# CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS - **Citation:** [2012] 5 S.C.R. 1029 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 2012-05-11 - **Case number:** Criminal Appeal No. 665 of 2002 - **Bench:** P. Sathasivam, Dipak Misra - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/chandra-kumar-chopra-v-union-of-india-and-others-28430 - **Pages:** 26 ## Headnote A B Army Act, 1950: Court Martial - Various charges levelled against the appellant, Major in Indian Army - Objection by appellant against the composition of court martial, repelled - C Trial - Charges found proved and sentence of cashiering and rigorous imprisonment of five years passed against him - Confirming authority passed order of confirmation as regards the sentence of cashiering but reduced the rigorous imprisonment from five years to six months - Writ petition D dismissed - Appeal on the ground that the court martial proceeding was vitiated as the ultimate decision was result of biased forum, that the rules of natural justice were violated as proper defending officer was not provided to appellant and all the charges were not proved against him - On appeal, held: E Nothing was brought on record that there was anything personal against any of the members who constituted Court Martial - Thus, it cannot be held that there was real likelihood of bias because the prudence of a reasonable man cannot so conceive and a right minded man would discard it without F any hesitation - It was not a case where the appellant was not provided with the assistance of a defending officer - A close scrutiny of Court Martial proceeding showed that the defending officer had acted with due sincerity and put forth the case of the appellant in proper perspective, therefore, there G was compliance of the principle of natural justice and no prejudice was caused to the appellant - Perusal of records showed that appellant was guilty of all the charges - All the charges levelled against the appellant fundamentally 1029 H 1030 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 5 S.C.R. A pertained to commission of illegal acts in fiscal sphere to gain pecuniary advantage - The primary obligation of a member of Armed Forces is to maintain discipline in all aspects - Discipline in fiscal matters has to be given top priority as that mirrors the image of any institution - The charges luminously B projected that the said aspects were given a total go by - Thus, the punishment was not harsh or arbitrary - Regard being had to the nature of rank held by the appellant and the disciplined conduct expected of him, the doctrine of proportionality was uninvocable. c The appellant was Major in the Indian Army. A General Court Martial proceeding was convened against him on the charges of committing offence with an intent to defraud and commit act prejudicial to good order and military discipline. At the commencement of trial in Court D Martial, the appellant objected to some of the officers being members of the composition of Court Martial on the foundation that he had lodged a statutory complaint under Section 27 of the Army Act, 1950 before the Central Government regarding certain irregularities against the E Commander of the Sub-Area and as all the presiding officers had worked under the Convening Officer 'P', the composition of Court Martial was vitiated. The objection was repelled. The Court Martial proceeded with the trial and found that all the charges levelled against the F appellant were proved and passed sentence of cashiering and rigorous imprisonment for five years. The confirming authority passed an order of confirmation as regards the sentence of cashiering but reduced the rigorous imprisonment from five years to six months. The G appellant filed a writ petition which was dismissed. In the instant appeal, it was contended for the appellant that since lack of faith and confidence was expressed in the convening officer and the composition H of Court Martial in view of the statutory complaint filed by CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1031 the appellant, the whole proceeding was vitiated as the A ultimate conclusion was the result of a biased forum; that there was violation of the principles of natural justice as the appellant was not provided with a proper defending officer and an officer was imposed on him who was reluctant to canvass his case; that the first charge le ## Text _Characters 0–39,849 of 48,751. