# ARUNACHALAM v. P. S. R. SADHANANTHAM

- **Citation:** [1979] 3 S.C.R. 482
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1979-03-06
- **Bench:** S. Murtaza Fazal Ali, Q. Chinnappa Reddy
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/arunachalam-v-p-s-r-sadhanantham-7638
- **Pages:** 12

## Headnote

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Constitution of India, 1950-Art. 136-Scope of jurisdiction.
Crimfnal
appeal not preferred by Government-Prlvate Party if could invok~ jurisdiction
under Art. 136.
The prosecution alleged that there was enmity between the deceased and
hi• brother,
P.W. 2 (Appellant) and
P.W. 3 on tho one side
and A 1
(respondent), A 2, their father, A 4 and A 5 their nephews on the other on
account of disputes arising out of elections to the Gram Pancbayat and Co--
operative Stores of the village. A fe_w days before the occurrence, the first
accused demanded that the dance performance being arranged in connection with
a religious festival in the village should be held under his PresidentShip, but
this was rejected by PW 3. The prosecution further alleged that on the night
of the occurrence when the stage was being decorated by PW 3 all tbe accused
came in a group, got up on the stage and A 1 questioned PW 3 with regard
to the conduct of the dance performance without his presiding over it. Accused
1, 2 and 4 started beating P.W. 3. Frightened by the fracas the men gathered
near the stage started running away. In the meantime, the deceased and hia
men intervened, whereupon the first accused took out a knife from his waist
and. stabbed the deceased on the left flank, as a result of which he fell down.
The deceased was first taken to the police station where his staternent
Ex. Pl w3\'S recorded.
He was then taken to the local hospital but the stab
injury being serious he was removed to the headquarters hospital where a
Magistrate recorded his dying declaration Ex. P6. The next afternoon tho
deceased succumb~d to his injuries.
In their defence, the accused claimed that they were falsely implicated on
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account of factions and suggested that some of the
prosecution
witnesses
prevailed upon ·the deceased to name the accused as assailants.
In the course
of cross-examination of prosecution witnesses, the defence suggested that a
certain R was also injured at thCj sMne time and place.
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Accepting the prosecution case the Sessions Judge convicted A-1 under s. 148
and s. 302 and the rest under Sections 147, 323 and 149 read with 323.
On appeal the High Court acquitted the accused primarily on the ground
that neither the direc't witnesses nor the dying declarations explained the serious
injury caused to Ramalingam who it appeared from the· evidence cf the Doctor,
PW 4, had received a stab injury 5 ems. x 2 ems. x 2 ems. near the left
side of the abdomen on the back. The High Court thought that though
Ext. P-1 was purported to have been recorded earlier than Ext. P-6 in point
of time, it was in fact recorded later. The High Court . took the view that
the first accused must have been implicated by the decea6ed as the assailant
in Ext. P-6 at the in$tance of PW3 who met him in the hospital at about
1 a.m. The evidence of the direct witnesses PWs. 1, 2, 3 and 5 was r~ected
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ARUNACHALAM V. P. S. R. SADHANANTHAM
483
on the ground that they were interested and had not explained how P.amalingam
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tiUstained the injury found on him. The conduct of P.\.V. 3 was also severely
commented upon.
The State did not prefer any appeal against the acquittal of the accused
by the High Court; but the appeal was preferred by the
brothor of the
deceased.
On the question whether a private party could invoke the jurisdiction of
B
ibis· Court under Art. 136 of the Constitution against an acquittal by the
High Court .
HELD : 1. This Cou1i could entertain appeals against judgments of acquittal
'by the High Court at the1 instance of a private party also. The fact that the
'Criminal Procedure Code does not provide for an appeal to the High Court
against an order of acquittal by a. subordinate court at the instance of a
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·private party has no relevance to the· question of the power of this Court undelr
Art. 136 of the Constitution. [488 DJ
2. The appellate power vested in this Court under Art. 136 is not to be
confused with
ordinary
appellate · power
exercised
by

## Text

482
A
ARUNACHALAM
v.
P. S. R. SADHANANTHAM
March 6, 1979
B
[S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI AND Q. CHINNAPPA REDDY, JJ.J
c
D
E
Constitution of India, 1950-Art. 136-Scope of jurisdiction.
Crimfnal
appeal not preferred by Government-Prlvate Party if could invok~ jurisdiction
under Art. 136.
