# A. PEERIAKARUPPAN, ~TC v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU & ORS - **Citation:** [1971] 2 S.C.R. 430 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1970-09-23 - **Case number:** Writ Petitions Nos. 285 and 314 of 1970 - **Bench:** J. C. Shah, K. S. Hegde, A: N. Grover - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/a-peeriakaruppan-tc-v-state-of-tamil-nadu-ors-5137 - **Pages:** 16 ## Headnote B Constitution of India, 1950, Al'ts. 14 and 15-Selection of candidates w medical co//eg"s-Co//eg" constituted into different units-Ratio o( seats to candidates d;J]erent in each unit-Candidates interviewed by .cUfierent selection .. ~on?mittees-Propriety, Interview system-Utility of Classification of backward classes on Hasi.< of caste-Validity of reser. C ·vation of seats to backward classes-Proper proportion, In 1970-71, selection of candidates to various medical colleges ill the State of Tamil Nadu was done on the 'unitwise' basis. Under that scheme the medical colleges in the city of Madras were constituted as .one unit and each of the other medical colleges in the mofussU w&S constituted as a unit. In respect of each one of the units, a separate ·selection committee was constituted. The intending applicants were D asked to apply to any one of the committees but were advised to apply to the committee nearest to their place of residence and, if they applied to more than one committee, their applications were to be forwarded by the Government to only one of the committees. A few . seats were re•erved to certain special categories of students and ort of the remaining seats, 41 per cent were reserved for students coming from socially and educationally backward classes, scheduled castes ·and ·sche- on the basit; of mere probabilities. [439 C-F] ( 4) The list of backward classes appears to include castes and not classes. But caste is a relevant circumstance in ascertaining backward· noss of a class and a classification of backward classes on the basis of caste is within the purview of Art. 15 ( 4) of the Constitution if those C'1Stcs arc shown to he socially and educationally backward. ' But the Gm ernment could not proceed on the basis once a class is considered "s a backward cla'S it should continue to be a backward class for all time, because. once a class reaches a certain stage of progress competi· 432 SUPREM.I! COURT REPORTS [1971] 2 S.C.R lion is necessary for its future progress. The Government should A therefore, always keep under review the question of reservation of seat: and only those classes which are really socially and educationally backward should be allowed to have the benefit of reservation. Reservation of seats should not be allcwed to become a vested interest and the fact that, in the present case, the candidate ot backward cl.isses had secured 50 per cent of the seats in the general pool does show that the time has come tar a de nova comprehensive examination of the ques· ll tion. The Government's decision in this regard is open to judicial review. [442 B-C, 444 E-H] Ba/aji v. State of Mysore, [1963] Supp. I S.C.R. 438, Chitraleklra v. State of Mysore [1964] 6 S.C.R. 368, State of Andhra Pradesh v. Sagar, [1963] 3 S.C.R. 595, Minor P. Rajendrar. v. State of Madras, [1968] 2 S.C.R. 786, Naroyan Vasudev v. Emperor, A.LR. 1940 Born. 379 and Backward Classes Comml9s·on's Report, referred to. C (5) There is .no basis for 'the contention that reservation made for backward. classes is excessi . " While it is against the immediate interest of the Nation to exclude from the portals of our medical colleges qualified and competent stud ·nt , immediate advantages of the Nation have to be harmonised with th Nation's long range interest. The best way of serving the Nation' inttrest would to help the backward classes to march forward and· take their place in line with the advanced sections D of tne people. In Bala;i's case it was held that the total reservation for backward classes, SC'heduled castes and scheduled tribes should not ordinarily exceed SO per cent of the available seats. Since in the present ~ase it was only 41 per cent, it could not be held that the reservation was excessive. [441 E-H; 442 A-BJ (6) For the purpose of selection there is no classification of backward classes as backward and more backward. The list sent to the selection committee was that prepared for the purpose of fee concession. (441 F] Jn the present case, however, the impugned selections already made could not be set aside because the selected candidates had already joined the course and are undergoing training and they had not been made parties to the petitions. Since there are 24 seats yet to be filled up, the State shall immediately constitute a separate expert committee consisting of eminent medical practitioners (excluding all those who were members of previous committees) for selection to these unfilled seats. The selection should be made on Statewise basis. The committee should interview only those candidates who are shown in the waiting list and persons who umuccessfully moved the High Court and the petitioners before this Court. In preparing the gradation list, the committee should allot separate marks under the five hea'ds mentioned in the ru!e and the committee should take into consideration only matters laid down in the rule excluding from consideration all irrelevant matters. (445 B-H] ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petitions Nos. 285 and 314 of 1970. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India for enforcement E F G of the Fundamental Rights. H K. K. Venugopal and R. Gopalakrishnan, for the petitioner (in W.P. No. 285 of 1970). I A 8 c D E F I G H PEERL'\KARUPPAN v. TAMIL NADU (Hegde, /.) 433 M. Natesan, R. Gopalakrishnan, for the petitioner (in W.P. No. 314 of 1970). S. Govind Swaminathan, Advocate-Genera/ for the State of Tamil Nadu, A. V. Rangam and S. Mohan, for respondents Nos. 1 to 5 (in W.P. No. 285 of 1970) and the respondents (in W.P. No. 314 of 1970). M. K. Ramamurthi and Vineet Kumar, for the interveners. The Judgment of. the Court was delivered by Hegde, J. In these two petitions under Art. 32 of the Constitution the petitioners who unsuccessfully sought admission to certain Medical Colleges in the State of Tamil Nadu have asked for a writ of mandamus to direct the State of Tamil Nadu to allot to each one of them a seat in one of the Government Medical Colleges in that State and for consequential orders. In the State of Tamil Nadu, there are eight Medical Colleges out of which three are situate in the city of Madras, one in Madurai, one in Chingleput, one in Coimbatore, one in Thanjavur and · one in Tirunelveli. The total seats available in Madras Colleges are 500. The sanctioned strength of seats in Madurai, Chingleput, Coimbatore, Thanjavur and Tirunelveli are 200, 50, 100, 200 and 75 respectively. Thus the total number of medical seats available in the Government Colleges for 1st year of M.B.B.S., course in the State of Tamil Nadu are 1125. We understand that for these seats nearly 7 ,000 students applied for admission. In the previous years except in the year 1967-68, selection of candidates for admission to the 1st year M.B.B.S. course was done on Statewise basis. Jn the year 1967-68, the seats were distributed on districtwise basis but that scheme was held to be invalid by this Court in Minor P. Rajendran v. State of Madras and Ors.(') Thereafter the selection was again made on Statewise basis in the years 1968-69 and 1969-70 but in the current year that system was given up and selection was directed to be made on the basis of what is known as unitwise basis. Under the present scheme t.I:ie Medical Colleges in the city of Madras were constituted as one unit and each one of. the other Medical Colleges in the mofUs~il was constituted as a unit. Thus six units were created. in the State. In respect of each one of the units a separate selection committee was constituted. The intending applicants were asked to apply to any one of the committees but they were advised to apply to the committee nearest to their place of residence a~ far as possibk They were told that if they applied to more than one committee their applications wiH be forwarded by the Government to on1y one of the committees. (!)[ 19681 2 S. C.R. 786 434 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1971] 2 S.C.R A few seats out of the 1125 seats were reserved for certain special categories of students. As there is no dispute about those seats we shall not refer to them hereafter. Out of the remaining seats 41 per cent seats were reserved for students coming from socially and educationally backward classes Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes. The rest of them were placed in the general pool. In the State of Tamil Nadu actual marks are not being given in the Pre-University examination. The papers were valued on the basis of grades. There are all togetber four grades i.e. Grades A to D. For the purpose of selection to first year M.B.B.S., course only marks obtained in the optional subjects were taken int() consideration. Selection to the seats with which we are concerned in these petitions is confined to students who have taken in their Pre-University examination Physics, Chemistry and Biology as their optional subjects though each of these subjects carried a maximum of 100 marks thus a total of 300 marks, for the purpose of selection to the first year M.B.B.S. course the procedure prescribed was to take the minimum marks provided for the grade secured by the applicant in Chemistry and Physics and add them toF,ther and thereafter divide the total by two and to that add the mmimum marks provided for the grade secured by the applicant in Biology. Thus the total marks in the optional subjects was reduced from 300 to 200. All the applicants in the general pool who secured 110 or more marks calculated on the basis of the formulae referred to earlier were called for interview by the selection committees. Selection committees were authorised to give a maximum of 75 marks at the i·nterview. The selection committees were asked to award these marks on the basis of following tests. ( 1) Sports or