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39849 for what follows._ [2012] 5 S.C.R. 1029 CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS (Criminal Appeal No. 665 of 2002) MAY 11, 2012 [P. SATHASIVAM AND DIPAK MISRA, JJ.] A B Army Act, 1950: Court Martial - Various charges levelled against the appellant, Major in Indian Army - Objection by appellant against the composition of court martial, repelled - C Trial - Charges found proved and sentence of cashiering and rigorous imprisonment of five years passed against him - Confirming authority passed order of confirmation as regards the sentence of cashiering but reduced the rigorous imprisonment from five years to six months - Writ petition D dismissed - Appeal on the ground that the court martial proceeding was vitiated as the ultimate decision was result of biased forum, that the rules of natural justice were violated as proper defending officer was not provided to appellant and all the charges were not proved against him - On appeal, held: E Nothing was brought on record that there was anything personal against any of the members who constituted Court Martial - Thus, it cannot be held that there was real likelihood of bias because the prudence of a reasonable man cannot so conceive and a right minded man would discard it without F any hesitation - It was not a case where the appellant was not provided with the assistance of a defending officer - A close scrutiny of Court Martial proceeding showed that the defending officer had acted with due sincerity and put forth the case of the appellant in proper perspective, therefore, there G was compliance of the principle of natural justice and no prejudice was caused to the appellant - Perusal of records showed that appellant was guilty of all the charges - All the charges levelled against the appellant fundamentally 1029 H 1030 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 5 S.C.R. A pertained to commission of illegal acts in fiscal sphere to gain pecuniary advantage - The primary obligation of a member of Armed Forces is to maintain discipline in all aspects - Discipline in fiscal matters has to be given top priority as that mirrors the image of any institution - The charges luminously B projected that the said aspects were given a total go by - Thus, the punishment was not harsh or arbitrary - Regard being had to the nature of rank held by the appellant and the disciplined conduct expected of him, the doctrine of proportionality was uninvocable. c The appellant was Major in the Indian Army. A General Court Martial proceeding was convened against him on the charges of committing offence with an intent to defraud and commit act prejudicial to good order and military discipline. At the commencement of trial in Court D Martial, the appellant objected to some of the officers being members of the composition of Court Martial on the foundation that he had lodged a statutory complaint under Section 27 of the Army Act, 1950 before the Central Government regarding certain irregularities against the E Commander of the Sub-Area and as all the presiding officers had worked under the Convening Officer 'P', the composition of Court Martial was vitiated. The objection was repelled. The Court Martial proceeded with the trial and found that all the charges levelled against the F appellant were proved and passed sentence of cashiering and rigorous imprisonment for five years. The confirming authority passed an order of confirmation as regards the sentence of cashiering but reduced the rigorous imprisonment from five years to six months. The G appellant filed a writ petition which was dismissed. In the instant appeal, it was contended for the appellant that since lack of faith and confidence was expressed in the convening officer and the composition H of Court Martial in view of the statutory complaint filed by CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1031 the appellant, the whole proceeding was vitiated as the A ultimate conclusion was the result of a biased forum; that there was violation of the principles of natural justice as the appellant was not provided with a proper defending officer and an officer was imposed on him who was reluctant to canvass his case; that the first charge levelled against the appellant was not proved inasmuch B as no officer from the Corporation was examined to deny the receipts given by it to the appellant pertaining to transportation of goods from Bangalore to Udhampur and that the bill that was submitted for transportation was c interpolated to show that goods were transported in truck Nos. JKQ 3285 and JKR 9587 by a different transporter; that as far as the second charge was concerned, it was imperative on the part of Court Martial to examine an official from the railways to prove that he had availed the 0 warrant and exchanged the same for a ticket; and that as regards the third charge, the same was absolutely unsustainable inasmuch as after the misconception was cleared, the amount was recovered which amounted to condonation of the act; and lastly it was contended that the appellant had served with dedication and devotion in E the war field and at difficult stations for a period of 21 years and had an unblemished career and, therefore, the punishment imposed was totally disproportionate and it was a fit case which undoubtedly invited the invocation of the doctrine of proportionality. F Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. Perusal of record showed that it was 'P' who had convened Court Martial under Section 109 of the G Army Act, 1950. The statutory complaint submitted by the appellant pertained to certain irregularities committed by Commander 71, Sub Area. In Court Martial, as soon as the court assembled, it read over the names of the presiding officer and other members to the accused and enquired H 1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 5 S.C.R. . A if he had any objection to any of the members