# B. R. LTD v. V. P. GUPTA, C.I.T., BOMBAY

- **Citation:** [1978] 3 S.C.R. 877
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1978-05-03
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal Nos. 1594-1596 'of 1972
- **Bench:** Y. V. Chandrachud, V. D. Tulzapurkar
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/b-r-ltd-v-v-p-gupta-c-i-t-bombay-7450
- **Pages:** 9

## Headnote

877
lflco1ne Tax Act, 1922, S. 24(2) as it stood prior to its amendnient by the
Finance Act, 1955-Interpretation of the expression "same business" occurring
in S. 24(2)-Decisive tests to show the "same business" for the purpose of "set
"'
ofl" of loss in previous year.
The appellant used to carry on business in (i) general insurance (ii) broker·
A
B
age and commission and (iii) import and sale of woollen fabrics, leather beltings 9
C
hardware, toilet goods, chemicals and cotton fabrics etc. The business of import
and sale was closed by the appellant towards the end of the calendar year 1952,
corresponding to the assessment year 1953-54. In that year, the appellant suffered
an accumulated business loss of Rs. 56,488/-. From the assessment year 1954-55
i.e. from the commencement of the calendar year 1953, the appellant started exporting textiles instead of importing woollen fabrics. The appellant claimed that
the loss of Rs. 56,488/- incurred by it on the import and sale of articles should
be set off against the ?rofits made by it during the assessment years 1954-55,
D
1955·56 and 1956-57. The Income Tax Officer and the Appellant Assistant Commissioner rejected the claim on the ground that the business of importing and
selling goods was distinct and separate from the business of exporting goods; that
the import and export business did not constitute the "same business"; and that
as the import business was discontinued and did not exist in the assessment years
1954-57 the unabsorbed loss could not be set off against the profits in the export
business. The revision applications filed before the Co1nmissioner were rejected.
Allowing the appeals by special leave the Court
HELD•: I. Under Section 24(2) of the Income Tax Act,
1922, an unabsorbed loss could be+ carried forward to be set off against the profits of a
subsequent year or years, only if such profits accrued to the assessee from the
same business and not otherwise. In law, the two words "same" and "similar"
connote different concepts and, therefore, the carrying on of a similar business
will not meet the requirements of the section. The business has to be the same
as before. But though this is so, it is not possible to evolve a satisfactory test
of universal application for determining
whether~ the business
which
an
assessee carries on in a year in which he has maae profits against which a
carried forward loss could be set off is the same business which he was canying on in the yea{ in which he incurred the loss. The determination of the
question whether an assessee is carrying on in two different accounting periods
the same business depends essentially on the facts of each
particular case,
though the decision whether an assessee is carrying on the same business is a
mixed question of law and fact [881 H, 882 A-DJ
Satabganj Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Central, Calcutta,
41 I.T.R. 272; followed.
2. The objective tests or the "fairly adequate tests" as laid down by the decisions of Courts, for determining whether the two businesses constituted the
"same business" within the meaning of S. 12B(1) of the Act, 1922 are :-
(i) Whether there is any inter-connection, any "inter-lacing, inter-dependency, any unity at all embracing the two businesses of the assessee.
(ii) 'Whether there is in-existence a common management, common fund
and a common place of business.
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1978] 3 S.C.R.
(iii) Complete unity of control and not the nature of the two lines or
business should be the deciding factor and;
(iv) Non existence of any element of diversity or distinction or separateness in regard to both the businesses.
[&82 G, 883 G-H, 884 Fl
Scales v. George Thompson & Co. 13 Tax Cases 83; Conunissioner vf Income
Tax, Madras v. Prithivi Ins. Co. Ltd., 63 l.T.R., 632; Hooghly Trust (P) Ltd. v.
Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal, 73 I.T.R. 685; Produce Exchange
Corporation Ltd., v. Commissioner of lncon1e Tax (Central) Calcutt

## Text

B. R. LTD.
v.
V. P. GUPTA, C.I.T., BOMBAY
May 3, 1978
[Y. V. CHANDRACHUD, CJ. AND V. D. TULZAPURKAR, J.J
877
lflco1ne Tax Act, 1922, S. 24(2) as it stood prior to its amendnient by the
Finance Act, 1955-Interpretation of the expression "same business" occurring
in S. 24(2)-Decisive tests to show the "same business" for the purpose of "set
"'
ofl" of loss in previous year.