National Cadet Corps activities; (2) Extra Curricular special services; - (3) General physical condition and endurance; ( 4) General ability, and ( 5) Aptitude. The selection committees were directed to prepare a gradation list on the basis of the total marks obtained by each applicant and submit the same to the Government. The petitioners before us appear to have had brilliant academic career. The facts mentioned by the petitioners in this regaro were not controverted by the respondents. The petitioner in Petition No. 285 of 1970 came out within first three ranks in the l 0th and 11th standards and in the final exa!!lination he secured 451 marks out of the total of 700. He stood third in his school. A B c D E F G H B c D • G " PEERIAKARUPPAN v. TAMIL NADU (Hegde, J.) 435 During his school career he had 'taken keen interest in extracurricular activities. He was a N.C.C. Cadet and passed creditably the 'A' certificate examination. He had also obtained certificate in boxing. He had joined the correspondence course conducted by the Voice Prophecy Institute, New Delhi and obtained a certificate in Health and Hygiene. After having passed his Anglo Indian High School examination creditably he joined Madurai college, in the Pre-University course taking Physics, Chemistry and Biology as his science subjects. kl that course he secured first class with Grade D plus in Physics and Chemistry and A plus in Biology. He stood fourth in his college. The grade D plus represents 85 to 99 per cent marks and A plus 65 to 7 5 per cent marks. The petitioner in Petition No. 314 of 1970 passed her PreUniversity examination in March, 1970 from the Scott Christian College, N agercoil which college stands affiliated to Madurai University. She secured first class with grade 'D' (75 to 85 per cent marks) in Physics; grade D plus (85 to 911 per cent) in Chemistry and D (75 to 85) per cent in Biology. The petitioner also had a brilliant career throughout in the High School classes as well as in the college class. She secured a merit card for the highest distinction consecutively for the years 1965-66, 1966-67 and 1967-68 in Standards 8 to 10 of St. Joseph's Convent, Nagercoil. In the S.S.L.C. examination held m March, 1969 she secured 456 marks out of 600. She obtained distinction in extracurricular activities both in school and college. She had been a girl guide. She took keen interest in games and sports particularly in net-ball, throw ball and tenniquoit. She was a member of the Representative team. She also passed with merit the pianoforte playing Grade I examination conducted by the Trinity College of Music, London_ The petitioners before this Court challenged the validity of the selections made on various grounds. They contended that the unitwise selection contravenes Arts. 14 and 15 of the Constitution inasmuch as the same places the applicants of some of the units in a better position than those who applied to other units. It was alleged that the ratio between applicants and 1'iumber of seats in the Coimbatore unit was 1 : 13; in Tirunelveli 1 : 10; in Chingleput 1 : 6: in the Madras 1 : St; in Thanjavur 1 : ? and in Madurai 1 : 7t. It was further alJeged that several applicants who secured l:!sser marks than the petitioners before this Court were selected merely because their applications came to be collSidered in other units. It was also alleged that this unitwise scheme was merely intended as a device to get over the decision of' this Court in Rajendran' s case(1). It wa~ next contended on behalf of the petitioners that the interview held was a farce . . (I) (1968] 2 S. C.R. 786. 436 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971]:' S.C.R. Each applicant was interviewed hardly for three minutes. During that interview irrelevant question8 were put to them. The interview marks were manipulated so as to pull up underserving applicants and downgrade those who had secured excellent marks in their Pre-University examination. It was said that a perusal of the mark~ list would show that the whole selection was a manipulation. The applicants who had failed more than once and ultimately secured bare second class were selected while the first rate applicants who had secured first class with high marks were rejected. It was urged on their behalf that even the students who get the minimum marks could be pulled up by the selection committee by plumping 70 or more out of 75 interview marks whereas the students who have secured 170 marks the highest marks that could have been secured under the admission rules in PreUniversity examination could be pulled dOWIJ. by givin~ less thar. 10 marks out of 75 marks, The petitioners' complaint is that after the interview the selection committee carried. the marks given by them to Madras and there the Government has manipulated the marks in such a way as to select their favourites and reject such of them in whom the Government was not interested. It was also ur~ed that no guidelines were provided for award· ing marks at the mterview and therefore the power conferred on the selection committee is an arbitrary power