# BHALCHANDRA alias BAPU & ANR v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

- **Citation:** [1968] 3 S.C.R. 766
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1968-04-11
- **Case number:** Criminal Appeal No. 193 of 1965
- **Bench:** M. Iiidayatullah, C. A. Vaidialingam, A. N. Grover
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/bhalchandra-alias-bapu-anr-v-state-of-maharashtra-4342
- **Pages:** 8

## Headnote

Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) ss. 304A and 331--Storage of e:tpl01ives of higher degree-Explosion-Whether licensus liable criminally.
In an explosion which took place, the persons who were working in
the factory of the appellants where crackers were being manufactured
died or were injured.
The appellants were convicted under ss. 304A
and 337 I.P.C. In appeal to this Court, the appellants contended that
criminal liability could not be imposed upon them under ss. 304A and
337 as it had not been established that the deaths cir injuries caused were
the direct result of any rash or negligent act on the part of the appellants
or that any such act had been proved which was the proximate and efficient cause of the explosion without the intervention of another's
negligence.
·
HEID : The appellants were rightly convicted. [773 CJ
Although there was no direct evidence of the immediate cause of the
eitplosion but the explosives the possession of which was
prohibited
under the notifications issued undel' the Indian Explosives Act were
found in the shops or the premises where the appellants carried on their
business and the substances which were of highly hazardous· and dangerous
nature were apparently being used in the manufacture of. the fire works,
since thev wel'e found at the scene of the explosion.
These explosives
had sensitive composition and even friction or percussion could
came
Ol<plosion.
In the factory itself where the explosion took place the per•
sons who were employed were mostly women who brought their small
children with them and young children below the age of 18 had been
employed in the manufacture of fire works. It became therefc/re, all the
more incumbent on all appellants to have completely avoided the use of
highly sensitive compositions.
The appellants had, undoubtedly displayed a high degree of negligence by allowing or causing to be used dangerous and prohibited compositions and substances which must he held
to have bees the efficient cause of the explosion. [771 A.C; 773 C]
Rustom Sharior Irani v. State of Maharashtra.
Cr. A. No. 72165;
Balachandra Waman Pathe v. The State of Maharashtra, Cr. A. 62 of
1965 decided on 20-11-1967, followed.
A
B
c
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Regina v. David Dant., 169 English Reports (C.C.)
1517; Rex v.
G
Pittwood .. (1902) 19 T.L.R. 37, applied.
Kurban Hussein Mohammedali Rangwalla v. State of Maharashtro.
[1965] 2 S.C.R. 622; Suleman Rahiman Mulani & 'Another v. The State
of Maharashtra Cr. A. 50 of 1965 decided on 1-12-1967, distinguished.

## Text

766
BHALCHANDRA alias BAPU & ANR.
v.
STATE OF MAHARASHTRA
April 11, 1968
[M. IIIDAYATULLAH, C.J., C. A. VAIDIALINGAM
AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.]
Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) ss. 304A and 331--Storage of e:tpl01ives of higher degree-Explosion-Whether licensus liable criminally.
In an explosion which took place, the persons who were working in
the factory of the appellants where crackers were being manufactured
died or were injured.
The appellants were convicted under ss. 304A
and 337 I.P.C. In appeal to this Court, the appellants contended that
criminal liability could not be imposed upon them under ss. 304A and
337 as it had not been established that the deaths cir injuries caused were
the direct result of any rash or negligent act on the part of the appellants
or that any such act had been proved which was the proximate and efficient cause of the explosion without the intervention of another's
negligence.
·
HEID : The appellants were rightly convicted. [773 CJ
Although there was no direct evidence of the immediate cause of the
eitplosion but the explosives the possession of which was
prohibited
under the notifications issued undel' the Indian Explosives Act were
found in the shops or the premises where the appellants carried on their
business and the substances which were of highly hazardous· and dangerous
nature were apparently being used in the manufacture of. the fire works,
since thev wel'e found at the scene of the explosion.
These explosives
had sensitive composition and even friction or percussion could
came
Ol<plosion.
