# CASE DETAILS MATHEWS J. NEDUMPARA & ORS v. UNION OF INDIA & ORS

- **Citation:** 2023 INSC 918
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 2023-10-16
- **Bench:** Sanjay Kishan Kaul, C.T. Ravikumar, Sudhanshu Dhulia
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/case-details-mathews-j-nedumpara-ors-v-union-of-india-ors-36618
- **Pages:** 10

## Headnote

Issue for consideration: Designation of Advocates as Senior
Advocates u/ss.16 and 23(5), Advocates Act, 1961 as well as u/Or. IV,
r.2, Supreme Court Rules, 2013, if unconstitutional being violative of the
mandate of equality u/Artilce 14 and Right to Practice any Profession u/
Article 19 as well as Right to Life u/Article 21 of the Constitution of India,
as claimed.
Advocates Act, 1961 - ss.16, 23(5) - Challenge to - Plea of the
petitioners inter alia that designation of senior Advocates has created
a class of Advocates with special rights, privileges and status and the
same has been seen as a result only for kith and kin of Judges, Senior
Advocates, politicians, Ministers, etc., resulting in the legal industry
being monopolised by a small group of designated Advocates:
Held: Pleadings are reckless, completely devoid of merit and
justifi cation, making allegations against all and sundry - The classifi cation
of advocates as senior advocates and other advocates u/s.16 is a
classifi cation made by the legislature - It has a broad discretion to make
such classifi cations, and while there must be a reason for classifi cation, the
reason need not be a good one - The Court can only review the classifi cation
if it is palpably discriminatory and arbitrary - The classifi cation of advocates
u/s.16 is a tangible diff erence established by the practice advocates have
over decades, and the Court has devised a discernible and transparent
mechanism to adjudicate the seniority of advocates in the profession -
Designation as a Senior Advocate is a recognition of merit by the Court,
[2023] 13 S.C.R. 1181 : 2023 INSC 918
1181
1182
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2023] 13 S.C.R.
and the two judgments passed in Indira Jaising cases have endeavoured to
make the process more transparent - The challenge that the classifi cation
is violative of Article 14 is untenable - Constitutional validity of a specifi c
provision cannot be challenged in abstract, but when the provisions violate
any fundamental rights or contravenes any provision of the Constitution,
or the legislature lacks law-making competence - The classifi cation of
advocates and the mechanism to grant seniority to advocates is not based on
any arbitrary, artifi cial or evasive grounds - Such a classifi cation is a creation
of the legislature, and there is a general presumption of constitutionality, and
the burden is on the petitioners to show that there is a clear transgression of
the constitutional principles, which they have miserably failed to discharge
- This rule is based on the assumption, judicially recognized and accepted,
that the legislature understands and correctly appreciates the needs of the
people - Present writ petition is a misadventure largely of petitioner No.1
in continuation of some of his past misadventures, dismissed- Constitution
of India - Articles 14, 19, 21, 32. [Paras 5, 13-15, 17, 18 and 21]
Constitution of India - Article 14 - Designation of Advocates as
Senior Advocates - Violation of Article 14 alleged:
Held: Not violated - Article 14 permits the reasonable classifi cation
of people by the legislature - The seniority of advocates is premised on
a standardised metric of merit aimed at forwarding the standards of the
profession - Advocates Act, 1961 - ss.16, 23(5) - Supreme Court Rules,
2013 - Or. IV, r.2. [Para 18]
LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES
Indira Jaisingh v. Supreme Court of India, Through Secretary General
& Ors. (2017) 9 SCC 766 : [2017] 10 SCR 478; Indira Jaisingh v. Supreme
Court of India, Through Secretary General & Ors. (2023) 8 SCC 1; Public
Services Tribunal Bar Association v. State of U.P (2003) 4 SCC 104 : [2003]
1 SCR 666; Union of India v. Nitdip Textile Processors (P) Ltd. (2012) 1
SCC 226 : [2011] 13 SCR 26; R.K. Garg v. Union of India (1981) 4 SCC
675 : [1982] 1 SCR 947 - relied on.
Mathews Nedumpara, In Re (2019) 19 SCC 454 - referred to.
1183
MATHEWS J. NEDUMPARA & ORS. v.
UNION OF INDIA & ORS
OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED
ORDER

## Text

CASE DETAILS
MATHEWS J. NEDUMPARA & ORS.
v.
UNION OF INDIA & ORS.