which ls capable of being misuied and in f\tct has been misused. It wai contended that the list of backward classes provided to the committee was solely made on the basis of caste and as such that Ust did not confonn to the requirements of Art. 1~ ( 4) of tho Constitution. The petitioners also urged that the reservation made for backward classes is disproportionately high and further the division of back· ward classes into backward classes and more backward classes was impermissible under law. We shall first take up the plea regarding the division ol medl· cal scats on unitwise basis. It is admitted that the minimum marks required for being selected in some unit is less than m the Qther .units. Hence prima facie the scheme m question results in . discrimination against some of the applicants. In Rajendran's case(') this Court ruled that the districtwise distnbution of available seats is violative of Art. 15 of the Constitution. But it was contended on pehalf of the State that the unitwise distn'bution of seats was ·adopted for administrative convenience. It was said that it was not pOSsible for one selection committee to interview all the applicants. Therefore several committees had to be constituted. In the past when applicants were interviewed by sever.ti. committees there were complaints that the · standard adopted by one committee differed from that adopted by others and therefore the applicants' ability was not tested by a uniform standard. Further (I) [1968] 2 S. C.R. 786. B c D E F G II A B c D E F G H PEERIAKARUPPAN v. TAMIL NADU (Hegde, J.) 437 it was said that when selections were made by several committees there was delay in preparing a consolidated list. We ar~ unable to accept these grounds as being real groilnds for clasisfication. The grievance when selectio11s were made by several committees in a Statewise selection the standard adopted by various committees differed, would continue even when selections are made by several committees in a unitwise selection. Whether the selection is made by selection committees on Statewise basis or unitwise basis, the standard adopted by various committees is bound to vary. Hence in principle it makes no difference. Now coming to the question of delay, we see no reason why there should be any delay in preparing a consolidated list. At · alliy rate the delay caused is not likely to be such as to justify departure · from the principle of selection on the basis of merit on a Statewise basis. Before a clasification can be justified, it must be based on an objective criteria and further it must have reasonable nexus .with the object intended to be achieved. The object intended to be achieved in the present case is to select the beat candidates for being admitted to Medical Colleges. That ol>ject cannot be satisfactorily achieved by the method adopted. Tlie complaint of the petitioners is that unitwise distribution of seats i• but a different manifestation of the districtwise distribu • tioD aought in 1967 ·68 hu some force though on the material on record we will not be justl1led in saying that the unitwise distributioo was done for cOIJ.ateral purpose&. Suftl.ce it to say that the unitwlso distribution of seats is violative of Arts. 14 .and 15 of the Constitution. 1'he fact that an applicant is free to apply to any one unit does not take the scheme outside the mischief of Arts. 14 and 15. It may be remembered that the students were advised as far as possible to apply to the unit nearest to their place d. residence. Earmarking 75 marks out of 275 marks for interview as ~nter view marks prima facle appears to be excessive. It is not denied that the interview lasted hardly for three minutes for each candidate. In the course of three minutes interview it is hardly possible to assess the capability of a candidate. In most cases the first impression need not necessarily be the best impression. But under the existing conditions in this country we are unable to accede to the contention of the petitioners that the system of interview, as in vogue in this country is so defective as to make it useless. It is true that various researches conducted in other countries particularly in U.S.A. show that there is possibility of serious errors creeping in interviews made on haphazard basis. C .. W. Valentine on "Psychology and its Bearing on Education" refers to the marks given to the same set of persons interviewed 438 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] 2 S.C.R. by two different competent Boards and this is what is stated in his book: "The members of each board awarded a mark to each candidate and then he was discussed and an average mark agreed on. When the orders of merit for the two boards were compared it was found that the man placed first by Board A was put 13th by Board B when the ma[ll placed I st by Board B was 1 lth with Board A." Even when the interviews are conducted by impartial and ·competent persons on scientific lines very many uncertain factors like the initial nervousness on the pa1t of some caindidates, the mood in which the interviewer happens to be and the odd