In the factory itself where the explosion took place the per•
sons who were employed were mostly women who brought their small
children with them and young children below the age of 18 had been
employed in the manufacture of fire works. It became therefc/re, all the
more incumbent on all appellants to have completely avoided the use of
highly sensitive compositions.
The appellants had, undoubtedly displayed a high degree of negligence by allowing or causing to be used dangerous and prohibited compositions and substances which must he held
to have bees the efficient cause of the explosion. [771 A.C; 773 C]
Rustom Sharior Irani v. State of Maharashtra.
Cr. A. No. 72165;
Balachandra Waman Pathe v. The State of Maharashtra, Cr. A. 62 of
1965 decided on 20-11-1967, followed.
A
B
c
D
E
F
Regina v. David Dant., 169 English Reports (C.C.)
1517; Rex v.
G
Pittwood .. (1902) 19 T.L.R. 37, applied.
Kurban Hussein Mohammedali Rangwalla v. State of Maharashtro.
[1965] 2 S.C.R. 622; Suleman Rahiman Mulani & 'Another v. The State
of Maharashtra Cr. A. 50 of 1965 decided on 1-12-1967, distinguished.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.
193 of 1965.
H
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated
October 19, 1965 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Revision Applications Nos. 193 and 194 of 1965.
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BALCHANDRA v. STATE (Grover, J.)
767
K. Hingorani and N. H. Hingorani, for the appellants.
P. K. Chatterjee and S. P. Nayyar, for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Grover, J. This is an appeal by special leave in whic~ the
main question for decision is whether the appellants were ng~tly
convicted for offences under ss. 304A and 337 of the Indian
Penal Code.
The facts lie within a narrow compass. The appellants held
licences under the Indian Explosives Act 1884, hereinafter called
the Act and the Rules framed thereunder to manufacture, possess
and seli fire works and gun-powder not exceeding 200 pounds and
to possess and sell safety fuses.
It appears that the appellants
had a factory for manufacturing explosives in a house on Shad
Road in Latur town.
It is said that an explosion occurred in
that place on May 5, 1962 at about 12 O'clock as a result of
which 11 persons died and 7 persons were injured. The appellants along with one B. G. Kamble were tried for offences under
the various provisions of the Act and the Rules as also for
offences under ss. 304A and 337 of the Code. The trial judge
acquitted B. G. Kamble but convicted the appellants 'of the
var10us charges framed against them
and imposed fine for
offences under the provisions of the Act and awarded a sentence
of one year under s. 3-04A and three months under s. 337 of the
Indian Penal Code with. a direction that they were to run concurrently. The learned Additional Sessions Judge dismissed the
appeal preferred by the appellants against their conviction and
sentence.
The appellants then moved the High Court on the
revisional side.
The order of conviction was confirmed by the
High Court as also the sentence on all the counts except. that
under s. 304A the substantive sentence was reduced to one of
rigorous imprisonment for six months but for the reasons mentioned in the judgment of the High Court the appellants were
directed, in addition, to pay a fine of Rs. 1,500 each.
Now there can be no manner of doubt and it has been so
found that in the explosion which took place the persons who
were working in the so called factory of the appellants where
cracker;; et9.
were being manufactured died or were injured.
~ccordmg to t1!e courts Jx:low ~he appellants had, in their possession, unauthonsed explosives 1n contravention of the Act and
the rules and had committed a number of breaches of those rules
and the conditions of the licences issued to them. The principal
contention on behalf of the appellants is that even on the facts
found it is not possible to hold that they were responsible for
the explosion or had done anything which could be regarded as a
direct and immediate cause of the explosion.
Thus criminal
768
SUPIU!MB COUllT RBPOl.TS
[1968] 3 s.c.R.
liability could not he imposed on them under ss. 304A and 33.7
of the Code as it has not been established that the deaths or in·
juries caused were the direct result of any rash or negligent act
on the part of the appellants or that any such act had been prowd
which was the proximate and efficient cause of the explosicin
without the intervention of another's negligence. In the High
Court emphasis was laid on the ab~nce· of any positive evidence
pointing to the presence of the appellants at the material time.