The prosecution alleged that there was enmity between the deceased and
hi• brother,
P.W. 2 (Appellant) and
P.W. 3 on tho one side
and A 1
(respondent), A 2, their father, A 4 and A 5 their nephews on the other on
account of disputes arising out of elections to the Gram Pancbayat and Co--
operative Stores of the village. A fe_w days before the occurrence, the first
accused demanded that the dance performance being arranged in connection with
a religious festival in the village should be held under his PresidentShip, but
this was rejected by PW 3. The prosecution further alleged that on the night
of the occurrence when the stage was being decorated by PW 3 all tbe accused
came in a group, got up on the stage and A 1 questioned PW 3 with regard
to the conduct of the dance performance without his presiding over it. Accused
1, 2 and 4 started beating P.W. 3. Frightened by the fracas the men gathered
near the stage started running away. In the meantime, the deceased and hia
men intervened, whereupon the first accused took out a knife from his waist
and. stabbed the deceased on the left flank, as a result of which he fell down.
The deceased was first taken to the police station where his staternent
Ex. Pl w3\'S recorded.
He was then taken to the local hospital but the stab
injury being serious he was removed to the headquarters hospital where a
Magistrate recorded his dying declaration Ex. P6. The next afternoon tho
deceased succumb~d to his injuries.
In their defence, the accused claimed that they were falsely implicated on
F
account of factions and suggested that some of the
prosecution
witnesses
prevailed upon ·the deceased to name the accused as assailants.
In the course
of cross-examination of prosecution witnesses, the defence suggested that a
certain R was also injured at thCj sMne time and place.
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H
Accepting the prosecution case the Sessions Judge convicted A-1 under s. 148
and s. 302 and the rest under Sections 147, 323 and 149 read with 323.
On appeal the High Court acquitted the accused primarily on the ground
that neither the direc't witnesses nor the dying declarations explained the serious
injury caused to Ramalingam who it appeared from the· evidence cf the Doctor,
PW 4, had received a stab injury 5 ems. x 2 ems. x 2 ems. near the left
side of the abdomen on the back. The High Court thought that though
Ext. P-1 was purported to have been recorded earlier than Ext. P-6 in point
of time, it was in fact recorded later. The High Court . took the view that
the first accused must have been implicated by the decea6ed as the assailant
in Ext. P-6 at the in$tance of PW3 who met him in the hospital at about
1 a.m. The evidence of the direct witnesses PWs. 1, 2, 3 and 5 was r~ected
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ARUNACHALAM V. P. S. R. SADHANANTHAM
483
on the ground that they were interested and had not explained how P.amalingam
A
tiUstained the injury found on him. The conduct of P.\.V. 3 was also severely
commented upon.
The State did not prefer any appeal against the acquittal of the accused
by the High Court; but the appeal was preferred by the
brothor of the
deceased.
On the question whether a private party could invoke the jurisdiction of
B
ibis· Court under Art. 136 of the Constitution against an acquittal by the
High Court .
HELD : 1. This Cou1i could entertain appeals against judgments of acquittal
'by the High Court at the1 instance of a private party also. The fact that the
'Criminal Procedure Code does not provide for an appeal to the High Court
against an order of acquittal by a. subordinate court at the instance of a
C
·private party has no relevance to the· question of the power of this Court undelr
Art. 136 of the Constitution. [488 DJ
2. The appellate power vested in this Court under Art. 136 is not to be
confused with
ordinary
appellate · power
exercised
by appellate
courts
and
appellate
tribunals
under specific
statutes.
The
pow~
under
Art. 136 is plenary, 'exercisable outside the purview of the ordinary law' to
D
meet the pressing demands of justice. Art. 136, neither confers on any one
the right to· invoke the jurisdiction of this Court nor inhibits any enc from
invoking !its juri!diction.
The power is vested in this Court. The exercise
·of the power is not circumscribed by any limitation as to who may invoke
it. Where a judgment of acquittal by the High Court has led to a serious
miscarriage of justice this Court caonnot refrain from doing its duty and abstain
from interfering with it on the ground that a private party, and not the State,
E
ha• invoked the court', jurisdiction. [487 H-488 CJ
Mohan Lal v. Ajit Singh, [1978] 3 SCC 279; referred to.