The appellant used to carry on business in (i) general insurance (ii) broker·
A
B
age and commission and (iii) import and sale of woollen fabrics, leather beltings 9
C
hardware, toilet goods, chemicals and cotton fabrics etc. The business of import
and sale was closed by the appellant towards the end of the calendar year 1952,
corresponding to the assessment year 1953-54. In that year, the appellant suffered
an accumulated business loss of Rs. 56,488/-. From the assessment year 1954-55
i.e. from the commencement of the calendar year 1953, the appellant started exporting textiles instead of importing woollen fabrics. The appellant claimed that
the loss of Rs. 56,488/- incurred by it on the import and sale of articles should
be set off against the ?rofits made by it during the assessment years 1954-55,
D
1955·56 and 1956-57. The Income Tax Officer and the Appellant Assistant Commissioner rejected the claim on the ground that the business of importing and
selling goods was distinct and separate from the business of exporting goods; that
the import and export business did not constitute the "same business"; and that
as the import business was discontinued and did not exist in the assessment years
1954-57 the unabsorbed loss could not be set off against the profits in the export
business. The revision applications filed before the Co1nmissioner were rejected.
Allowing the appeals by special leave the Court
HELD•: I. Under Section 24(2) of the Income Tax Act,
1922, an unabsorbed loss could be+ carried forward to be set off against the profits of a
subsequent year or years, only if such profits accrued to the assessee from the
same business and not otherwise. In law, the two words "same" and "similar"
connote different concepts and, therefore, the carrying on of a similar business
will not meet the requirements of the section. The business has to be the same
as before. But though this is so, it is not possible to evolve a satisfactory test
of universal application for determining
whether~ the business
which
an
assessee carries on in a year in which he has maae profits against which a
carried forward loss could be set off is the same business which he was canying on in the yea{ in which he incurred the loss. The determination of the
question whether an assessee is carrying on in two different accounting periods
the same business depends essentially on the facts of each
particular case,
though the decision whether an assessee is carrying on the same business is a
mixed question of law and fact [881 H, 882 A-DJ
Satabganj Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Central, Calcutta,
41 I.T.R. 272; followed.
2. The objective tests or the "fairly adequate tests" as laid down by the decisions of Courts, for determining whether the two businesses constituted the
"same business" within the meaning of S. 12B(1) of the Act, 1922 are :-
(i) Whether there is any inter-connection, any "inter-lacing, inter-dependency, any unity at all embracing the two businesses of the assessee.
(ii) 'Whether there is in-existence a common management, common fund
and a common place of business.
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878
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1978] 3 S.C.R.
(iii) Complete unity of control and not the nature of the two lines or
business should be the deciding factor and;
(iv) Non existence of any element of diversity or distinction or separateness in regard to both the businesses.
[&82 G, 883 G-H, 884 Fl
Scales v. George Thompson & Co. 13 Tax Cases 83; Conunissioner vf Income
Tax, Madras v. Prithivi Ins. Co. Ltd., 63 l.T.R., 632; Hooghly Trust (P) Ltd. v.
Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal, 73 I.T.R. 685; Produce Exchange
Corporation Ltd., v. Commissioner of lncon1e Tax (Central) Calcutta 77 l.T.R.
73; Standard Refinery and Distillerv Ltd. v. Commissioner of Incon1e Tax (Central), Calcutta, 79 l.T.R. 589; foliowed.
3. In the instant case :
(a) The Commissioner was wrong in taking the view that the business
which the appellant was doing in the relevant assessment years was
not the same business which it was doing when it incurred the unabsorbed loss.
A common management, a common business organisation, a common administration, a common fund and a common
place of business show in the instant case the inter-lacing and interdependence of the businesses carried on by the appellant. (884 F-G]
(b) The Com.missioner relied on the circumstances that "there is a distinct .and marked difference in the nature of goods dealt with" by
the appellant and, ''the procedure involved in the in1port of articles
from foreign countries and the export of articles manufactured in
India to different foreign countries is entirely different".
These
circumstances are not by themselves sufficient to establish that Cne
business of import which the appellant was doing is not the same
business as that of export. The decisive test, as held by this Court
in Produce Exchange Corporation; is unity of control and not the
nature of the two lines of business.
[884 H, 885 A-B]
(c) The Conunissioner also fell into the error of supposing that, <ipart
from the fact that the two activities must form an integral part of
the entire business, the "main consideration which has to prevail
is whether, "notwithstanding the fact that the assessee may close
one activity, it does not interfere in carrying on of the other activity". The f~ct that one business cannot conveniently be carried onafter the closure of the other may furnish a strong indication that
the two businesses constitute the same business.
