. The order of seniority of the latter group of Assistants, namely, those confu~d after the 22nd October, 1943, which will be arranged in a single list for all Ministries, will be determined inter se on the basis of their length of continuous service, temporary or permanent in the grade of Assistant or in an equivalent grade, provided that any period of service during which the pay actually drawn exceeds Rs. 160/- per month should be deemed to be ~ervice in a grade equivalent to that ol an Assistant". It is submitted on behalf of the respondents that the question. of seoiority arises between Assistant Executive Engineers and Assistant Engineers only when the latter are members of the same classes :md grade which happens only after the Assistant Engineers are confinned as Executive Engineers. It is emphasised that as between members of different classes the question of relative ~cniority cannot arise. It i~ further submitted that having regard to the nature of the scqi~me the rules provide that the grade of Assistant Executive- Engineer will consists exclusively of youngmen o~ merit proved by competitive exa.mination who will quickly after the necessary training have· promo:tion to the posts of Executive Engineer and above. In the c:ontext of ·,that 5chemc rule 4(2} requires 66-2/3% vacancies to be filled by the Assistan: Executive Engineers and "the rest" by promotion of the Assistant Engineers or by transfer. We are not concerned with transfer from other service in this case. It is also contende:.I that thf: rule clearly gives preference to the extent of 66-2/3% to the Assistant Executive Engineers. It is only after their appointment to.the extent of 66-2/3% that "thie rest" comes into existence. The argument proceeds that it is only on confirmation and absorption of Assistant Engineers in aass I that the qmstion of relative seniority between them and Assistant Ex1ecutive · Engineers promoted as Executive Engineers can arise. It is strenuously contended that an Assistant Engineer officiating as Ex•ecutivi~ En~inee'r cannot be senior to an Assistant Executive Engineer while ofliciuting as Executive Engineer. Particular vacancies as and when they go on arising must be finally filled to give effect to 66-2 /3 % to Assis1ant En!!ineers and thereafter only the residue to Assistant Engineers or transferred officers. It is sfressed by the respondents that appointment by rotation is involved in the mandate rule 4(2) itself. A B c D E F G H ' A B c D E F G H A. K. SUBRAMAN v. UNION (Goswami, /,) 987 Mr. Ramamurthi and Mr. Balakr-ishnan while adopting the arguments ol the learned Solicitor General reply upon an Office Memoran- . tlum ot December 8, 1960, of the Ministry of Works, Housing and Supply, Government of India, on the subject of principles for seniority in tne Central Engineering Service and Central Electrical Engineering S~rvice (Class I) in the Central Public Works D~partment. The learned Solicitor General did · not address us on this Office Memorandum as he rightly found considerable difficulty in doing so. 1t will appear from the recital in this Memorandum that it has not emanated from the Home Ministry which is the appropriate Department for issuing instructions in service matters under the Allocation of Business Rules of the Central Government under Article 77 ( 3) of the Constitution. Besides, this Office Memorandum refers to and relies upon a Notification of November ·22, 1960, of the Home Ministry, namely, U.0. No. 9/38/60-Estt(D) for issuing these instructions. The said Notification of the Home Ministry could not be traced and was not produced before us and in its absence we are unable to take into consideration the Memorandum of December 8, 1960. The learned Solicitor General is, therefore, correct in ·not referring to the same but submitted his arguments mainly on the construction of the Recruitment Rules. He, however, did submit that wha.t was recited in para 4 of the Memorandum of December 8, 1960, actually followed Irom rule 4 ( 2) read with rule 23 and it was not, therefore,"necessary at _all to make any reference to this Memorandum. It will be appropriate at this stage to refer to the judgment of the Delhi High Court '1nder appeal where the High Court relied upon the said Notification of December 8, 1960 and also accepted the arguments on the line made before us by the learned Solicitor General. The High Court relied upon the Circular of December 8, 1960 anci paragraph 7 of the annexure to the Office Memorandum of December 22, 1959, of the Home Ministry with regard to the relative seniority of dfrect recruits and promotees and observed as follows :- "The ro•ational sys~em is, therefore, firstly justified by ·rule 4 (2) itself. Even if it is assumed for the sake of argument that rule 4(2) is silent about the rotational system, then the administrative instru~ions make it clear that the quota system in rule 4(2) has to be worked out only by the rotational system and not in any other manner". The High Court further held as follows : -:- "The case of Shri _Ojha (appellant in Civil Appeal No. 1745 of 1974) is that because he was officiating as an Executive Engineer Class I from before the time the .respondent No. 9 started officiating Shri Ojha was entitled to seniority· not only against respondent No. 9 but against the other respondents also. This stand is 'l:ontrary to the last part of rule 4 ( 2) which compels the Government to fill the vacancies in the grade of Executive Engineers Class I ~trictly by rotation system imolementing the quota rule. OU:r conclusion on question No. 1, therefore, is that the earlier confirmation and 988 SUPREME COURT REP,ORTS [1975] 2 S.C.lt, the higher senority given to the respondents are legal both according to the statutory rule 4(2) and according to the administrative instructiolls". The administrative instruction which is refened to in the above extract is to be found in the aforementioned paragraph 6 of the Circular of December 22, 1959, regarding relative seniority of direct recruits and promcitees. · We have already made it dear that the Memorandum of December 22 1959 is not applicable in this particular case. We have, theiefo;e to ;xamine whether it is correct to hold that it is implicit in rule' 4(2) read with rule 23 \that the rotational system is necessarily implied to the extent of denying . seniority to the petitioners if appointed regularly earlier. within their quota at the time· of recruitment. We have also to examine the.correctness of the submission as to whether the Assistant Engineers after they are confirmed as sw:h .and continlue to hold the appo:ntments of Executive Engineer in regular course of selection through the · Departmental PromotiC)n Committee presided over by a member of the Union Public Service Commission are entitled to claim seniority vis-a-vis the Assistant Executive Engineers when promoted subsequent to their appointmen1t~. Now the questiop which arises for consideration is what is the meaning of the words "vacancies in the grade ·of Executive Enginee1r" as used in the aforesaid paragraph of rule 4(2). Whe~ does a vacancy in the grade of Executive Engineer arise? To answer this question it is necessary t<) ascertain what are the p~ts which the grade of Executive Engineer consists of,.for the vacancies can only be in the posts in the grade of Executive Engineer. The word "grade" has various shades cif meaning in the service jurisprudence. It is sometimes u~f:d to den~te a pay scale and sometimes. a cadre. Here it is obviously used in the sense of cadre. A cadre may consists only of permanent posts or sometimes, as is quite common these days, also of temporary posts. To give one example, the cadre of Income Tax Oll!.cers, Claus I, Grade II, as pointed out by this Court in Bishan Sarup Gupta 11. Union of Indi,i and Others(1) in para 18 of the report, consisted of '.'permanent artd temporary posts". Here in the present case it h21s been _stated on oath by P. K. Kulkarni, Under Secretary to the Ministry of Works and Housing, in paragraph 7 of his Affidavit-in~ reply at piige 252 of the Paper Book that "there are permanent and temporary posts sanctioned from time to time in the grade of Executive Engineer, Class I. Promotion,s from the grade of Assistant Executive Engineers and/or Assistant Engineers are initially made in an officiating c~apacity against the available vacancies ..... " the available vacancies obviously being in the permanent and temporary pos