3. There need be no apprehension that if appeals
again~t judgmen1" of
acquittal at the instance of a private party are permitted there may be a! flood
of iluch appeals, because appeals under Art. 136, are entertained by special
leave granted by this Court. Special leave is not granted as a matter of course,
It is granted only for good and sufficient re: .. ons, as well established by the
practice of this Court. [488 F]
4. The power under Art. 136 is plenary in the sense that 1here nre no
words in Art. 136 itself qualifying that power. The very nature of the power
has led the Court to set limits to itself within which to exercise such power.
Within the restrictions imposed by itself, this Court has the undoubted pO\\'et
to interfere even with findings of fact, making no distinction between judgments
of acquittal and conviction, if the High Court, in arriving at those findings,
·has acted
4'perversely or otherwise improperly". [481 C-D]
State of Madras v. Vaidyanatha Iyer, [1958] SCR 580; Himachal Pradesh
Administration v. Om Prakash, [1972] 1 SCC 249, referred to.
5. In dealing with an appeal ag<>inst acquittal, this Court will, naturally,
Keep in mind the presumption of innocence in favour of the accused, reinforced,
ns may br, by the judgment of acquittal. But, this will not abjure the court
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484
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1979] 3 s.c.R.
of its duty to prevent violent miscarriage of justice by hesitating to interfere
where interference is imperative. Where the acquittal is based on irrelevant
ground, or where the High Court allows itself to be deflected by red herrina•
drawn across the track, or where the evidence accepted by the trial court is re~
jected by the High Court after a perfunctory consideration, or where the baneful
approach of the High Court has resulted in vital and crucial evidence being
ignored, or for any such adequate; reason, this Court may feel obliged to step in
to secure the interests of justice, to appease the judicial conscience as it were.
[487 E-F]
6. The High Court was wrong and unjustified in rejecting the testimony of
the direct witnesses and the dying declarations on the ground that they did
not explain the injury found on one of the pclrSons (R) alleged to have been
present at the scene of occurrence. There is nothing to suggest that R and
the deceased received their injuries in the course of the same
transaction.
According to the doctor who examined R, the injured person did not know
who bis assailant was.
He was not shown to be connected with either party
but was surreptitiously and dexterously introduced into the case by the defence
in the course of cross-examin&tion of the prosecution witnesses. A conspectus.
of the evidence clearly points to the conclusion that there was nothing to
connect the injuries or R with the stabbing of the deceased. [488 G--489 A,
490 D1
7. Both the dying declarations could be safely relied upon without any reservation.
Though the second dying declaration gives fewer details than the first
it clearly states that thei deceased and others first went to the
1 police station.
This clearly lends support to the prosecution story that it was there that tho
first dying declaration was recorded. There is, therefore, no ground to ·hold
as the High Court did that the second dying declaration was in point of time,
recorded earlier than the first.
The difference between the two was tha-t 'vhile
the :first was recorded almost immediately after the, incident, the second waa
recorded a few hours later by which time the condition of the deceased had
deteriorated and he was not in a position to give as many details as beforCI.
There was, therefore, no reason to doubt the genuineness of either of tho
two dying declarations. [493 E, 491 F-492 A, 490 Fl
CRIMINAL APPELUTE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 170 of
1973.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order
dated
17-11-1971 of the Madras High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 217 of
1971.
I
R. K. Garg, V. !. Francis and D. K. Garg for the Appellant.
K. Jayaram and R. Ramkumar for Respondent No. 1.
A. V. Rangam for Respondent No. 6.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
CHINNAPPA REDDY, J.-P. s. R: Sadhanantham and four others
H
were tried by the learned Sessions Judge, Tirunelveli, on various counts.
Sadhanantham (Al) was convicted under Sections 148 a"nd 302 Indian
Penal Code while the four others were convicted under Sections 147,
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ARUNACHALAM v. P.S.R. SADHANANTHAM (Chinnappa Reddy,/.)
485
323 and 149 read with 323. The first accused was sentenced to imprisonment for life on the charge of murder and to rigorous imprisonment
for a period of two years on the charge under Section 148. The others
were sentenced td suffer imprisonment for a period of one year on each
of the counts on which they were convicted, the sentences to run concurrently. All tl]e five accused preferred an appeal to the High Court of
Madras. The High Court allowed the appeal and acquitted all the
accused of all the charges. Arunachalam the brother of the deceased
has preferred this appeal against the judgment of the Madras High
Court after obtaining special leave from this Co'urt on 26-7-1973. The
special leave was granted against the first accused Sadhanantham only.