being party to the tribunal. The appellant objected to the composition of the tribunal basically on the ground of lodging of the statutory complaint. Mere suspicion or apprehension is not good enough to entertain a plea of bias. It cannot be 8 a facet of one's imagination. It must be in accord with the prudence of a reasonable man. It is not to be forgotten that in a democratic polity, justice in its conceptual eventuality and inherent quintessentiality forms the bedrock of good governance. In a democratic system C that is governed by Rule of Law, fairness of action, propriety, reasonability, institutional impeccability and non-biased justice delivery system constitute the pillars on which its survival remains in continuum. Despite the sanctity attached to non-biased attitude of a member of 0 a tribunal or a court and in spite of the principle that justice must not only be done but must seen to have been done, it is to be scrutinized on the basis of material brought on record whether someone makes wild, irrelevant and imaginary allegations to frustrate a trial or it is in consonance with the thinking of a reasonable man E which can meet the test of real likelihood of bias. The principle cannot be attracted in vacuum. In the case at hand, the convening officer had ceased to be the Commander. There was a general complaint against the irregularities about the Commander, the convening F officer. The objection that was put forth by the appellant in Court Martial was that his complaint was pending with the Central Government. Nothing was brought on record that there was anything personal against any of the members who constituted Court Martial. Thus, in the G obtaining factual matrix, it is extremely difficult to hold that there was real likelihood of bias because the prudence of a reasonable man cannot so conceive and a right minded man would discard it without any hesitation. [Paras 13, 22, 23) [1043-D-F; 1047-A-H; 1048H A] CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1033 Manak Lal v. Dr. Prem Chand AIR 1957 SC 425: 1957 A SCR 575; Gul/apal/i Nageswara Rao and others v. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation and Another (1959) Supp.1 SCR.319; A.K. Kraipak and others v. Union of India and others AIR 1970 SC 150: 1970 (1) SCR 457; Dr. S.P. Kapoor v. State of Himachal Pradesh and others B (1981) 4 SCC 716: 1982 (1) SCR 1043; Ranjit Thakur v. Union of India and others (1987) 4 SCC 611: 1988 (1) SCR 512; Mis. Crawford Bayley & Co. & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. AIR 2006 SC 2544: 2006 (3) Suppl. SCR 240; S. Parthasarathi v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1974) 3 SCC 459: c 1974 (1) SCR 697 - relied on. 2. It was not a case where the appellant was not provided with the assistance of a defending officer. A close scrutiny of Court Martial proceeding showed that the defending officer had acted with due sincerity and put D forth the case of the appellant in proper perspective. There can be no shadow of doubt that there has been compliance of the principle of natural justice and no prejudice was caused to the appellant because of any kind of non assistance. That apart, there is nothing in the E Act or the Rules which lay down that an accused shall be given a defending officer of his own choice. Thus, there was no violation of any mandatory provision and, therefore, it cannot be said that the proceeding is vitiated because of violation of the principle of natural justice. F [Para 24] [1048-A-D] 3. The bill submitted by the appellant clearly reflected that the truck Nos. JKQ 3285 and JKR 9587 were alleged to have carried the goods of the appellant. Nothing was G mentioned therein that the transportation was made by the Corporation. To substantiate the claim in respect of the said bill, the receipts of the Corporation were filed. On a perusal of the receipts, it is perceptible that they neither reflect the name of the truck owner nor do they mention H 1034 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 5 S.C.R. A the truck numbers. What is ultimately argued is that there had been interpolation in the bill. On a bare look at the bill, it is luculent that there is no interpolation. That apart, DW-6 who was cited as defence witness to substantiate that he had transported the goods specifically stated that B only a receipt for transporting the goods was given but no goods were, in fact, transported. Apart from that, PW13, the toll in-charge categorically asserted that the trucks namely, JKQ 3285 and JKR 9587, alleged to have carried the goods of the appellant did not cross the c check-post barrier. The cumulative effect of all this clearly established the first charge beyond any trace of doubt. Thus, the first charge was proved. The second charge related to availing of LTC. No doubt, the LTC was availed of twice to which the appellant was not entitled to. 0 Recovery of excess amount stands in a different compartment altogether and Court Martial pertains to good order and military discipline. That apart, recovery ipso facto does not create a bar for the matter to be tried in Court Martial. On a bare reading of the Rule 53, it is vivid that recovery of the amount does not come