But the decision
of this Court in Prithvi Insurance Co. shows that no decisive inference can be drawn from the fact that after the closure of one
business, another may or may not conveniently be carried OJJ..
[885 B-C]
(d) The Commissioner also overlooked that in the report dated June 6,
1962, which the Income-Tax Officer made in the revision application filed by the appellant, it was expressly stated that it was true
that "there was a common control and common management of the
same Board of Directors" of the business of import and export.
Thus the unity of control and the other circumstances adverted to
above show that there was dovetailing or inter-lacing between the
business of import and the busiess of export carried on by the assessee and that they constitute the same business.
[885 C·D]
and (e) The appellant is entitled to set off the unabsorbed loss of the assessment year 1953-54 against the profits of the assessment years 195455, 1955-56 and 1956-57. [885 EJ
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 1594-1596 'of
1972.
From the Judgment and Order dated 18-1-1972 of the Commissioner of Income Tax at Bombay in Revision Petition B.C. No. RP I
V /Nos. 374-376 of 1960.
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B. R. LTD. v. c. LT. BOMBAY (Chandrachud, C.J.)
879
Ravinder Narain, K. l. John and Talat Ansari for the Appellant.
R. M. Dhebar, K. C. Dua and A. Subhasini for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
CHANDRACHUD, C.J.-The· appellant which is a public limited
company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act is authorised
by its memorandum and articles of association to carry on business.
inter alia, as importers, exporters and insurance agents.
We are concerned in these appeals with the assessment years
1954-55, 1955-56 and 1956-57 corresponding to the accounting years
1953, 1954 and 1955.
The appellant used to carry on business in
(i) general insurance, (ii) brokerage and commission, and (iii) import
and sale of woollen fabrics, leather beltings, hardware, toilet goods,
chemicals, cotton fabrics, etc.
The business of import and sale was
closed by the appellant towards the end of the calendar year 1952
corresponding to the assessment year 1953-1954. In that year the
appellant suffered an accumulated business loss of Rs. 56,4881·-.
From the assessment year 1954-55, that is to say, from the commencement oi the calendar year 1953, the appellant started exporting
cotton textiles instead of importing woollen fabrics which, as stated
earlier, it had ceased to do towards the end of the calendar year 1952.
The appellant claimed that the loss of Rs. 56,488/- incurred by it on
the import and sale of articles mentioned above should be set off
against the profits made by it during the assessment years 1954-55,
1955-56 and 1956-57.
The Income-tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner
rejected and appellant's claim on the ground that the business
of
importing and selling goods was distinct and separate from the business of exporting goods; and since the import business which the appellant was doing till the commencement of the assessment year 1953-54
and the export business which it commenced in the assessment year
1954-55 did not constitute the same business and as the business of
import in which the loss was suffered was discontinued or did not
exist in the assessment years 1954-55 to 1956-57, the unabsorbed Joss
of the assessment year 1953-54 could not be set off against the profits
realised from the other business in subsequent years.
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Instead of filing ai1 appeal to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal,
the appellant filed revision applications to the Commissioner of Income-tax against the orders of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner,
under. section 33A of the Income-tax Act, 1922.
The revision applications were filed on June 15, 1960 but it was on January 18, 1972
that they were disposed of by the Commissioner, Bombay City-V,
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Bombay.
The reason for the delay seems to be that the Commissioner was awaiting the decision of a case which, it seems, \Vas ultimately withdrawn.
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1978] 3 S.C.R.
It was urged on behalf of the appellant before the Commissioner
that the business of import and export was one and the same business
as both activities involved purchase and sale of goods and that the
place where the goods were purchased or sold would not make any
material difference as far as the nature of business was concerned·
In his order dated January 18, 1972 the Commissioner observed that
apparently this argument was well-founded but a detailed scrutiny of
the nature of the two businesses would show that the nature of the
articles imported was entirely different from the nature of the articles
exported and the procedure involved in the import and export of articles was also entirely different.
The Commissioner found that whereas until the commencement of the assessment year 1954-2.5 the appellant was dealing in woollen fabrics and other articles, it started dealing
in cotton textiles only with effect from the assessment year 1954-55.