The case of the prosecution, briefly, was that there was enmity between the deceased Soundarapandian and his brother Arunachalam
(P.W. 2) and Natesan (P.W. 3) on one side and Rajapalavesmuthu
Nadar, his sons Al and A2 and his nephews A4 and AS on the other.
There were the usual disputes arising out of elections to the Gram
Panhayat and to the local cooperative stores. In connection with the
village Amman festival, P.W. 3 was arranging to have a dance performance on the night of 20th August, 1970, in the Gandhi Maidan. About
a week earlier, Sadhanantham, the first accused demanded that the dance
should be performed under his presidentship but P .W.3 did not agree.
On the night of 20th August, 1970, P.W;J alongwith one Gopalakrishnan (P.W. 6) was decorating the stage. Tube lights were burning
and several persons had gathered in front of the stage. At about
8.45 p.m. accused 1 to 5 came there and got up on the stage.
Al questioned P.W.3 how he dared to conduct the show without his
presiding over it.
P.W.3 replied that the dance performance would
be conducted without the presidentship of Al. Al then slapped P.W.3
on the cheek. A2 to A4 also started beating P.W.3 with their hands.
P.W.6 and several others who were there ran away apparently not
wanting to get involved in the fracas. P.W.3 jumped down from the
stage and attempted to run away when A3 caught him and began to
throttle his neck. Al, A2 and A4 joined in beating him with their
hands. The deceased P.W. I, P.W. 2 and P.W. 5 came running towards
P.W.3. The deceased asked the first accused why they were beating his
younger brother. A.3 and A.5 who were holding P.W.3 by the neck Jet
him free.
A. I asked the deceased who he was to question him and
saying so he took out a knife from his waist and stabbed the deceased
on the left flank.
The
deceased
fell down
shouting
"stabbed,
stabbed". Accused 1 to 5 then ran towards the north.
P.W.3 chased
.them over a distance of about one and half furlongs. They ran inside
the forest.
P.W.3 stopped chasing them further.
In the meanwhile
the injured Soundarapandian was taken by P.Ws. 1, 2 and 5 to the
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486
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1979] 3 s.c.R.
Poliee Station and then to the hospital at Kayalpattinam. At the Police
Station, the writer P.W.14 recorded a statement Exhibit P-1
from
Sonndarapandian at 9.15 p.m. Soundarapandian when asked to sign
the statement insisted on signing the statement after dipping the pen
in the blood that was coming out of the wound. He was taken to_ the
ho'spital in a jeep requisitioned by the police.
P.W.4 the Mediical
Officer in charge of the Hospital examined the injured and found that
the injury was of a serious nature.
He sent tl!e injured to
the
Government Headquarters Hospital at Tuticorin for further treatment.
.the District Medical Officer, P.W. 8 examined him and finding his condition very serious, sent a requisition Exhibit P-5 to the Sub Magistrate,
Tuticorin to record the dying declaration of Soundarapandian. Exhibit
P-6, the dying declaration was recorded by the Magistrate P.W.7 at
1.30 a.m. At 7.45 a.m. next morning, P.W.8 performed an operation
but Soundarapandian could not be saved. He died at about 1.30 p.m.
The autopsy was conducted by P.W.9 who, on dissection lound that
the diaphragm and the upper lobe of the left lung had been pierced. The
police after completing the investigation laid a charge-sheet against
Sadhanantham, Nithiyanantham, Thamilan, Kumaresan and
Kairthikeyan.
In support of its case, the prosecution examined P. Ws. 1, 2, 3 and
5 as direct witneses to the occurrence and relied upon Exhibits P 1 and
P6, the two dying declarations made by Soundarapandian. The prosecution also examined P. W. 6 to speak to the earlier part of the incident.
All the accused denied the offence and stated that they were falsely implicated on account of enmity. In the cross-examination of the witnesses
it was suggested that one Ramalingam was also injured at the same time
and place. It was suggested that P. Ws. 2 and 3 had prevailed upon
the deceased to name A-1 as the person who stabbed him. The learned
Sessions Judge accepted the dying declarations as true. He also accepted the evidence of the eye witnesses. He convicted and sentenced the
five accused as mentioned earlier. The High Court acquitted the accused
primarily on the ground that neither the direct witnesses nor the dying
declarations explained the serious injury caused to Ramalingam, who it
appeared from the evidence of the Doctor P.W. 4, had received a stab
injury 5 ems x 2 ems near the left side of the abdomen on the back.