The High Court while holding that there was no direct evidence
in respect of the immediate cause of the explosion referred to the
conclusion of the courts below that the appellants had committed
a number of hazardous breaches of the rules framed under the
· Act and the conditions of the licences issued to them, particularly
the storage of prohibited explosives and employment of children
below the age of 18. This, it was pointed out, showed a callom
· disregard for the safety of the employees.
It was noticed that
the Assi~tant Inspector of Explosives had also attributed the
explosion to the storage of prohibited explosives of a high degree.
Therefore the appellants were found to have been rightly convicted under ss. 304A and 337 of the Indian Penal Code.
Our attention has been invited by the learned Counsel for the
appellants to certain decisions of this Olurt. In Kurban Hunrin
Mohammedali Rangwa/la v. State of Maharashtra(') a factm::y
was licensed on certain conditions to manufacture paints.
1be
manager and the working partner did not have a license for
manufacturing wet paints but nevertheless the factory manufactured them. Certain burners were used for the purpose ·of melting rosin or bitumen by heating them in barrels and adding turpentine thereto after the temperature cooled down to a certain
degree.
While this process was going on froth overflowed out
of the barrel and because of heat, varnish and turpentine which
were stored at a short distance caught fire and resulted in the
death of seven persons working in the factory. The question was
whether the manager and the working partner of the firm which
ran the factory was guilty under ss. 304A and 285 of the Indian
Penal Code. It was held that the mere fact that the burnCllll
were allowed to be used in the same room in which varnish and
turpentine were stored even though it might be a negligent act
would not be enough to make the appellant before this Court
responsible for the fire which broke out. The cause of the fire,
it was observed, was not merely the presence of burners in the
room in which the varnish and turpentine were stored though this
circumstance was indirectly responsible for the fire which bro:\ce
out. The requirement of s. 304A was the causing of death bv
doing any rash or negligent act and this meant that the death
must be the direct or -proximate result of the rash or negligent
(I) (1965] 2 S. C. R. 622.
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BALCHANDRA v; STATE (Grover, J.)
769
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act. It was found that the direct or proximate cause of the fire
which resulted in seven deathS was the act of a labourer who
acted in a hurry and who did not wait until the bitumen or rosin
cooled down and thus it was his negligence which was the direct
and proximate cause of the fire breaking out The appellant,
namely, the manager and the working partner of the firm could
B
not be held to have committed the offence under s. 304A of the
Code.
c
•
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J
G
The ratio of the above decision was . applied in
S~man ·
Rahiman Mulani & Another v.
The State of Maharashtra(').
In that case the question was whether the first appellant who
had only a learner's licence and was driving a jeep which knocked
down the deceased had been rightly convicted of an offence under
s. 304A of the Code read with certain provisions of the Motor
Vehicles Act. On the material on the record the court found it
impossible to. discover under what circumstances the accident had
taken place.
This Court held that it was not known what was
the proximate cause of the accident and the possibility that it bad
been caused due to the fault of the deceased could not be ruled
out. The mere fact that the appellant in question held a learner's
licence did not establish that he did not know driving. His proficiency might furnish a defence which the learner could not have
but the absence of proficiency did not make him guilty.
His
conviction under s. 304A was therefore set aside.
The fact' of the present case are somewhat different and distinguishable from those of the above two cases as will be clear
from a close examination of the material evidence relating to the
substances which were being used in the manufacture of the fire·
works etc. in the factory of the appellants.
It appears that soon after the explosion the Inspector of Explosives, West Circle, Bombay, proceeded to Latur for investigation.
He took into possession certain substances from the scene·
of the accident. By means of a letter, dated May 11, 1962 sent
from the office of the Inspector of Explosives these substances
were forwarded to the Chemical Examiner,
Government
of·
Maharashtra for examination, the samples were as follows :-
1. A white substance in a packet suspected to. be
potassium chlorate.
2. An orange yellow substance suspected to be
arsenic sulphide.
H
3. A round stone piece containing smears with
orange yellow chemical adhering to it.
(This was to
(I) Cr. A. 50 of 1965, decided on 1-12·67.