Relying upon a judgment of the Calcutta High Court in Shree Ramesh
Cotton Mills Ltd. v. C.l.T. Calcutta(') the Commissioner held '.hat
the business of import,of certain articles in one year and the export of
other articles in other years were not dovetailed into one another and
there was no inseparable link between the two activities.
The fact
that the same capital and the same management looked after
the
businesses in the different ventures would not, according to the Commissioner, make the import and export businesses carried on in different years the same business.
The Commissioner's attention was drawn
to a juclgment of this Court in Produce Exchange Corporation Ltd.
v. C.I.T. (Central) Calcutta(') but he felt that the decision was distinguishable since the appellant therein was carrying on business in
diverse commodities in the same year and the import business
was
stopped in subsequent years.
Consequently, the
Commission~r rejected the revision applications pertaining to the three assessment years.
These appeals by special leave are directed against the orders passed
by the Commissioner.
Section 6 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, which corresponds to section 14 of the Act ot 1961, classified all income for the
purposes of charge of income-tax and computation of total income
under six heads, the fourth being "profits and gains of business, profession or vocation".
Section 10(1) of the Act of 1922 taxed the
profits of business, profession or vocation carried on by the assessee.
By section 24(1) of that Act any assessee who sustained a loss of
profits or gains for any year under any of the heads mentioned in
section 6 was entitled to have the amount of the loss set off against
his income, profits or gains under any other head in that year.
Section 24(2), prior to its amendment by the Finance Act, 1955, read
thus :
"Where any assessee sustains a loss of profits or gains
in any year, being a previous year not earlier than the previous year for the assessment for the year ending on the
31st day of March, 1940, in any business, profession or voca-
(I) 64 !TR 317.
(2) 77 ITR 739.
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B. R. LTD. v. c. I. T. Bo:l1BAY (Chandrachud, C.J.)
881
tion, and the loss cannot be wholly set off under sub-section
(1), so much of the loss as is not so set off or the whole
loss where the assessee had no other. head of income shall
be carried forward to the following year and set off against
the profits and gains, if any of the assessee from the same
business, profession or vocahon for that year; .......... "
Section 16 of the Finance Act, 1955, in so far as relevant, substituted
the following sub-section for the original sub-section (2) with effect
from April 1, 1955 :
"Where any assessee sustains a loss of profits or gains
in any year, being a previous year not earlier than the previous year for the assessment for the year ending on the
31st day of March, 1940, in any business, profession or vocation. and the loss cannot be wholly se\ off under subse.ction
(1), so much
of the loss as is not so set off
or the whole loss where the assessee had no other head of
income shall be carried forward to
the following year,
and ..... .
(ii) where the loss was sustained by him in any other
business, profession or vocation, it shall be set off against
the profits and gains if any, of any business, profession or
vocation carried on by him· in that year, provided that the
business, profession or vocation in which the loss was originally sustained continued to be carried on by him iu that
year; and . ..... "
The Commissioner's orders which are impugned in these appeals
show that the revision applications were argued before him on the
footing that sub-section (2) of section 24 as it stood before its amend-
. ment in 1955 governs the matter.
The appeals before us were argued on the same basis and, therefore, our decision must turn on the
interpretation of the expression "same business" which occurs in section 24(2) as it stood theri.
We may, ho.wever, add that even under
the amended provision, the consideration whether in the year of profit the assessee was carrying on the same business which he was carrying on in the year in which the unabsorbed Joss occurred is not irrelevant.
Indeed, it is not even irrelevant for the purposes of section
72 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, which corresponds to section 23 (2)
-of the 1922 Act. After the amendment of section 24(2) in 1955
and under section 72 of the Act of 1961, the right to carry forward
an unabsorbed loss depends upon whether the assessee still carries
on the business in which the loss was incurred. That involves consideration of the question whether the business carried on by the
assessee is the same which he was carrying on when he suffered a
loss.
Under section 24(2) of the Act of 1922, an unabsorbed loss could
be carried forward to be set off against the profits of a subsequent
year or years, only if such profits accrued to the assessee from the
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SUPREME COURT RllPORTS
(1978] 3 S.C.R.
same business and not otherwise.
It is elementary that in law, the
two words 'same" and 'similar' connote different concepts and therefore the carrying on of a similar business will not meet the reqnirements of the section. The business has to be the same as before.
But though this is so, it is not possible to evolve a satisfactory test of
universal application for determining whether, the bnsiness which an
assessee carries on in a year in which he has made profits against
which a carried forward loss could be set off, is the same business
which he was carrying on in the year in which he incurred the loss.