The High Court thought that though Exhibit P-1 was purported to have
been recorded earlier than Exbibit P-6-in point of time, it was in fact
recorded later. The High Court took the view that the first accused
must have been implicated by the deceased as the assailant in E:thibit
P-6 at the instance of P.W.3 who met him in the hospital at about 1
a.m.
The evidence of the direct witnesses P. W.s. 1, 2, 3, and 5 was
rejected on the ground that they were interested and had not explained
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ARUNACHALAM v. P. s. R. SADHANANTHAM (Chinnappa Reddy, /.) 487
how Ramalingam sustained the injury found on him.
The conduct of
A
P.W. 3 was also severely commented upon. The High Court acquitted
all the five accused.
Before proceeding to discuss the evidence and the findings of the
High Court we remind <JUrselves of the confines of our jurisdiction to
deal with appeals by special leave against judgments of acquittal by the
High Court.
Article 136 of the Constitution of India invests the
Supreme Court with a plentitude of plenary, appellate power over all
Courts and Tribunals in India. The power is plenary in the sense that
there are no words in Article 136 itself qualifying that power. But,
the very nature of the power has led the Court to set limits to itself
within which to exercise such power. It is now the well established
practice of this Court to permit the invocation of the power
und~
Article 136 only in very exceptional circumstances, as when a question
of law of general public importance arises o'r a decision shocks the
conscience of the Court. But, within the restrictions imposed by itself,
this Court has the undoubted power to interfere even with findings of
fact making no distinction between judgment of acquittal and conviction,
if the High Court, in arriving at those findings, has acted "perversely or
otherwise
improperly".
(See
State of Madras v. Vaidyanath
Iyer,(') and Himachal Pradesh Administration v.
Om Prakash. (2)
In dealing with an appeal against acquittal, the Court will, naturally,
keep in mind the presumption of innocence in favour of the accused,
reinforced; as may be, by the judgment of acquittal.
But, also, the
Court will not abjure its duty to prevent violent miscarriage of justice
by hesitating to interfere where interference is imperative.
Where
the acquittal is based on irrelevant ground, or where the High Court
allows itself to be deflected by red herrings drawn across the track,
or where the evidence accepted by the trial court is rejected by the
High Court after a perfunctory consideration, or where the baneful
approach of the High Court has resulted in vital and crucial evidence
being .ignored, or for any such adequate reason, this Court may feel
obliged to step in to secure the interests of justice, to appease the
judicial conscience, as it were.
A doubt has been raised about the competence of a private pRrty,
.as distinguished from the State, to invoke the jurisdiction of this
Court under Article 136 of the Constitution against a judgment of
acquital by the High Court.
We do· not see any substance in the
doubt.
Appellate power vested in the Supreme Court under Article
136 of the Constitution is not to be confused with ordin3ry appellate
(!) 11958] S.C.R. 580.
(2) 11972] I S.C.C. 249.
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SUPREME COURT Rl!PORTS
[1979] 3 S.C.R·
power exercised by Appellate Courts and Appellate Tribunals wider
specific statutes.
As we said earlier, it is a plenery power, 'exercisable outside the purview of ordinary law' to meet the pressing demands of justice (vide Durga Shankar Mehta v. Thakur Raghuraj
Singh & Ors.(') Article 136 of the Constitution neither confers
on anyone the right to invoke the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
nor inhibits anyone from invoking the Court's jurisdiction.
The
power is vested in the Supreme Court but the right to invoke the
Court's jurisdiction is vested in no one.
The exercise of the power
of the Supreme Court is not circumscribed by any limitation as
to
who may invoke it. Where a judgment of acquittal by the
High
Court has led to a serious miscarriage of justice the Supreme Court
~annot refrain from doing its duty and abstain from inerfering
on
the grom1d that a private party and not the State has invoked the
Court's jurisdiction.
We do not have the slightest doubt that we
can entertain appeals against judgments of acquittal by the High
Court at the instance of.private parties also.
The circumstance that
the Criminal Procedure Code does not provide for an appeal to the
High Court against an order of acquittal by a Subordinate Court, at
the instance of a private party, has no relevance to the question of
the power of this Court under Article 136.