770
SUPllBMB COURT llBPOP.TS
(1968] 3 S.C.R•
be examined for the presence of arsenic sulphide and
potassium chlorate).
4. A contraption to test the explosibility of a mixture of potassium chlorate and sulphur.
Dindeshchandra P. W. 10 Assistant inspector of Explosives also
went to the scene of the explosion along with the Inspector on
May 9, 1962 and various samples were collected from the shops
of the appellants as well.
All these were forwarded to the
Chemical Examiner for examination. The report of the Chemical
Examiner (Ex. 87) which is to be found on the original record
gives the following analysis in respect of the above substances :-
,
"Exhibit ( 1 ) is potassium chlorate.
Exhibit (2) is arsenic sulphide.
Exhibit (3) has ~ediment containing arsenic sulphide and sulphur adhering to it.
Exlu'bit ( 4) has Potassium Chlorate and Sulphur in
its cavity."
Apart from the origins: record these facts stand established from
the evidence of Dindeshchandra P. W. 1 O and the report (Ex. 3 8)
which he had submitted on November 2, 1962 which was duly
proved by him when he appeared as a witness. He has further
stated that when he inspected the premises of the factory on May
9, 1962 he noticed half burnt raw material like sulphur white
powder the ingredients of which he coald not ascertain. There
were grinding stones as also empty tubes for manufacturing
exhibition fire works. As regards the cause of the explosion his
opinion may be given in his own words :-
"Probable cause of the explosion must have been
the large quantities of the raw materials gun powder and
finished fireworks and the raw materials for the same
were stored in the premises. At the time of the explosion there were large quantities of the fireworks, finished
as well as in the process of prepar~tion, loose compositions and the gun-powder. There were being dried in
the open court yard of the
premises.
Some of the
items contained very sensitive explosive compositions
which might have exploded due to the spark, percussion
or friction or fire."
Although there was no direct evidence of the immediate cause
of the explosion but indisputably the explosives the possession of
which was prohibited under the notifications issued under tl\e Act
were found in the shops or the premises where the appellants
carried on their business and on the substances that have been
mentioned which were of a highly hazardous and dangerous
A
B
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BALCHANDRA V; STATE (Grover, I.)
771
A
nature were apparently being used in the manufacture of the fire
works sinee they were found at the scene of the explosion, ( vide
the evidence mentioned before and the finding o~ the trial court
and the Additional Sessions Judge). As stated by Dindeshchandra
P. W. 10 these explosives had sensitive compositions and even
friction or percussion could cause explosion. It is further proved
B
that in the factory itself .where the explosion took place the persons who were employed were mostly women who brought their
small children with them and young children below the age of
18 had been employed in the manufacture of the fire works etc.
The factory was situate in close proximity to residential quarters.
It became therefore all the more incumbent on the appellants ~
C
have completely avoided the use of highly sensitive compositions
of the nature mentioned above.
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· The decision which is apposite to the present case is the one
recently delivered by this Court on April 3, 1968 in Rustom
Sher/or Irani v. State of Maharashtra('). There the chimney of
a bakery had collapsed and 11 persons were killed and certain
persons were injured. The appellant had submitted no plan for
the alteration of the chimney for the third time and had asked
just a mason to temove the iron pipe which had corroded and to
bring the height of the chimney to 65 feet. The mason had told
him that while the work was being executed it was unnecessary
to complet~ly keep the bakery closed except during the period
the repair work was being done.
After the chimney fell down
a number of officers visited the spot and inspeeted the bakery.
The Chief Inspector of Boilers was of the opinion that the cause
of the collapse of the chimney was the explosion which occurred
in it because of the products of combustion and gases not being
permitted to escape. freely as a pipe of 6 inche~ diameter had been
put instead of 12 inches diameter. It is unnecessary to refer to
the detailed discussion of the evidence.