ques· tions that may be put to the persons interviewed may all go to affect the result of the interview. But as observed by this Court jn R. Chitra/ekha and Anr. v. State of Mysore and Ors('). "In the field of education there are divergf1Dt views as regards the mode of testing the capacity and calibre of students in the matter of admissions to colJeges. Orthodox educationists stand by the marks obtained by a student in the annual examination. The modern trend of op~ion insists upon other additional tests, such as interview, performance in extra-curricular activities, personality test, psychiatric tests etc. Obviously we are not in a position to judge which method ii; preferable or which test is the correct one. If there can be manipulation or dishonesty in allotting marks at interviews, there can equally be manipulatiqn in the matter of awarding marks in the written examination. In the ultimate analysis, whatever method is adopted its success depends on the moral standards or the members constituting the selection com1ruttee and their sense of objectivity a[lld devotion to duty. This criti· cism is more a reflection on the examiners tha t1 on the system itself. The scheme of selection, however, perfect it may be on paper, may be abused in practice. That it is capable of abused is not a ground for quashing it. So long as the order lays down relc. ctnt objective criteria and entrusts the business of selectiQn to qualified persons, this Court cannot obviously h~ve any say in the matter." While we do feel that the marks allotted for interview are on llhe high side and it may be appropriate for the Government to (I) [196i] 6 S.C.R. 368. A B c D ! E I F G H A II c D E G H PEERIAKARUPPAN v. TAMIL NADU (Hegde, J.) 439 re-examine the queEtion, we are unable to uphold the contention that it was not within the power of the Government to provide such high marks for interview or that there was any arbitrary exercise of power. It was urged on behalf of the petitioners that the interview marks were allotted on collateral considerations. We are told that the selection committees were tools in the hands of the Government and the Government manipulated the marks in such a way as to facilitate the selection oi those students in whom the members of the party in power were interested. These allegations were denied by the respondents. While elaborating tlieir argum~ts on their plea of mala fides the learned Counsel for the petitioners invited our attention to the marks lists which according to them clearly showed that the marks given at the interview are-by and large-in inverse proportion to the marks obtained by the candidates at the University examination. We were also told that the marks lists on their face show that the interview marks were mlljliipulated. It was said that marks were so given as to see that certain candidates got at least the minimum required for selection. While there is some basis for these criticisms there is not sufficient material before us from which we could conclude that there was any manipulation in preparing the gradation list. It is true that numerous students whose performance in the University examiination was none too satisfactory nor fheir past records· creditable had secured very high marks at the interview. It is also true that a large number of students who had secured very high marks in the University examination and whose performance in the earlier classes was very good had secured very low marks at the interview. This circumstance is undoubtedly disturbing but the courts cannot uphold the plea of mala fides on the oasis of mere probabilities. We c~ot believe that any responsible Government would stoop to manipulating marks. The selection: committCC!; consisted of eminent persons. Most of them are medical practitioners occupying responsible positions in life. Ii would be a bad day for this country if such persons take to. manipulati~ of .marks. Hence we cannot accept the c.ontent1on that the mterv1ew marks were manipulated either by th~ Government or by the selection committees. . It. was next urged that no objective criterion was fixed for mtemew. We are unable to accept this contention as well. The selecto~s ~ere ask~ to interview caindidates on the basis of the five cntena prescribed to which we have made reference earlier. Tho&e tests are sufficiently objective in character. Similar tests were held to be obje~tive by this Court in Chitralekhtis case(I). It cannot be demed that extra curricular activities like sports, N.C.C., special 8Crvices, genera! physical condition and endurance and general ability are objective tests. The aptitude (lni964) ii S. C. R. 368~--~ 440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] 2 ·S.C.R. referred to in the rule, iJll our opinior., is aptitude for medical profession. It was next contended that separate marks had not been allotted for each one of the tests enumerated in the rule. A total of 7 5 interview marks were placed at the disposal of the selection committee and from out of those the committee could award marks according to its sweet will and pleasure. Such