# C.P. Kasi Thevar v. Chinnia'i Konar, A.LR. 1960 Mad. 77 and In

- **Citation:** [1966] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 373
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1966-05-05
- **Case number:** Criminal Appeal No. 69 of 1966
- **Bench:** M. Hidayatullah, V. Ramaswami, J.M. Shelat
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/c-p-kasi-thevar-v-chinnia-i-konar-a-lr-1960-mad-77-and-in-3857
- **Pages:** 7

## Headnote

373
Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 (Act 5 of 1898). s. 476-Trial con·
eluded-Maintainability of the complaint for perjury.
At a trial the appellants gave evidence against the respondent.
After the con~lusion of the trial the respondent filed a petition in the
court of the Magistrate under s. 476(1) Criminal Procedure Code,
praying for the prosecution of the appellants for giving false evidence under s. 193 Indian Penal Code, and adduced evidenee in support of his contention. The Magistrate thought that in the interest of
justice the, appellants should be prosecuted and accordingly filed a
complaint. The appellants contended that the complaint was not
maintainable, because the trying Magistrate had not followed the
procedure under s. 479-A, Criminal Procedure Code and it was therefore not' open to the Magistrate to take recourse to the provisions of
s. 476.
HELD: The prosecution of the appellants under the provisions
of s. 476 Criminal Procedure Code by the Magistrate after the conclusion of the trial was legally valid and was not affected by the bar
of cl. (6) of s. 479-A. Criminal Procedure Code. [377G]
The bar of cl. (6) will not apply to a case where perjury is detected not merely with reference to the evidence adduced at the trial but
with reference to the evidence adduced in some other distinct proceeding not then brought before the court or because there is some
other material subsequently produced after the conclusion of the
trial and delivery of judgment which renders the prosecution for
perjury essential in the interests of justice. [377 F]
Shabir Hussein Bholu, v. State of Maharashtra, [1963] Supp. 1
S.C.R. 501, explained and distinguished.
C.P. Kasi Thevar v. Chinnia'i Konar, A.LR. 1960 Mad. 77 and In
re Gnanamuthu A.LR. 1964 Mad. 446, approved.
Joi Bir Singh v. Malkhan Singh, A.I.R. 1958 All. 364, Parsotam
Lal Vir Bhan v. Madan Lal Bas'iambar Das, A.LR. 1959 Punj. 145
and Amolak v. State. A.LR. 1961 Raj. 220, disapproved.

## Text

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KUPPA GOUNDAN & ANR.
v .
M.S.P. RAJESH
May 5, 1966
[M. HIDAYATULLAH, V. RAMASWAMI AND J.M. SHELAT, JJ.)
373
Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 (Act 5 of 1898). s. 476-Trial con·
eluded-Maintainability of the complaint for perjury.
At a trial the appellants gave evidence against the respondent.
After the con~lusion of the trial the respondent filed a petition in the
court of the Magistrate under s. 476(1) Criminal Procedure Code,
praying for the prosecution of the appellants for giving false evidence under s. 193 Indian Penal Code, and adduced evidenee in support of his contention. The Magistrate thought that in the interest of
justice the, appellants should be prosecuted and accordingly filed a
complaint. The appellants contended that the complaint was not
maintainable, because the trying Magistrate had not followed the
procedure under s. 479-A, Criminal Procedure Code and it was therefore not' open to the Magistrate to take recourse to the provisions of
s. 476.
HELD: The prosecution of the appellants under the provisions
of s. 476 Criminal Procedure Code by the Magistrate after the conclusion of the trial was legally valid and was not affected by the bar
of cl. (6) of s. 479-A. Criminal Procedure Code. [377G]
The bar of cl. (6) will not apply to a case where perjury is detected not merely with reference to the evidence adduced at the trial but
with reference to the evidence adduced in some other distinct proceeding not then brought before the court or because there is some
other material subsequently produced after the conclusion of the
trial and delivery of judgment which renders the prosecution for
perjury essential in the interests of justice. [377 F]
Shabir Hussein Bholu, v. State of Maharashtra, [1963] Supp. 1
S.C.R. 501, explained and distinguished.