It was established that
the construction of the new chimney had been done without the
advice of a properly qualified person. The argument raised was
on the lines similar to the one which had been advanced in
Kurban Hussein Mohammedali Rangwa/la v. State of Maharashtra('). It was maintained that no negligence on the part of
the appellant had been estllb!ished and it was on account of the
negligence of the mason that the chimney had fallen down. This
Court was of the view that the proximate and efficient cause of
the deaths was the negligence of the appellant in choosing a pipe
of 6 inches diameter and asking a mason (who was apparently not
a qualified person) to carry out the alterations and also continiuing working at least one oven there during the period while
the alterations to the chimney were being made. ·
(I) Cr. A. No. 72/65.
(2) [196SJ 2 S. C.R. 622 ..
772
SUPREME COURT R!!PORTS
(1968] 3 S.C.R·
In another recent decision, Balachandra Waman Pathe v. The
State of Maharashtra, (1) this Court referred with approval to
what was said by Straight, J. in Empress of India v. Indu Beg(")
that criminal negligence is the gross and culpable neglect or failure
to exercise that reasonable and proper care and precaution to
guard against injury either to the public generally or to an indi·
vidual in particular, which having regard to all the circumstances
out of which the charge has arisen, it was the imperative duty of
the accused person to have adopted. In Queen Empress v.
Bhutan(•) the lessee of a government ferry having the exclusive
right of conveying passengers across a certain river was held to
be guilty under s. 304A when he had committed the negligent
act of putting a boat in the ferry which was in an unsafe condi·
tion and which sunk resulting in some of persons getting drowned.
The Punjab Chief Court found a person guilty under ss. 304A
and 338 in Kamr-ud-din v. King Emperor(') when he had consigned two boxes containing fire works to the Railway falsely
· declaring them to contain iron locks with the result that in load·
ing one of the boxes exploded killing one coolie and injuring
another.
The inadvertence to the results of concealing the true
character of the contents of the box which was the failure of
duty to the public at large and the knoW!edge of the dangerous
nature of the contents which must be inevitably presumed coupled
with the consequences were regarded as constituting a complete
· offence under the sections.
Adverting to English law, the case of Regina v. David Dant(•)
·is highly instructive. This is what Erle, C.J. observed :
''The defendant turned a dangerous anin\al on to a
common where there was a public footpath. This has
been found by the jury to be culpable negligence, and
the child's death was caused by it. Ordinarily speaking
these are all the requisites of manslaughter. It is contended, however, that 1no offence was committed, because as we must take it, the child was not on the path.
the jury having found that it was very near. but that
they could not say whether it was on or off. In my
opinion the defendant is responsible for having brought
so great a danger on persons exercising their right to
cross the common; and it is not a ground of acquittal
that the child had strayed from the path."
In another case, Rex v. Pittwood(0) the prisoner was charged with
manslaughter on the ground that he had been negligent in not
(I) Cr. A. 62 of 1965 decided on 2().11-67.
(3) I. L. R. XVI All. 472.
(S) 169 English Reports CC: C.) 1517.
(2) I. L. R. III All. 776.
(4) 1905 P. R. 22. (Cr.)
(6) (1902) 19 .T. L. R. 37.
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BALCHANDRA v. STATE (Grover, J.)
773
closing a gate when a train passed which it was his duty to do
with the result that White who was in a hay ·cart was killed while
the cart was struck by the train which came when it was crossing
the line. Wright, J. was of the opinion that the prisoner had been
guilty of gross and criminal negligence as he was paid to keep
the gate shut when the train came and protect the public. It was
11. clear case of misfeasance as the prisoner directly contributed to
the accident and he was guilty of manslaughter.
All the above cases show that criminal negligence can be
found on varying sets of circumstances.
The tests which have
been applied appear to be fully applicable to the facts of the
present case including the one of direct and efficient cause.
The
appellants had, undoubtedly displayed a high degree of negligence
by allowing or causing to be used dangerous and prohibited compositions and substan,~es which must be held to have been the
efficient cause of the explosion.
The appellants were therefore rightly convicted and sentenced
under ss. 304A and 337 of the Indian Penal Code. As no other
point has been pressed or arises for consideration, the appeal is
dismissed. The appellants shall forthwith surrender to their bail
bonds.
Y.P.
Appeal dismissed.