a power it was said is an arbitrnry power. We were told that the entire 75 marks could have been given to a caindidate even if he satisfied only one out of the five criterion prescribed. It is true that the rule did not prescribe separate marks tor separate heads. But that in our opinion did not permit the selection committee to allot marks as it pleased. Each one of the tests prescribed had its own importance. As observed ai footnote 20 at p. 485 of American Jurisprudence Vol. 1 S that the interviewers need inot record precise questions and answers when oral tests are used to appraise personality traits; it is sufficient i·f the examiner's findings are recorded on the appraisal sheet according to the persona] qualifications itemised for measure. A conteintion similar to those advanced by the petitioners came up for co,nsideration before the Mysore High Court in D. G. Viswanath v. Chief Secretary of Mysore and Ors.(') Therein the court observed thus : "It is true that Annexure IV does not specifically mention the marks allotted for each head. But from that s;ircumstance it cannot be held that tile Government had conferred an unguided power on the Committees. In the absence of specific aUocation of marks for each head, it must be presumed that the Government considered that each of the heads mentioned in Annexure IV as being equal in importance to any other. In other words, we have to infer that the intention of the Government was that each one of those- heads should carry l/Sth of the "Ii:iterview" marks." We may note that the committee had not divided the interview marks under 'various heads nor were the marks given on itemised basis. The marks list produced before us shows that the marks were given in a lump. This is clearly illegal. The interview held was aJso. vitiated for the reason that the selection committee took into consideration irrelevant matters aind at the same time failed to take into consideration matters required to be taken into consideration. In ihe counter-affidavit filed by the Chairman of the selection committee it was averred that in allotting interview marks the committee took into consideration JA.I.R. 1964 Mys. 132. A B c D E G PEEIUAKARUPPAN v. TAMIL NADU (Hegde, I.) 441 qualities such as pleasant personality, quick thinking etc. One of the extra-curricular activities that the committee was required to take into consideration was N.C.C. training. That was clearly an objective test but from the counter-affidavit filed, it appears that the committee did not think that it was sufficient if an applicant had good record as a cadet, but according to it, he must also B know why he joined the N.C.C. and what role N.C.C. plays in the flllational life. These, in our opinion, are irrelevant considerations. Again the test like the physical condition and -endurance can be best judged by a competent medical practitioner after a careful medical examination. It was in the very nature of things not possible for the selection committee though composed of eminent C doctors to find out the physical condition and endurance by a mere lOOk at the candidate. It is clear from the affidavit filed on behalf ot' the selection committees that at the time of interview much attention had not been given to the geinieral ability which test include p8$t performance of the applicants and the varied interest taken by them. D From the facts placed before us it is clear that the candidates were not interviewed in accordance with the rules govellrling the interview. F G It was next urged that the classification of backward classes by the Government into backward -classes and more backward classes was illegal and in support of that contention our atteintion was invited to the decision of this Court in M. R. Balaji and Ors. v. State of Mysore('). It is unnecessary to go into that question because for the purpose of the present selection the backward classes were not suO-divided iinto backward classes and more backward classes. What had happened is that the list of backward classes supplied to the selection committee showed that some of the communities are more backward than others but that list was prepared for the purpose of fee concession. For the purpose of the present selection all the classes shown therein were treated as backward classes. There is no basis for the contention that the reservation made for ~kward classes is excessive. We were atot told why it isexce881ve. Undoubtedly we should not forget that it is against the immediate interest of the Nation to exclude from the portals of our ~icaJ. colleges qualified and competent students but then the unmed1ate advantages of the Nation have to be harmonised with its l~ng range interests. . It ~JltOOt be denied that unaided many sections of the people m this country canno~ compete with the 11!1v~ced sections of the Nation. Advantages secured due toH hisb_>r1~al. reasons s~ould not be considered as fuiridamental rights. ~ation s interest will be best served-taking a long range view- ~f the backward classes are helped to march forward and take their- (IJ (1963) Supp. I S. C. R. 438. 