C.P. Kasi Thevar v. Chinnia'i Konar, A.LR. 1960 Mad. 77 and In
re Gnanamuthu A.LR. 1964 Mad. 446, approved.
Joi Bir Singh v. Malkhan Singh, A.I.R. 1958 All. 364, Parsotam
Lal Vir Bhan v. Madan Lal Bas'iambar Das, A.LR. 1959 Punj. 145
and Amolak v. State. A.LR. 1961 Raj. 220, disapproved.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 69
of 1966.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated
December 9, 1965 of the Madras High Court in Criminal Revision
Case No. 1261 of 1964 and Criminal Revision Petition No. 1235
of 1964.
R. Thiagarajan, for the appellants.
Purshottam Trikamdas and T. V. R. Tatachari, for the respondent.
374
Sl'PREME COL"RT REPORTS
(1966) Sl:PP. S.C.R.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Ramaswami, J. The 2nd petitioner Kuppuswami lodged a
a complaint with Y ercaud Police on October 12,
1963
alleging
that the respondent, M. S. P. Rajesh and other persons had
formed an unlawful assembly and committed offences of house
trespass, mischief and causing hurt at 10 p.m. on October 11,
1963. The complaint was the subj~ct-matter of investigation by the
police
who did
not
present
a
charge-sheet
against respondent. M.
S.
P.
Rajesh but filed
a charge-sheet against
4 other
persons
under ss.
323. 325
and 448, Indian Penal
Code in C.C. No. 3097 i 1963 in the Court cf Sub-Magi>tr•1te
3.
Sa'em. The case was tried by
the
Sub-Magistrate
\\'ho
ultimately acquitted
all
the
accused
by his
judgment dated
December 13, 1963. In the course of evidence at that trial
the !st petitioner was examined as P.W.
I and 2nd petitioner
as P.W. 2 and
it is alleged
by
the respc'ndent that
the
petitioner gave false evidence to the effect that the respondent was
also among the trespassers and assailants and that he was armed
with a gun which another accused took from him. After the conclusion of the trial the r~pondent ti!ed a petition in the court of
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the Magi5tratc under s. 476(1), Criminal Procedure Code alleging
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that on October 11. 1962 he along with certain other Directors.
had attended a meeting of the Board of Diccctors of Chembra
Peak Estate Ltd. from 4.30 p.m. to 5.15 p.m. at Bangalore and
that he was not at Yercaud on October 11. 1963. and prayed for
the prosecution of the petitioners for giving false evidence under
s. 193, Indian Penal Code. The respondent produced a copy of
the Draft Minutes of the Board meeting and also cited certain
witn~»es in support of his case. After co-nsidering the matter, the
Sub-Magistrate of Salem held that he was satisfied that the respondent could not have been present at the alleged occurrence on
October 11, 1963 at Yercaud and that P.W.s 1 and 2 deliberntely
committed perjury and implicated Mr.
Rajesh as among the
assailants. The Suh-Mag;strate thought that in the interest of justice
the petitioners should be prosecuted under s. 193, Indian Penal
Code and accordingly filed a complaint against the petitioners
under s. 193, Indian Penal Code in the Court of District Magistmte (Judicial), Salem. The petitioners contended that the complaint was not maintainable in law because the tryin!? Magistrate
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had not followed the procedure under s.
479-A. Criminal Procedure Code and it was therefore not open to the Magistrate to
take recourse to the provisions of s.
476. Criminal
Procedure
Code. By his order dated Febru~ry 10 1964 the fli<trirt flta~istrate
discharged the petitioners holding that the complaint
was
not
sustainable i, view of the decision of t'1is Court in Shabir Hmsain
B/10/11 v. State of Mal1arashtra('). Thereupon the respondent filed
Crimina.1. R.C. No. 1261 of 1964 in the Madras High Court a~ain~l H
the order of the District Magistrate (Judiciall, Salem. B); his
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(l) [1933] s,p~. I S.C.R. 5Jl.
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KOPPA GOUNl•AN v. RAJE8R (Ram.a1rwmni, J.)