(Writ Petition (C) No. 320 of 2023)
OCTOBER 16, 2023
[SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, C.T. RAVIKUMAR AND
SUDHANSHU DHULIA, JJ.]
HEADNOTES
Issue for consideration: Designation of Advocates as Senior
Advocates u/ss.16 and 23(5), Advocates Act, 1961 as well as u/Or. IV,
r.2, Supreme Court Rules, 2013, if unconstitutional being violative of the
mandate of equality u/Artilce 14 and Right to Practice any Profession u/
Article 19 as well as Right to Life u/Article 21 of the Constitution of India,
as claimed.
Advocates Act, 1961 - ss.16, 23(5) - Challenge to - Plea of the
petitioners inter alia that designation of senior Advocates has created
a class of Advocates with special rights, privileges and status and the
same has been seen as a result only for kith and kin of Judges, Senior
Advocates, politicians, Ministers, etc., resulting in the legal industry
being monopolised by a small group of designated Advocates:
Held: Pleadings are reckless, completely devoid of merit and
justifi cation, making allegations against all and sundry - The classifi cation
of advocates as senior advocates and other advocates u/s.16 is a
classifi cation made by the legislature - It has a broad discretion to make
such classifi cations, and while there must be a reason for classifi cation, the
reason need not be a good one - The Court can only review the classifi cation
if it is palpably discriminatory and arbitrary - The classifi cation of advocates
u/s.16 is a tangible diff erence established by the practice advocates have
over decades, and the Court has devised a discernible and transparent
mechanism to adjudicate the seniority of advocates in the profession -
Designation as a Senior Advocate is a recognition of merit by the Court,
[2023] 13 S.C.R. 1181 : 2023 INSC 918
1181
1182
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2023] 13 S.C.R.
and the two judgments passed in Indira Jaising cases have endeavoured to
make the process more transparent - The challenge that the classifi cation
is violative of Article 14 is untenable - Constitutional validity of a specifi c
provision cannot be challenged in abstract, but when the provisions violate
any fundamental rights or contravenes any provision of the Constitution,
or the legislature lacks law-making competence - The classifi cation of
advocates and the mechanism to grant seniority to advocates is not based on
any arbitrary, artifi cial or evasive grounds - Such a classifi cation is a creation
of the legislature, and there is a general presumption of constitutionality, and
the burden is on the petitioners to show that there is a clear transgression of
the constitutional principles, which they have miserably failed to discharge
- This rule is based on the assumption, judicially recognized and accepted,
that the legislature understands and correctly appreciates the needs of the
people - Present writ petition is a misadventure largely of petitioner No.1
in continuation of some of his past misadventures, dismissed- Constitution
of India - Articles 14, 19, 21, 32. [Paras 5, 13-15, 17, 18 and 21]
Constitution of India - Article 14 - Designation of Advocates as
Senior Advocates - Violation of Article 14 alleged:
Held: Not violated - Article 14 permits the reasonable classifi cation
of people by the legislature - The seniority of advocates is premised on
a standardised metric of merit aimed at forwarding the standards of the
profession - Advocates Act, 1961 - ss.16, 23(5) - Supreme Court Rules,
2013 - Or. IV, r.2. [Para 18]
LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES
Indira Jaisingh v. Supreme Court of India, Through Secretary General
& Ors. (2017) 9 SCC 766 : [2017] 10 SCR 478; Indira Jaisingh v. Supreme
Court of India, Through Secretary General & Ors. (2023) 8 SCC 1; Public
Services Tribunal Bar Association v. State of U.P (2003) 4 SCC 104 : [2003]
1 SCR 666; Union of India v. Nitdip Textile Processors (P) Ltd. (2012) 1
SCC 226 : [2011] 13 SCR 26; R.K. Garg v. Union of India (1981) 4 SCC
675 : [1982] 1 SCR 947 - relied on.
Mathews Nedumpara, In Re (2019) 19 SCC 454 - referred to.
1183
MATHEWS J. NEDUMPARA & ORS. v.
UNION OF INDIA & ORS
OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED
ORDER AND APPEARANCES
CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 320
of 2023.
Under Article 32 of The Constitution of India.
Appearances:
Mathews J. Nedumpara, Petitioner-in-person
Ms. Maria Nedumpara, Adv. for the Petitioners.
JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT
JUDGMENT
SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.