Decided cases to which we will presently refer show that the determination of the question whether an assessee is carrying on in two
different accounting periods the same business depends essentially on
the facts of each particular case though, the decision whether
an assessee is
carrying on the same business is,
as
held
by this Court in
Setabganj
Sugar Mills
Ltd.
v.
Comn!issioner of Income-tax, Central, Calcutta('), a mixed
qnestion
of
law and fact as the question has to be decided on the, application of
various tests in so far as they may be applicable.
Since legal principles are required to be applied to the facts found and legal inferences
are required to be drawn from those facts, the question assumes the
form of a mixed question of law and fact and ceases to be a mere
question of fact.
In Scales v. George Thomson & Co.,(') the respondent company
was incorporated in 1905 to take over as a going concern the business
of George Thompson & Co., shipowners, ship and insurance brokers,
nnderwriters and merchants.
The question regarding the computation of income-tax liability of the company concerned the underwriting activities carried on by the company. The Revenue contended that the whole of the operations of the company constituted one
trade, profession or vocation only while the company contended that.
the underwriting was a separate trade, profession or vocation, from
that of shipowning and that on the cessation of the underwriting activities in 1920 the results of these activities in the years 1918, 1919
and 1920 should not be included in compnting the income-tax liability
of the company for the year ending April 1922· For answering the
question whether the operations of the company constituted
one
trade, profession or vocation, Rowlatt, J. formulated the following test :
"I think the real quetsion is, was there any inter-connection, any interlacing, any inter-dependence, any unity at all
embracing those two businesses".
Applying this te_st the learned Judge held that the business of . the
company as shipowners was different .from its business a~ un~erwnters
becanse the two businesse~ were not mterlaced or dovetailed mto each
other.
(I) 41ITR272.
(2) 13 Tax Cases 83,
B. R. LTD. v. c. I. T. BOMBAY (Chandrarhud, C.J.)
883
In Commissioner·of Income-tax, Madras v. Prithvi Insurance Co.
Ltd.,(') the respondent company carried on the business of life insurance as well as general insurance.
Both life insurance and general
insurance businesses were attended to by its branch managers and
agents without any distinctiou.
There was one common administrative
organisation and the expenses incurred both for administration and
for heads of expenditure such as salary of the staff, postage, staff
welfare fund and general charges, were common.
The question was
whl(ther the unabsorbed losses of the respondent company for the
aosessment year 1950-51 and earlier years in respect of life insurance
business could be set off against its profits of the general insurance
business for the assessment years 1951-52 to 1954-55 under section
~· 24 (2) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922.
Speaking for the Court,
Shah, J. adopted the test evolved by Rowlatt, J. as a "fairly adequate
test" for determining whether the two businesses constituted the same
business and held : "That inter-connection, interlacing, inter-dependence and unity are furnished in this case by the existence of common
management) common business organisation, common administration,
common fund and a common place of business".
The Court rejected
the Commissioner's argument that whether one of the businesses can
be closed without affecting the conquct of the other business was a
decisive test in determining whether the two constituted the same business within the meaning cf section 24(2). If one business cannot
be conveniently carried on after the closure of the other, said the
Court, there would be a strong indication that the two businesses
constituted the "same business" but. no decisive inference could be
drawn from the fact that after the closure of one business another
may conveniently be carried on.
In Hooghly Trust ( Private) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax,
West Bengal,(') the question was whether the cloth business and
the business in the general section carried on by the assessce constituted
the same business within the meaning of section 24(2). Adopting the
test formulated by Rowlatt, J., this Court set aside the judgment of
the High Court and upheld the one of t'.he Tribunal that the cloth
business never assumed the proportion or statnre of a distinct
and
separate business and that there was sufficient evidence to
show
r dovetailing of the two business.
In Produce Exchange Corporation Ltd., v. Commissioner of 1"-
come-tax (Central), Calcutta, (supra) the appellant carried on business as a dealer in diverse commodities and also in stocks and shares.
In the accounting year 1949, it suffered a loss in the sale of shares
which it claimed to carry forward and set off against the profits of
the subsequent years from transactions in other commodities.
The
Tribunal found that there was complete unity of control and shares
were one of a number of commodities in which the company dealt
with in the ordinary conrse of business and tha~ there was no element
oE diversity or distinction of separateness about the transaction in
shares.
Differing from the Tribunal the High Court held that the
(I) 63 !TR 632.