375
judgment dated December 9, 1965 Anantanarayanan'. J. set aside
the orders of •!:Je District Magistrate (Judicial) and drrected that
the case should be taken up by the District Magistrate and the
trial proceeded with in accordance with law.
This appeal is brought, by special leave, from the order of
the Madras High Court dated December 9, 1965 in Crl. R.C. No.
1261of1964.
The question of law arising in this case is-what is t~e true
meaning and scope of s. 476, Criminal Procedure Code m the
context of s. 479-A( l) and (6), Criminal Procedure Code with regard to a prosecution authorised by a Court m respect of an
offence of prejury committed before it in the course Clf the trial?
Chapter XXXV of the Code of Criminal Procedure prescribes the procedure to be followed for prosecution of offenders in
case cf certain offences affecting the administration of justice. Section 4/6 sets out the procedure for prosecution of offenders for
offences enumerated in s. 195(l)(b) and (c) of the Code of Crimi•
nal Procedure. If a Civil, Revenue or Criminal Court is of opinion,
that it is expedient in the interests of justice that an enquiry should
be made into any offence referred to in s.
195(1)(b) or (c) which
appears to have been committed in or in relation to a proceeding
in that Court, such Court may, after such preliminary inquiry, if
any. as it thinks necessary, record a finding to that effect and
make a complaint thereof in writing and forward the same to a
Magistrate of the first class having jurisdiction. Section 476-A
authorises a superior Court to make a complaint where a Subordinate Court has omitted to do so in respect of offences and in
the circumstances mentioned in s. 476(1). Section 476-B provides
for a right of appeal against the order making or refusing to make
a complaint. Sections 478 and 479 deal with the procedure which
may be followed in certain grave cases. Section 479-A which was
added by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act 26
of J 955 by the first sub-section (in so far as it is material) provides
as follows :
"479-A. (!) Notwithstanding anything contained in sec•
tions 476 to 479 inclusive, when any Civil, Revenue or Criminal Court is of opinion that any person appearing before
it as a witness has intentionally given false evidence in any
stage of the judicial proceeding or has intentionally fabricated
false evidence for the purpose of being used in any stage of
the judicial proceeding, and that, for the eradication of the
evils of perjury and fabrication of false evidence and in the
interests of justice, it is expedient that such witness should be
prosecuted for the offence which appears to have been committed by him, the Court shall, at the time of the delivery of
the judgment or final order disposing of such proceeding, record a finding to that effect stating its reasons therefor and
J,/8fi8Cf-'.?G
376
SUPl\QE OOIJBT l\EPOl\TS
(1966)
SUPP.
8.C.11.
may, if it so thinks fit, after giving the witness an opportunity
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of being heard, make a complaint thereof in writing signed by
the presiding officer of the Court setting forth the evidence
which, in the opinion of the Court. is false or fabricated and
forward the same to a. Magistrate of the first class having
jurisd;ction, and may ..................... ".
Sub-section (6) of this section enacts as follows: --
"(6) No proceedings shall be taken under sections 476
to 479 inclusive for the prosecution of a person for giving or
fabricating false evidence. if in respect of such a person
proceedings may be taken under this section.
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The scheme of s. 479-A is to enact a special procedure for
the more expeditious and effective manner of dealing with certain
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cases of perjury and fabrication of false evidence by witnesses in
the course of judicial proceedings. There is, however. a necessary
condition for the application of s.