We may mention that
recently in Mohan Lal v. Ajit Singh,( 2) this Court interfered with a
judgment of acquittal by the High Court at the instance of a private
party. An apprehension was expressed that if appeals against judgments of acquittal at the instance of private parties are permitted there
may be a flood of such appeals.
We do not share the apprehension.
Appeals under Article 136 of the Constitution are entertained
by
special leave granted by this Court.
Whether it is lhe State or a
private party that invokes the jurisdiction of this Court, special leave
is not granted as a matter of course but only for good and sufficient
reasons, as well established by the practice of this Court.
.
As earlier mentioned, the primary reason given by the High
Court for rejecting the testimony of the direct witnesses and
the
dying d~clarations was the supposed failure of the prosecution
to
explain the serious injury found on the person of one Ramalingam
alleged to have been injured at the same time and place as the deceased.
We may at once say thatJ1othing is known about this Rama!ingam.
He is not shown to be connected, even remotely, either with
the prosecution party or with the faction of the accused. He was
very surreptitiously and dexterously introduced mto the case in
the
------
(!) [19551 1 S.C.R. 267.
(2) [1978] 3 S.C.C. 279.
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ARUNACHALAM v. P.S.R. SADHANANTHAM (Chinnappa Reddy,!.) 489
course of the cross-examination of the prosecution witness and thereafter made to loom large.
He was, as we shall presen.tly point out
nothing more than a "red herring" across the track.
We will refer
to the whole of the evidence where Ramalingam was made to appear
in the case to examine whether the High Court was right in rejecting
the entire case of the prosecution on the ground that the injury on
Ramalingam was not explained.
P.W. 1 was put but one question
whether he was aware that injuries were caused to oue Rama!ingam
Nadar at the place of the occurrence on the night of occurrence. He
stated that he was not aware of that fact. No further question was
put to P. W. 1 pursuing the matter.
Similarly P.W. 2. was also asked
in cross-examination whether he was aware of the stabbing of one
Ramalingam Nadar at the time of occurrence. He stated that he was
not and that was the end of the matter and it was not pursued further.
P. W. 3 was also asked the same question. He too denied knowledge of injuries sustained by Ramalingam Nadar on the night of
occurrence.
P.W. 5 was also asked a similar question and he too
gave a similar answer.
P.W. 4 the Medical Officer, Kayalpattinam,
deposed in his evidence that he examined one Rama1ingam at about
11.30 p.m. on 20th August, 1970.
and found an incised
wound
5 ems x 2 ems x 2 ems near the left •ide of the abdomen on the
back and one •mall irregular edged wound on the inner side of the
first injury.
The Doctor also stated that Ramalingam told him that
he was assaulted by some unknown person when he was witnessing
the dance show.
P.W. 10 who had gone to witness the dance performance but who ran away when trouble r,tarted stated that when
he was running away he saw one Ramalingam Nadar running along
with him and that the said Ramalingam Nadar was keeping his hand
near his waist and that the hand was blood stained. P.W. 15 the
Head Constable attached to the Arumuganeri Police Station stated
that 4 or 5 days after the occurrence he came w know that a case
was re~ister~d in Arumuganeri Police Station on the strength of
a
complamt given by one Ram~lingam. P.W. 16, the
Invesiigating
Officer also stated that the First Information Report registered on
the strength of Ramalingam's complaint had also been sent to
the
Magistrate and that a final report had also been sent.
He denied
the sugge3tion. made, to him that the First Information Report in respect of Ramalmgam s complaint was suppressed as it was not in favB
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our of the prosecution. These are all the appearances which Ramalingam made, o~ the sta_ge of this case, in the mouth of the witnesses,
though Ramahngam did himself not enter upon the 3cene.
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the accused 11_1ade any reference to Ramalingam in his statement. It
would be noticed that it was not suggested to any of the pfosccution
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1979] 3 S.C.R.
witnesses that Ramalingam was connected. with either the prosecution
party or the party of the accused. It was not suggested that the
injury to Ramalingam was caused by a member of either group. It
was not suggested that Ramalingam i)1tervened in the fight
and
received an m1ury.
In fact there was nothing to suggest that Ramalin,
gam and the deceased received their respective injuries in the course
of the same transaction.
The only suggestion was that Ramalingam
received an injury that night at the place of occurrence. It is
in
evidence that as soon as trouble started, the people who had gather,
ed there started running helter skelter.