(2) 73 !TR 685. ·
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1978] 3 S.C.R.
essential matter to be considered was the nature of the two lines
of business and not merely their unit)O of control and therefore the
entire trading activity of the company did not constitute one business.
Reversing the decision of the High Court it was held by this Court
that the decisive test was unity of control and not the nature of the
two Jines of business and therefore the Tribunal was right in its decision
that the share business and other businesses carried on by the company
constituted the same business within the meaning of section 24(2) as
it stood before its amendment in 1955. This conclusion was reached
!Jy the Conrt by applying the test in Scales, (Supra).
There is only one other judgment to which we would like to refer
an~ that is reported in Standard Refinery and Distillery Ltd. v. Come
mzsszoner ?fJncome-tax (Cent~al), Calcutta.(') The appellant which
owned a distillery and had acqurred a sugar refinery obtained on lease
a sugar and gur refining company with effect from im11~ !, 1945. The
appellant purchased a certain number of shares of that company in 1946
and sold them 1n 1947 at a loss. A part of this loss was unabsorbed
and the qne<ition which arose for consideration was whether the appellant could carry forward that loss and set it off against tho~ income
D
from sugar manufactnring and distillery for the subsequent year. Hegde,
J. speaking for the Court observed that the concepts of inter-connection and inter-lacing, inter-dependence and unity were not free from
ambiguity but that this Court had laid down in Prithvi Insurance Co.
(Supra) and Produce Exchange Corporation (Supra) certain objective
tests for finding out the existence of inter-connection, inter-lacing, interdependence and unity between two or more business. On an appliE cation of those objective tests, to which we have already referred, the
Court set aside the judgment of the High Conrt and upheld the view
of the Tribunal that the activities of the company constituted the same
business si'nce there was complete unity of control, shares were one
of a number of commodities in which the company dealt in the ordinary
conrse of business and since there was no element of diversity or distinction or separateness in regard to the transaction in shares qua the
F other trading activities of the company.
In the light of the objective tests evolved in these decisions, not
.
forgetting of course the basic formulation of Rowlatt, J. in Scales, ·'""'4.
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we are of the opinion that the Commissioner was wrong in taking the
)
view that the business which the appellant was doing in the relevant
~
assessment years· was not the same business which it was doi'ng when
1
G it incnrred the unabsorbed loss. A common management, a co01D1on
•
business
organisation,
a
cominon administration,
a common
H
fund and a common place of business show in the instant case the interlacing and inter-dependence of the businesses carried on by the appellant.
In support of his conclusion that the two businesses are different,
the Commissioner relies on the circumstances that "there is a distinct
and marked difference in the nature of goods dealt with" by the appel-
(1) 79 ITR 589.
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•
B. R. LTD, v. c. I. T. BOMBAY (Chandrachud, C.J.)
885
!ant and, "the procedure involved in the import of articles from foreign
conntries and the export of articles manufactured in India to different
foreign countries is entirely different".
Thelle circumstances are not
by the11IBelves sufficient to establish that the business of import which
the appellant was doing is not the same business as that of export. The
decisive test, as held by this Court in Produce Exchange Corporation,
(Supra) is unity of control and not the nature of the two lines of
business. The Commissioner also fell into the error of supposing that,
apart from the fact that the two activities must form an integral part
of the entire business, the "main consideration which has to prevail is"
\.
whether, "notwithstanding the fact that the assessee may close one
t- activity, it does not interfere in carrying on of the other activity". The
fact that one business cannot conveniently be carried on after the
closure of the other may furnish a strong indication that the two businesses constitute the same business. But the decision of this Court in
Prithvi Insurance Co., (Supra) shows that no decisive inference can
be drawn from the fact that after the closure of one business, another
may or may not conveniently be carried on.
The Commissioner also
overlooked that in the report dated June 6. 1962, which the Income-tax
Officer made in the revision applications filed by the appellant, it was
expressly stated that it was true that "there was a common control and
common management of the same Board of Directors" of the business
of import and export Thus the unity of control and the other circnmstabces adverted to above show that there was dovetailing or interlacing between the business of import and the business of export carried
on by the assessee and that they constitute the same business.
A
B
c
D
For these reasons, we set aside the orders passed by the Commissioner and hold that the appellant is entitled to set off the unabsorbed
E
loss of the assessm!'cnt year- 1953-54 against the profits of the assessment years 1954-55, 1955-56 and 1956-57. The appellant will get its
costs of the appeals in one set from the respondent.
S. R.
Appeals allowed.