479-A, Criminal Procedure
Code. The condition is that the Court before it delivers its judg·
ment or at any rate at the time of delivering the judgment must
form an opinion that a particular witness or witnesses, is, or, are D
giving false evidence, if the court could not fom1 any opinion
about the falsity of the evidence of the witness appearing before
it, then certainly the court cannot at the time of delivering its
judgment, record any finding about the same. It is manifest that
a court can come to a conclusion that a witness is false only when
there are materials placed before it to justify that opinion. If no
materials are placed before the court to enable the court to form
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an opinion that a witness is giving false evidence, then certainly
it could not form that opinion. In the present case, the respondent
produced material before the trial court on December 23, 1963
after the conclusion of the trial that the petitioners had given
false evidence in the case and the respondent produced the necessary documents along with an application for proceeding against
the petitioners under s. 476. Criminal Procedure Code. Till those
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documents were produced there was
no opportunity or occasion
for the magistrate to form an opinion about the falsity of the
evidence adduced by the petitioners. It is, therefore, manifest that
at the time when the judgment was delivered the magistrate had
no material before him to form an opinion that the petitioners
had given false evidence. It is only after the respondent had made
his application on December 23, 1963 and brought the necessary
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material to the notice of the court that the falsity of the evidence
of the petitioners became apparent and the magistrate was in a
position to form an opinion about the falsity of the evidence given
by the petitioners. It is, therefore, clear that s. 479-A will not be
applicable on the facts of this case, and if the provisions of
s. 479-A will not apply on the facts of this case it follows that the H
bar contemplated by cl. (6) of that section \viii not be applicable.
The reason is that cl. (6) can be invoked only in cases in which
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KUPPA GOUNDAN 1), RAJESH (Ramaswami, J.)
377
s. 479-A(l) will be applicable. The crucial words of cl. (6) are "!f
in respect of such a person proceedings may be taken under this
section". It is clear that the bar under s. 479-A (6) refers not to
the legal character of the offence per se but to the possibility of
action' under s. 479-A upon the facts and circumstances of the
particular case. If, for instance, material is made avai~abl~ to the
court after the judgment bad been pronounced, rendermg 1t clearly beyond doubt that a person had committed perjury during the
trial and that material was simply unavailable
to the Court
before or at the time of judgment, it is very difficult to see how
the court could have acted under s. 479-A, Criminal Procedure
Code at all. It cannot be supposed that the legislature contemplated that such a case of perjury, however, gross should go unpunished in such circumstances. It appears to us tha.t the true interpretation of the language of cl. (6) of s. 479-A is that it does not
operate as a bar to the prosecution for perjury in a case of this
description. Take, for instance, the trial of 'A' for the murder of
'B' in the Sessions Court where 'C', 'D' and 'E' gave evidence
that they actually saw 'A' committing the murder of 'B'. Suppose
at the conclusion of the trial and after delivery of judgment by
the Sessions Court 'B' is found alive and there is uncontestable
evidence to show that 'A' was falsely charged for the murder of
'B'. Is it to be contemplated tha.t in such a case there is no remedy available to the Court to prosecute C, D, and E for perjury
under the provisions of s. 476, Criminal Procedure Code, though
action cannot be taken, in the circumstances of the case, under
s. 479-A, Criminal Procedure Code? In our opinion, such a startling consequence was not contemplated by Parliament and the
bar of cl. (6) of s. 479-A was intended only to apply to cases of
perjury and fabrication of false evidence in which the trying
Magistrate could have acted under s. 479-AO). In other words,
the bar of cl. (6) will not apply to a case where perjury is detected
not merely with reference to the evidence adduced at the trial
but with reference to the evidence adduced in some other distinct
proceeding, not then brought before the court or because there
is some other material subsequently produced after the conclusion
of the trial and delivery of judgment which renders the prosecution for perjury essential in the interests of justice. Applying the
principle in the present case we are of opinion that the prosecution of the petitioners under the provisions of s.
476, Criminal
Procedure Code by the Magistrate after the conclusion of the
trial is legally valid and is not affected by the bar of cl.
(6) of
s. 479-A, Criminal Procedure Code.
On behalf of the appellants Mr. Thiagarajan referred to the
decisi.3n of this Court in Shabir Hussein Bholu v. State tJf Maharashtra('). But the principle of that decision does not afford any
assistance to the appellants in this case. It appears
that the
(I) [1963] Supp. l S.C.R. 5DI.
~78
SUPREME OOURT REPORTS
[1966j Sl:PP. 8.C.R.
appellant in that case appeared as a witness in a jury trial for
murder. Before the CoW't he gave a statement contradictory to the I
one he had given before the committing oourt. After the conclusion of the trial and delivery of judgment the Sessions Judge
passed a separate order for prosecution of the appellant for intentionally giving false evidence under s. 193, Indian Penal Code.