While so running Ramalin·
gam apparently received a stab injury accidentally or deliberately
from someone. In fact according to the evidence of
the
Doctor,
Ramalingam told him that he did not know who his assailant was.
There was, therefore, absolutely nothing to · conn~ct the stabbing of
Ramalingam with the stabbing of the deceased Soandarapandian. The
evidence of P.W. 10 also was to the effect that Ramalingam himself
was one cf those who ran away from the scene alongwith him
and
that was before the deceased was stabbed.
There was thus nothing
to indicate that the deceased or any of the direct witnesses were aware
or could
possibly
be _aware of the injury caused
to Ramalin·
gam.
In our opinion the High Court was entirely wrong and wholly
unjustified hi rejecting the testimony of the direct witnesses and the
dying declarations on the irrelevant consideration that they did not
explain the injury found on the person of Ramalingam.
In regard to the dying declarations the reason given by the High
Court to conclude that Exhibit P. 1 must have bee·n recorded later
than Exhibit P-6 was that Exhibit p, 1 contained several statements
not to be found in Exhibit P-6.
We are afraid that the High Court
was merely indulging in speculation and approaching the question
from the wrong end.
Exhibit P-1 which was recorded by P.W. '14
was as follows :
"Arumuganeri is my native place.
I am doing shop
business.
Record dance was arranged to take place
in
Gandhi Maidan at Arumuganeri. I went to see the record
dance along with Arunachala Nadar
my
elder
brother,
Gunesekaran younger sister's husband, and Somasundaram
son of Adinarayana Perumal.
We were talking, standing
in front of Ramaswami temple.
Sadanandam, Nithianan,
dam, sons of P. S. Raja Nadar, Tamilam alias Subramaniam,
Knmarsan son of Thangapla Nadar, Karthikyan
son of
Raja Pandia Nadar were beating my younger brother Nate,
san, on the north of the dancing stage.
Myself, and
the
.. •
, ;
•
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ARUNACHALAM v. P. s. R. SADHANANTHAM (Chinnappa Reddy, l.) 491
persons with me ran to that place.
I questioned as to why
you beat my younger brother.
Sadanandam son of P. S.
Raja Nadar forcibly stabbed me with the greece knife in the
hand, on my left flank, below the rib I cried to the effect
"Ayyoh : stabbed." I covered the stab injury with my hand.
My elder brother and Somasundaram, took me to Police
station.
There is prior enmity between myself and P. S.
Raja Vagaria in connection with the elections., I read the
statement. It has been recorded as narrated by me.
Sd/- Soundarapandian"
Exhbiit P-6 which was recorded by the Sub Magistrate, was as follows:
"There is one Gandhi Maidan in Arumganeri, Record
dance was to be performed there.
I went to see it. The
dance was not begun: Myself, Arunachalam, my elder
brother, Gunasekaran, my sister's husband were all talking.
c
There was quarrel at the place of performance of the record
D·
dance.
At that time, the record dance was not begun.
Myself and others ran to the place where the quarrel took
place.
A boy called Sadanandem son of P. S. Raja Nadar
stabbed me with a knife.
I cried to effect "Ayyoh Stabbed,
stabbed?" The police station is very near.
We all went
there.
My hand was stained with blood.
There is
no
E
reason for stabbing me.
L.I.T. of Thiru Soundrapandian".
It is true that Exhibit P-1 gives more details than Exhibit P-6. Ex-
\, '
hibit P-1 mentions the names of A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5 also in c~n-
-< nectim with the beating of P.W. 3. It also mentions that the dcceas-
'
ed was stabbed oh the left flank below the rib.
It further mentions
~
the prior enmity between the deceased and P. S. Raja Vageria. On
the contrary Exhibit P-6 gives fewer details, and does not mention
the names of the participants in the fight which preceded the stabbing
of the deceased.
The stabbing of the deceased by A-1 alone is particularly mentioned.
What is important to be noted in Exhibit P-6
is that it refers to the circumstance that the deceased first went to
the Polite Station. That statement lends support to the prosecution
case that the deceased and others went to the Police Station and a Statement was recorded at the Police Station from the deceased. What is
more imrortant is the circumstance that while Exhibit P-1 was recorded
within a very short time after the occurrence, Exhibit P-6 was recorded
a few hours after the occurence by which time the condition of the
F
G
492
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1979] 3 S.C.R.