1. The petitioners, practicing Advocates, have fi led the present writ
petition under Article 32 of the Constitution of India for a declaration that
the designation of Advocates as Senior Advocates under Sections 16 and
23(5) of the Advocates Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as the 'said Act') as
well as under Rule 2 of Order IV of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013, creating
a special class of Advocates with special rights, privileges and status not
available to ordinary Advocates is unconstitutional being violative of the
mandate of equality under Artilce14 and Right to Practice any Profession
under Article 19 as well as Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution
of India. It is their say that such designation has created a class of Advocates
with special rights, and the same has been seen as a result only for kith and
kin of Judges, Senior Advocates, politicians, Ministers, etc., resulting in the
legal industry being monopolised by a small group of designated Advocates,
leaving the vast majority of meritorious law practitioners as ordinary plebians
receiving discriminatory treatment.
2. We may notice that it is contended that this Court in Indira Jaisingh
vs. Supreme Court of India, Through Secretary General & Ors.1, upheld
the vires of the said Act providing for the designation of Advocates as
1
 (2017) 9 SCC 766
1184
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2023] 13 S.C.R.
Senior Advocates and illegally providing guidelines for such designation,
amounting to judicial legislation. We may here add that there have been
further modifi cations and formulations for designation by a subsequent
judgment rendered in Indira Jaisingh vs. Supreme Court of India,
Through Secretary General & Ors.2 in pursuance to the liberty reserved
in the aforesaid judgment.
3. The say of petitioner no.1 is that we cannot borrow the concept
from Roman Law or England, which was feudal in character, as, in
England, the concept of Queen's Counsel representing the crown came
into existence in the 18th Century. At the time when the Constitution
came into existence, there were admittedly diff erent categories of legal
practitioners with varying degrees of the right to practice - Mukhtiyars,
Vakils and Pleaders practiced in the Muff asil Courts, while in High
Courts, Bar at Laws, Advocates and Solicitors practiced. The said Act was
brought into existence to streamline the process of working of the legal
system. Petitioner no.1, while lauding the objective behind the said Act,
seeks to challenge the provisions of Sections 16 and 23(5) of the said Act,
which is stated to have been 'unwittingly' incorporated and is stated to be
destroying the laudable purpose of the said Act, i.e., a single unifi ed Bar
for the entire republic of India.
4. A reference has also been made to the Advocates on Record in the
Supreme Court, who are entitled to do the fi ling in the Supreme Court,
while the Senior Advocates are the arguing counsels.
5. We may note that the pleadings of petitioner no.1 are almost
reckless in character. The vast number of fi rst-generation lawyers who
attained prominence and were designated as Senior Advocates are sought
to be ignored - something which has grown over a period of time. We
say the pleadings are reckless because it has sought to be made out as if
the legal profession in India has long been feudalistic and a monopoly of
certain higher castes and certain families. In fact, in the post-liberalisation
period, it is alleged that lawyers no longer come to be known for their
knowledge, values and erudition but for the manifestation of wealth and the
proximity to the Bench. These averments are contemptuous in character,
2
 (2023) 8 SCC 1
1185
and that too by Petitioner no.1, who already faced conviction for contempt
and debarment from this court to practice in Mathews Nedumpara, In Re3.
6. The petitioner no.1 does not stop at this but alleges that the Bar has
lost all its independence and vitality. The allegations are not only against
the ordinary members of the Bar and designated Advocates but also against
Government Law Offi cers enjoying Constitutional stature. He has pleaded
that designation is insignia of superior status and title and promising
lawyers should not undertake the ignominy of applying for designation.
He goes as far as to say that the lawyers have lost faith in the system of
merit, character, knowledge and uprightness but realised that only a title
conferred by the Court as Senior Advocate alone can bring prosperity and
success in the profession. Not only that, the entire legal fraternity practicing
in subordinate Courts is stated to have been excluded from the zone of
consideration for designation, and no meaningful objective is to be achieved
by such classifi cation.
7. The dual system is stated to be causing 'total destruction of a justice
delivery system'.
8. The test of Constitutional validity of law is stated to be actual impact
and reality. Petitioner no.1 does not stop at blaming successful lawyers or,
for that matter, the Judges but seems to paint everybody with the same brush,
alleging even powerful politicians and high-ranking bureaucrats have the
clout to get their kith and kin appointed as Judges and Senior Advocates.
9. In fact, during the course of arguments, petitioner no.1 sought to
submit that the petition fi led for judicial transparency and reforms by an
NGO sought to hijack the proceedings initiated by the petitioner. This is in
reference to the petition of Mrs. Indira Jai Singh and even attributing motives
to her as it was said that what she sought was legislation.