It was held by this Court that the provisions of s. 479-A had not
been complied with and no cogni1.ancc could be taken
of the
offence. Two conditions were laid down for the exercise ·of the
powers under s. 479-A, (i) the court must form an opinion that
the person has committed one of the two categories of offences
referred to in s.
479-A, and (ii) the Court must come to the conclusion that for the eradication of the evils of perjury etc. and in
the interests of justice it is expedient that the person be prosecuted. This opinion and conclusion must be arrived at at the time of
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the delivery of the judgment or final order in the trial; the court
cannot later on resort to s. 476 and make a complaint against the
witnesses. The provisions of s. 479-A were held applicable to
the case and the fact that the trial was with the aid of a jury did
not preclude the Sessions Judge from recording the findings required by s. 479-A. While considering whether action should be
taken under s. 479-A it was open to the Sessions Judge to say
whether the evidence tendered at the trial was true or false. It is
manifest that the material in that case was produced before the
Sessions Court for coming to the conclusion that the appellant
had committed perjury and so the procedure contemplated
in
s. 479-A(lJ was applicable and since the Sessions Judge did not
proceed under that section, though he could have done so, the bar
contemp'ated by cl. (61 of s. 479-A operated and no action could
have been taken under s. 476, Criminal Procedure Code. The
ratio of that decision is not applicable to the present case because
the material facts are different. It is necessary to add that in
Shabir Hussein Bholu v. State of Maharashtra(')
this
Court
observed that if the Judge is unable to come to a conclusion that
the statement made at the trial is false then provisions of s. 479-A
(!) would not be applicable. At page 512 of the Report it was
observed by this Court as follows:
"But. for considering the applicability of s.
479-A(l)
what has to be borne in mind is that in a jury trial it is
possible for the Judge to come a conclu~ion that the statement made at the trial is false. If he comes to that conclusion
then, as rightly observed in Badullah's case
(A.LR.
1961
All. 397\, he has no option but to proceed under s. 479-A(l),
Cr. P.C. The question then is whether he could act 1Jnder this
provision if he is unable to form an opinion one way or the
other as to whether the evidence tendered at the trial is false
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or the evidence before the committing Magistrate is
false.
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What would be the position in S~£~ a case? If the E~o~~~:
I') [19631 Supp. I. S.C.R. 001.
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ings before the committing Magistrate must be held to be
entirely separate proceedings then we agree with the Allahabad High Court that s. 479-A(I) would not apply."
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There is divergence of opinion
among
the
various High
Courts on the question ·of Jaw presented for determination in this
case. In Jai Bir Singh v. Malkhan Singh and another('), it was heM
by Sahai, J. that the bar of s. 479-A(6) applies to all cases of
perjury, viz., (]) those where the perjury or the fabrication of
false evidence has been detected by the court when the judgment
is pronounced, and (2) cases where the perjury or fabrication of
false evidence does not come to light till after the judgment has
been pronounced and it was not open to the Court to proceed
under s. 476, Criminal Procedure Code for prosecution in the
latter class of cases. The same view has been taken by the Punjab
High Court in Parshotam Lal L. Vir Bhan v. Madan Lal
Bishambar Das(') and the Rajasthan High Court in Amolak v.
State('). A contrary view has been expressed by the Madras High
Court in C. P. Kasi Thevar v. Chinniah Konar(') and In re. Gnana·
muthu(').
For the reasons already expressed we are of opinion that the
decision of the Madras I i;gh Court in C.P. Kasi Thevar v. Chinniah Konar(') and In re. Gnanamuthu(') represents the correct
law on the point.
For these reasons we hold that there is no merit in this appeal
which is z~cordingly dL~missed.
· 1'1
A.LR. 1958 All. 364.
,:sl
A.LR. 1961 Re.jastha•1 220.
Appeal dismissed.
( 2 }
A.LR. 1959 Punjab 145.
I') A.LR. 19GO Mad. 77.
e1
A,.I.R. 196-! i.\'Iad. 440.