under E any of the clauses mentioned in the Rule because there has neither been any previous conviction or acquittal nor has there been any kind of pardon or condonation by any competent military authority. The third charge related to improper utilisation of the railway warrant from Jammu F to New Delhi. On perusal of the record, it is perceivable that the appellant put up a requisition for obtaining the railway warrant and the same was collected by the representative on his instructions. He forwarded a letter for reservation and thereafter necessary reservation was G made. Exchange of warrant for tickets was duly proved. Under these circumstances, the plea that he had not collected the railway warrant and there should have been an examination of a competent witness from railway administration is rejected. [Paras 25-27) [1048-G-H; 1049H A-E; 1050-F-H; 1051-A-C] CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1035 Ex-Naik Sardar Singh v. Union of India and others (1991) A 3 SCC 213: 1991 (2) SCR 676; Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service (1984) 3 ALL ER 935; Bhagat Ram v. State ofH.P. (1983) 2 SCC 442; Chairmancum-Managing Director, Coal India Ltd. & Anr. v. Mukul Kumar Choudhury & Ors. AIR 2010 SC 75: 2009 (13) SCR B 487 - relied on. Metropolitan Properties Co. (F. G. C.) Ltd. v. Lannon (1969) 1 QB 577, 599 - referred to. 4. The appellant was initially cashiered from the Army C and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for five years. The period of sentence was reduced by the confirming authority. The appellant was a Major in the Army and all the charges levelled against him fundamentally pertained to commission of illegal acts in D fiscal sphere. The acts done by him were intended to gain pecuniary advantage. The primary obligation of a member of Armed Forces is to maintain discipline in all aspects. Discipline in fiscal matters has to be given top priority as that mirrors the image of any institution. That apart, the E appellant was a Major in the Army. Irreproachable conduct, restrained attitude, understanding of responsibility and adherence to discipline in an apple pie order were expected of him. The proven charges luminously projected that the said aspects were given a F total go by. Thus, it is well nigh impossible to hold that the punishment was harsh or arbitrary. Regard being had to the nature of rank held by the appellant and the disciplined conduct expected of him, the doctrine of proportionality is uninvocable. [Para 32] [1053-D-H; 1054G A] Case Law Reference: 1957 SCR 575 referred to Para 14 (1959) Supp.1 SCR.319 referred to Para 15 H A B c D E 1036 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012) 5 S.C.R. 1970 (1) SCR 457 referred to Para 16 1982 (1) SCR 1043 referred to Para 17 1988 (1) SCR 512 referred to Paras 18, 29 2006 (3) Suppl. SCR 240 referred to Para 19 1974 (1) SCR 697 referred to Para 20 (1969) 1 QB 577, 599 referred to Para 21 • 1991 (2) SCR 676 referred to Para 30 (1984) 3 ALL ER 935 referred to Para 30 (1983) 2 sec 442 referred to Para 31 2009 (13) SCR 487 referred to Para 32 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 665 of 2002. From the Judgment & Order dated 23.07.2001 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Criminal Writ Petition No. 590 of 1991. lndu Malhotra, Kush Chaturvedi, Vansh Deep Dalmia, Madhu Moolchandani for the Appellant. R. Balasubramanian, S. Wasim A. Qadri, Santosh Kumar, F B. V. Bala ram Das for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. The present appeal by special leave is directed against the order dated July 23, 1991 passed by G the High Court of Judicature of Delhi in Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 590 of 1991 wherein the learned Single Judge has declined to interfere with the order dated July 20, 1990 whereby the confirming authority under Section 164 of the Army Act, 1950 (for short 'the Act') had passed an order of confirmation as H CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1037 [DIPAK MISRA, J.] regards the sentence of cashiering but reduced the rigorous A imprisonment from five years to six months as imposed by the Competent Authority of General Court Martial vide order dated June 4, 1990. 2. The appellant after joining the Army was confirmed in B the rank of Second Lieutenant and eventually became a Major in due course of time. In the month of August, 1988 while serving at Bangalore he was transferred to Udhampur at Jammu. While he was functioning at Udhampur in the rank of Major a General Court Martial proceeding was convened C against him on the following charges: - "First Charge SUCH AN OFFENCE AS IS MENTIONED Army Act IN CLAUSE (f) OF SECTION 52 OF THE Section 52(f) ARMY ACT WITH INTENT TO DEFRAUD, In that he, D at field, on 30th Jan. 89, with intent to defraud submitted a claim of Rs.35,270/- in respect of transportation of his household luggage and car in civil truck No. JKQ 3285 and JKR 0587 E respectively on permanent posting from Bangalore to Udhampur well knowing that his such luggage and car had not been so transported. Second Charge SUCH AN OFFENCE AS IS MENTIONED Army Act IN CLAUSE (D) OF SECTION 52 OF THE Section 52(D) ARMY ACT WITH