10. One may say that petitioner no.1 goes on and on ranting and raving
about these issues, completely ignoring the purpose of the provisions he
seeks to assail and the narrow compass of challenge to legislations. For
convenience of reference, the relevant provisions are reproduced as under:
3
 (2019) 19 SCC 454
MATHEWS J. NEDUMPARA & ORS. v.
UNION OF INDIA & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]
1186
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2023] 13 S.C.R.
"16. Senior and other advocates.-
(1) There shall be two classes of advocates, namely, senior advocates
and other advocates.
(2) An advocate may, with his consent, be designated as senior advocate
if the Supreme Court or a High Court is of opinion that by virtue of
his ability [standing at the Bar or special knowledge or experience in
law] he is deserving of such distinction.
(3) Senior advocates shall, in the matter of their practice, be subject
to such restrictions as the Bar Council of India may, in the interest of
the legal profession, prescribe.
(4) An advocate of the Supreme Court who was a senior advocate
of that Court immediately before the appointed day shall, for
the purposes of this section, be deemed to be a senior advocate:
[Provided that where any such senior advocate makes an application
before the 31st December, 1965, to the Bar Council maintaining the roll
in which his name has been entered that he does not desire to continue
as a senior advocate, the Bar Council may grant the application and
the roll shall be altered accordingly.]

....
....
....
....
....
....
23. Right of pre-audience.-
(5) Subject as aforesaid- (i) senior advocates shall have pre-audience
over other advocates, and (ii) the right of pre-audience of senior
advocates inter se and other advocates inter se shall be determined by
their respective seniority."
11. There are multifarious prayers seeking to strike down the provisions
mentioned aforesaid of the said Act and to declare the judgment in Indira
Jaising4 case as unconstitutional as also the relevant Supreme Court Rules
as they seek to provide an unjust classifi cation including robes.
12. There is no doubt that petitioner No.1 has had more than one brush
with the law, though he claims to have become an advocate in the pursuit
4
 supra
1187
of his own case. Petitioner No.1 obviously crossed boundaries where the
Court was compelled to take action under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971
and debar petitioner No.1 from practicing in this Court.
13. We fi nd the pleadings completely devoid of merit and justifi cation,
making allegations against all and sundry. This is more so in the conspectus
of the large growth in the legal profession where a large number of fi rstgeneration lawyers have made their mark. These lawyers, some of them
young ones, have come from National Law Schools and other prominent
Law Schools. Instead of appreciating their contribution, petitioner No.1 has
used his usual style of making allegations against all and sundry.
14. On what is a limited legal scrutiny, the rest being the opinion and
rantings of the petitioners, is the constitutional validity of the aforesaid
provisions of the said Act. Suffi ce to say that the constitutional validity of a
specifi c provision cannot be challenged in abstract, but when the provisions
violate any fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III or contravenes
any provision of the Constitution, or the legislature lacks law-making
competence. If a provision violates a fundamental right, such a violation
must directly and inevitably aff ect the people and cannot be premised on
an ostensible use of violation of the provision. We may usefully refer to
the observations in Public Services Tribunal Bar Association v. State of
U.P.5 as under:
"26. The constitutional validity of an Act can be challenged only on
two grounds viz. (i) lack of legislative competence; and (ii) violation of
any of the fundamental rights guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution
or of any other constitutional provisions. In State of A.P. v. McDowell
& Co. [(1996) 3 SCC 709] this Court has opined that except the above
two grounds there is no third ground on the basis of which the law
made by the competent legislature can be invalidated and that the
ground of invalidation must necessarily fall within the four corners
of the aforementioned two grounds."
15. The classifi cation of advocates as senior advocates and other
advocates under Section 16 of the said Act is a classifi cation made by
5
 (2003) 4 SCC 104
MATHEWS J. NEDUMPARA & ORS. v.
UNION OF INDIA & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]
1188
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2023] 13 S.C.R.
the legislature. The legislature has a broad discretion to make such
classifi cations, and while there must be a reason for classifi cation, the reason
need not be a good one. The Court can only review the classifi cation if it
is palpably discriminatory and arbitrary.