442 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] 2 S.C.R place in line with the advanced sections of the people. That is. A why in Ba/aji's case(') this Court held that tl1e total of reservations for backward classes, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes should not ordinarily exceed 50% of the available seats. In the present case it is 41 % . On the material before us we are unable to hold that the said reservation is excessive. Considerable arguments were advanced assailing the enumeration of backward classes. It was said that the concerned list included only castes and not classes. The petitiQners' case is that every one of the classes mentioned therein is in reality a caste. Hence that list cannot be sustained. In Balaji's case C) this Court held that though caste is a relevant factor in ascertaining. a class for the purpose of Art. 15(4), a class cainnot be constitutea solely on the bas.is of caste. Gajendragadkar J. (as he then was) speaking for the Court observed : "That though castes in relation to Hindus may be a relevant factor to consider in determining the social backwardness of groups or classes of citizens it cannot be made the sole or the dominant test ~n that behalf. Social backwardness is on the ultimate analysis the result of poverty, to a very large extent. The classes of citizens who are deplorably poor automatically become socially backward. They do not enjoy a status in society and have, therefore to be content to take a bacJ.::ward seat. It is true that social backwardness which results from poverty is likely to be aggravated by considerations of caste to which the poor citizens may belong, but that Ol!lly shows the relevance of both caste and poverty in determining the backwardness of citizens." In Chiter/ekJia's case(2), this Court reiterated that the caste is a relevant circumstance in ascertaining the backwardness of a class. Further it was observed therein : "While this Court has not excluded caste from ascertaining the backwardness of ·a class of citizens, it has not made it wie of the compelling circumstances affording a basis for the ascertainment of backwardness of a class. To put it differently the authority concerned may take caste into consideration in ascertaining the backwardness of a group of persons; but, ii' it does not, its order will not be had on that account, if it can ascertain the backwardness of a group of persons on the basis of other relevant criteria." The same view was. expressed by this Coμrt in State of Andhra Pradesh and anr. v. P. Sagar( 3 ). There in it was observed : (1) (1961) ~pp. I S. C.R. 418. (2) (1964) 6 S. C.R. 368 (3) (1968) 3 S. C.R. 595. B c D E F G H A B c D PEER!AKARUPPAN v. TAMIL NADU (Hegde, !.) 443 "In the context in which it occurs the expression 'class' means a homogeneous section ·of the people grouped together because of certaiAli likenesses or common traits and who are identifiable by some common attributes such as status, rank, occupation, residence in a locality, race, religion and the like. In d11termining whether a particular section forms a class, caste cannot be excluded altogether, But in the determinatiOjll of a class a test solely based upon the caste or community cannot also be accepted." A caste has always been recognised as a class. ln construing the expression "classes of His Majesty's subjects" found ins. 153-A of the Indian Penal Codei Wassoodew J. observed in Narayan· Ji'asudev v. Emperor('). "In my opinion, the expression 'classes of His Majesty's subjects' in Section 153-A elf the Code is used in restrictive sense as denoting a collection of individuals or groups bearing a common and exclusive designation and also possessing common and exclusive .characteristics which may be associated with their orig~. race or religion, and that the term 'class' within that section carries with it the idea of numerical strength so large as could be grouped in a single homogeneous community." In Paragraph 10, Chapter V of the Backward Classes Com·· mission's .Report, it is observed : E "We tried to avoid caste but we find'jt difficult to F G H ignore caste in the present prevailing Q6tj!ilitiQn.S. We wish it were easy to dissociate c_aste from social backwardness at the present juncture. In modem times anybody can take to any profession. The Brahman taking to tailoring, does not become a tailor by caste, 111or is his social status lowered as a Brahman. A Brahman may be a seller of boots and shoes, and yet his social status is not lowered thereby. Social backwardness, therefore, is not today due to the particular profession of a persol!, but we cann,ot escape caste in considering the social backwardness in Lndia." In Paragraph 11 of that Report it is stated : "It is not wrong to assume that social backwardness has largely contributed to the educational backwardness of a large number of social .groups." Finally in Paragraph 13, the committee concludes with following observations : . "All this goes to prove that social backwardness is mainly based on racial, tribal, caste and denominational differences." - < h X. t. R.1940 Born.