A
deceased had apparently deteriorated and he was not in a position to
make as detailed a statement
as
P-1.
The
evidence of the
District Medical Officer, P.W. 8, shows that when he saw l\im at 1 a.m.
the condition of the deceased was very bad.
P-6 was recorded, it may
be noted at 1.25 a.m.
D
It would also be seen that the condition of Soundarapandian at that
time was such that his thumb impression and not his signature rnuld
.
.
.
be taken on Ex.P.6.
The reason for Jess particulars in P-6 was quite
obvious qut yet the High Court completely missed it because of its
wrong approach.
There was no reason whatsoever to doubt the
genuineness of Exihibit P-1 or P-6. The High Court thought that
P.W.3 might have met the deceased in the Tuticorin hospital at 1 a.m.
and induced him to implicate the first accused.
This was nothing but
speculation. AB we mentioned the condition of the deceased was very
bad at 1 a.m. and it is too much to think that anybody would have
been allowed to go near the deceased in the critical condition in which
he was in the hospital and to tutor him to implicate someone falsely.
The evidence of three of the eye witnesses namely P.Ws. 1, 2 and
5 was dealt with by the High Court in a most summary and perfunctory way. It was said:
"The name of this witness (P.W.l) was not mentioned
by the deceased in Exh.P-6. It has been ~licited from this
witness that there was bitter enmity between him and the
family of the accused. This witness was appointed by t!Je
deceased as a clerk in Arumuganeri Cooperii.tive Stores and
in the Panchayat election, P.W.l proposed the name of the
person who stood against the father of Accused 1 and 2. He
was a prosecution
witness in a
criminal case instituted
against the father of accused 1 and 2.
This witness is not
only interested in the deceased as he was employed under
the deceased as a clerk but also inimically disposed towards
the family of the accused. It will, therefore, be unsafe to
rely upon his evidence.
P.W.2 is the brother of the deceas ..
ed and P.W.5 is the brother-in-law of the deceased.
They
are very much interested in the deceased and they were also
inimically disposed towards the accused.
They are not telling the
truth.
They have not explained
as
to how
Ramalingam sustained the injury.
They have fallen in line
with the statements made in the dying declaration.
We do
not accept their eviderice".
..
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ARUNACHALAM v. P. s. R. SADHANANTHAM (Chinnappa Reddy, 1.) 493
The reasons given were that the witnesses were interested and that
A
they had not explained the injury found on the person of Ramalingam.
In the case of P .W.1 it was also stated that his name was not mentioned in Exhibit P-6.
We do not think that the criticism of the
High Court bears any scrutiny. We have perused the evidence of
P.Ws. 1, 2 and 5 and we are unable to discard their testimony for the
sole reason that they are interested witnesses.
With regard to P .W .3
however, there is scope for much criticism having regard to his conduct subsequent to the incident.
According to his ·evidence after he
chased the accused he stopped for about an hour near the forest and
returned to tlie village thereafter. While he was on his way back he
saw his uncle's jeep on the road and learnt from his uncle that
Soundarapandian had been taken to the hospital at Tuticorin. ·Therefore, he went to Tuticorin and saw his brother in the hospital at about
J a.m. Thereafter he went to a hotel where he slept for the night.
Next morning without going to the hospital to find out the condition
of his brother he returned to the viJlage ~nd made himself available to
the police for questioning at about 1 p.m. Though there cannot be
any doubt that he witnessed the occurrence his subsequent conduct
does not inspire such confidence as to place implicit reliance on his
evidence.
We, therefore, agree with the High Court th.llt P.W.3 was
not a reliable witness.
In our view the two dying declarations Exhibits P-1 and P-6 may
be relied upon without any reservation and the evidence of P.Ws. 1,
2 and 5 may also be safely accepted. We have considered the reasons
given by the High Court for acquitting the first accused and we find
them wholly unsatisfactory'.
In the light of the principled set out by
us earlier we think that the interests of justice deinand that we should
interfere with the order of acquittal in the present case.
Accordingly,
we allow the appeal, set aside the judgment of the High Court and
restore the judgment of conviction and sentence passed by the learned
Sessions Judge of Tirunelveli against the respondent (first accused) on
the charge under Section 302 Indian Penal Code.
N.V.K.
Appeal allowed.
B
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