16. In Union of India v. Nitdip Textile Processors (P) Ltd.6 observed
as under:
"47. It is now well settled by a catena of decisions of this Court that
a particular classifi cation is proper if it is based on reason and not
purely arbitrary, caprice or vindictive. On the other hand, while there
must be a reason for the classifi cation, the reason need not be a good
one, and it is immaterial that the statute is unjust. The test is not
wisdom but good faith in the classifi cation. It is too late in the day to
contend otherwise. It is time and again observed by this Court that
the legislature has a broad discretion in the matter of classifi cation. In
taxation, "there is a broader power of classifi cation than in some other
exercises of legislation". When the wisdom of the legislation while
making classifi cation is questioned, the role of the courts is very much
limited. It is not reviewable by the courts unless palpably arbitrary. It
is not the concern of the courts whether the classifi cation is the wisest
or the best that could be made."
17. The classifi cation of advocates under Section 16 of the said Act
is a tangible diff erence established by the practice advocates have over
decades, and the Court has devised a discernible and transparent mechanism
to adjudicate the seniority of advocates in the profession. In order to be able
to fi le any matter in the Supreme Court, an extensive and strict examination
for an Advocates-on-Record has been provided. Not any advocate can walk
in to fi le a matter. The objective is the effi ciency of the system and proper
assistance to the Bench as also to be in a better position to propagate the
case of the client. Expertise and merit are the criterion. A lot of advocates
prefer to remain as an Advocate-on-Record or advocates in the High Court
and District Courts as the designation as Senior Advocate carries many
inhibitions in the role that they can perform, i.e., they have to appear with
an instructing counsel, not draft and fi le pleadings, and not deal with the
6
 (2012) 1 SCC 226
1189
litigants, etc. Thus, a special entitlement to address the Court is coupled with
restrictions on many acts which they could otherwise perform as advocates.
The designation as a Senior Advocate is a recognition of merit by the Court,
and the two judgments passed in Indira Jaising7 cases referred to aforesaid
have endeavoured to make the process more transparent.
18. The challenge that the aforesaid classifi cation is violative of Article
14 of the Constitution is untenable since Article 14 permits the reasonable
classifi cation of people by the legislature. The seniority of advocates is
premised on a standardised metric of merit aimed at forwarding the standards
of the profession. Thus, the classifi cation of advocates and the mechanism
to grant seniority to advocates is not based on any arbitrary, artifi cial or
evasive grounds. Such a classifi cation is a creation of the legislature, and
there is a general presumption of constitutionality, and the burden is on the
petitioners to show that there is a clear transgression of the constitutional
principles - something which they have miserably failed to discharge. This
rule is based on the assumption, judicially recognized and accepted, that the
legislature understands and correctly appreciates the needs of the people.
19. In R.K. Garg v. Union of India8, it is observed as under:
"7. Now while considering the constitutional validity of a statute said
to be violative of Article 14, it is necessary to bear in mind certain
well established principles which have been evolved by the courts as
rules of guidance in discharge of its constitutional function of judicial
review. The fi rst rule is that there is always a presumption in favour of
the constitutionality of a statute and the burden is upon him who attacks
it to show that there has been a clear transgression of the constitutional
principles. This rule is based on the assumption, judicially recognised
and accepted, that the legislature understands and correctly appreciates
the needs of its own people, its laws are directed to problems made
manifest by experience and its discrimination are based on adequate
grounds. The presumption of constitutionality is indeed so strong that
in order to sustain it, the Court may take into consideration matters
of common knowledge, matters of common report, the history of the
7
 supra
8
 (1981) 4 SCC 675
MATHEWS J. NEDUMPARA & ORS. v.
UNION OF INDIA & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]
1190
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2023] 13 S.C.R.
times and may assume every state of facts which can be conceived
existing at the time of legislation."
20. If one may say the indulgence to the junior members of the Bar,
in a sense, is more than to the senior members because it is also part of the
duty of the Bench to help with the evolution of the Bar. The underlying
principle for ages has been that the credit should go to the junior counsel
without the discredit going to him, and through ages, many lawyers have
learnt in this process, including the persons who now form the Bench.
21. We have, thus, not the slightest hesitation in coming to the
conclusion that this writ petition is a misadventure largely of petitioner
No.1 in continuation of some of his past misadventures. It appears that the
judgments and orders passed earlier do not seem to have had any salutary
or counselling eff ect on petitioner No.1 for any self-introspection, but he
seeks to carry on a vilifi cation campaign against all and sundry. Obviously,
the system is not able to correct petitioner No.1 in his approach.
22. We dismiss the petition with no order as to costs.
Headnotes prepared by:
Petition dismissed.
Divya Pandey