INTENT TO DEFRAUD, In that he, F at field, on 18th Jan. 89, with intent to defraud submitted Leave Travel Concession (LTC) claim for G year 1988 to CDA (0) Pune, well knowing that he had already availed the LTC for the year 1988. Third Charge " AN ACT PREJUDICIAL TO GOOD Army Act ORDER AND MILITARY DISCIPLINE. Section 63 H A B 1038 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 5 S.C.R. In that he, at field, on 17th Nov. 1988, improperly utilised for himself IAFT-1752-PA/53-869651 dated 15th Nov. 1988, single/ return journey railway warrant from Jammu to New Delhi and back." 3. In pursuance of the charge-sheet, General Court Martial commenced on March 12, 1990 which consisted of five Members, namely, Co. Choudhary Sohan Lal, Lt. Col. Harpal Singh, Lt. Col. Shiv Kumar Singh, Maj. Saigal Rajinder Nath C and Maj. Manhas Rajender Singh. 4. At the commencement of trial in Court Martial, the appellant objected to some of the officers being members of the composition of Court Martial on the foundation that he had 0 lodged a statutory complaint under Section 27 of the Act before the Central Government regarding certain irregularities against the Commander of the Sub Area and as all the presiding officers had worked under the Convening Officer, namely, Brig. Phoolka, the composition of Court Martial was vitiated. The E Presiding Officer and other Members of Court Martial adverted to Section 130 of the Act and Rule 44 of the Army Rules, 1954 (for short 'the Rules') and eventually repelled the objections and proceeded with the trial. 5. After a full length trial, Court Martial found that all the F charges levelled against the appellant had been proved and accordingly sentenced him as has been indicated herein before. 6. After recording of guilt and imposition of sentence, the G appellant submitted an application under Section 164(1) of the Act stating, inter alia, that the Members of Court Martial were disqualified as there was a statutory complaint against the Convening Officer under whom the Members of Court Martial were functioning; that he was not afforded adequate oppo~unity H to prepare his defence inasmuch as the officer whose name CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1039 [DIPAK Ml'3RA, J.] had been given by him to defend his case was not provided; A and that the principles of natural justice had been flagrantly violated. As far as the first charge was concerned, it was stated that the household luggage and car were transported from Bangalore to Udhampur in the hired vehicle of Karnataka Transport Corporation (for short 'the Corporation') and B documents were produced to that effect but the same were not taken into consideration; that no officer from the Corporation was examined to find out the veracity of the said receipts; that the bill alleged to have been submitted by the appellant had been interpolated; that the evidence brought on record was c inadmissible as evidence being hearsay; that he had handed over his personal luggage and car to the Corporation for transportation and, therefore, the reliance on the evidence of DW-6 was totally misconceived; and that there was no material on record to disprove the factum that th.e Corporation had 0 transported the luggage from Bangalore to Udhampur as claimed by the appellant. In this backdrop, it was contended that the first charge was not proved against the appellant. 7. As far as the second charge was concerned, it was put forth that the appellant had not obtained Leave Travel E Concession twice as he had availed LTC once while he was posted at Bangalore and again at Udhampur; that as per Regulation 177(A) and other provisions relating to availing of LTC while serving in field area as defined in Travel Regulation 177(C), he had availed two LTCs one while being posted at F Bangalore and the other at Udhampur and, therefore, his claim for the LTC twice in a year was reasonable and acceptable though it may suggest an erroneous interpretation of Travel Regulations 177(A) and 177(C) but there was no intention to defraud. That apart, after the said mistake was detected, the G appellant on 18.2.1989 had explained his perception in his reply and at the instance of the Commanding Officer of the Unit, recovery for the excess amount was effectuated in the month of February, 1989 itself; and that once the matter was closed by taking recourse to recovery, it is to be presumed that the H 1040 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 5 S.C.R. A charge levelled against the appellant stood closed and condoned by the competent authority and hence, there was no justification or warrant to proceed again in that regard in Court Martial. B 8. As regards the third charge, it was urged that the appellant had neither collected the alleged railway warrant nor did he exchange it for the ticket. As a matter of fact, he had purchased the ticket for AC-2 Tier on cash payment for the journey from Jammu tcrDelhi and back. It was also propounded that there was no evidence on record to prove that the relevant C railway warrant was utilized as no witness from the railways was examined during the course of Court Martial. D 9. The confirming authority, as stated earlier, only reduced the rigorous imprisqnment from five years to six months. 10. Being dissatisfied with the aforesaid orders, the appellant assailed the same before the High Court. Before the High Court, it was contended that when the appellant had expressed lack of confidence in the composition of Court E Martial, it was incumbent upon the convening officer to have attached him to another unit; that there was inherent bias in the functioning of Court Martial and the same got manifested by denial of any engagement of proper officer; that the finding recorded as regards the claim of transportation charges without transporting the goods was contrary to the material on record F and, in fact, perverse since no officer from the Corporation was examined; and that when the amount of LTC was recovered, a charge of similar nature could not have been framed as the same did amount to double jeopardy. The learned single Judge negatived all the contentions and dismissed the writ petition. G H 11. Ms. lndu Malhotra, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, questioning the pregnability of the order passed by the authorities under the Act and the writ court, has raised the following contentions: - CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1041 [DIPAK MISRA, J.] (i) When lack of faith and confidence was expressed A in the competent authority who had convened the proceeding and the composition of Court Martial in view of the statutory complaint filed by the appellant, the whole proceeding is vitiated as the ultimate conclusion is the result of a biased forum. The B fundamental principle that 'justice should not be done but should appear to have been done' has been guillotined by rejecting the objection raised by the appellant in Court Martial and the concurrence thereof by the confirming authority and the eventual c affirmance of the same by the High Court. (ii) There has been violation of the principles of natural justice as the appellant was not provided with a proper defending officer and an officer was D imposed on him who was reluctant to canvass his case. (iii) The first charge levelled against the appellant cannot be said to have been proven inasmuch as no officer from the Corporation was examined to E deny the receipts given by it to the appellant pertaining to transportation of goods from Bangalore to Udhampur. That apart, the stand and stance put forth by the appellant is that the bill that has been submitted for transportation was F interpolated to show that goods had been transported in truck Nos. JKQ 3285 and JKR 9587 by a different transporter. Undue emphasis has been placed on the evidence of DW-6 who had stated that goods were, in fact, not transported. As G far as the second charge is concerned, it was imperative on the part of Court Martial to examine an official from the railways to prove that he had availed the warrant and exchanged the same for a ticket. As regards the third charge, the same is H A B c D E F G H 1042 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 5 S.C.R. absolutely unsustainable inasmuch as after the misconception was cleared, the amount was recovered which amounts to condonation of the act. (iv) The appellant had served with dedication and devotion in the war field and at difficult stations for a period of 21 years and had an unblemished career and hence, the punishment imposed is totally disproportionate and it is a fit case which undoubtedly invites the invocation of the doctrine of proportionality. 12. Mr. R. Balasubramanian, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents, per contra, has submitted as follows: - (i) The statutory complaint alleged to have been made by the appellant was against Commander 71, Sub Area and at the time of lodging of the complaint, the concerned authority was one Brig. l.S. Sahni whereas the convening officer of Court Martial was Brig. J.S. Phoolka and, therefore, the convening of the proceeding cannot be flawed. The objections raised with regard to certain officers who had formed Court Martial were absolutely vague and, in fact, the plea of bias was a figment of imagination of the appellant and the authorities as well as the High Court have appositely repelled the said stand. (ii) The appellant was duly defended by the officer concerned who was engaged to defend him and, therefore, there had been no violation of the doctrine of audi alteram partem and, in any case, no prejudice was caused to him. (iii) The allegation of interpolation of the bill is farthest from the truth inasmuch as the document to the naked eye would clearly reveal the signature of the CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1043 [DIPAK MISRA, J.] appellant and he was holding the post of Major in A the Army and the person in his position very well knew what was written over there and there is no interpolation. The plea of interpolation is an afterthought and the same does not merit any consideration. The charges have been duly proven B and the findings are based on evidence, both oral and documentary, brought on record. (iv) Keeping in view the post that was held by the appellant, the submission that the principle of C proportionality should be invoked and a lesser punishment be imposed, does not stand to reason since the charges are grave in the backdrop of a disciplined force like Army. 13. First, we shall deal with the issue of bias. On a perusal D of the record, it is graphically clear that it was Brig. J.S. Phoolka who had convened Court Martial under Section 109 of the Act. The statutory complaint submitted by the appellant pertained to certain irregularities committed by Commander 71, Sub l\rea. Be it noted, in Court Martial, as soon as the court E assembled, it read over the names of the presiding officer and other members to the accused and enquired if he had any objection to any of the members being party to the tribunal. The appellant objected to the composition of the tribunal basically on the ground of lodging of the statutory complaint. The question that arises for consideration is whether a complaint made pertaining to irregularities by the commanding officer of the relevant Sub Area would tantamount to composition of the t.ribunal as a biased forum solely on the foundation that all members worked in the said Sub Area. 14. In this regard, we may profitably refer to the decision in Manak Lal v. Dr. Prem Chand1 where it has been opined that every member of a tribunal who proceeds to try issues in '1. AIR 1957 SC 425. F G H - 1044 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2012] 5 S.C.R. A judicial or quasi-judicial proceeding must be able to act judicially. It is the essence of judicial administration that judges should be able to act impartially, objectively and without any bias. In such cases, the test is not whether, in fact, a bias has affected the judgment, the test always is and must be whether B a litigant could reasonably apprehend that a bias attributable to a member of the tribunal might have operated against him in the final decision of the tribunal. 15. In Gul/apal/i Nageswara Rao and others v. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation and Another, it C has been held that the principles governing the "doctrine of bias" vis-a-vis judicial tribunals are well-settled and they are: (i) no man shall be a judge in his own cause; (ii) justice should not only be done but manifestly and undoubtedly seem to be done. The two maxims yield the result that if a member of a judicial D body is subject to a bias (whether financial or other) in favour of, or against, any party to a dispute, or is in such a position that a bias must be assumed to exist, he ought not take part in the decision or sit on the tribunal. E 16. In A.K. Kraipak and others v. Union of India and others3, this Court was dealing with the constitution of a Selection Board. One of the members was to be considered for selection. In that context, it was observed that it was against all canons of justice to make a man judge in his own cause. It F was further observed that the real question is not whether he was biased, for it is difficult to prove the state of mind of a person. What is required to be seen is whether there is reasonable ground for believing that a person is likely to have been biased. A mere suspicion of bias is not sufficient. There has to be reasonable likelihood of bias. It was emphasised that G while deciding the question of bias, the Court is required to take into consideration human probabilities and ordinary course of human conduct. 2. (1959) Supp.1 SCR 319. H 3. AIR 1970 SC 150. CHANDRA KUMAR CHOPRA v. UNION OF INDIA 1045 [DIPAK MISRA, J.] 17. In Dr. S.P. Kapoor v. State of Himacha/ Pradesh and A others4, a two-Judge Bench did not appreciate the Annual Confidential Reports which were initiated by an officer junior to the appellant and also an aspirant for promotion to the higher post along with other candidates, should have been taken into consideration. It was observed therein that it was not fair on the B J:iart of the Departmental Promotion Committee to take into consideration the Annual Confidential Reports made by junior officer though they might have been revised by the higher c1uthorities. Emphasis was laid on the fairness of action. 18. In Ranjit Thakur v. Union of India and others5, this C Court was dealing with Court Martial proceeding. \/enkatachaliah, J. (as his Lordship then was) emphasised on the procedural safeguards contemplated in the Act regard being had to the plenitude of summary jurisdiction of Court Martial and t'he severity of the consequences that visit the person subject D to that jurisdiction. It was observed that the procedural ~;afeguards should be commensurate with the sweep of the power. A contention was canvassed in the said case that the proceedings of Court Martial were vitiated as the fourth respondent who was biased against the appellant was member E of the tribunal. In that regard, it was held that the test of real likelihood of bias is whether a reasonable man, in possession of relevant information, would have thought that bias was likely and whether the concerned respondent was likely to be disposed to decide the matter only in a particular way. The F appellant in that case had sent a written complaint complaining of ill-treatment at the hands of respondent No. 4 directly to the higher officers as a result of which he was punished with 28