# COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, GUJARAT v. V ADILAL LALLUBHAI ETC. ETC - **Citation:** [1973] 1 S.C.R. 1058 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1972-08-29 - **Case number:** C.A. Nos. 2348-2349 of 1969 - **Bench:** K. S. Hegde, P. Jaganmohan Reddy, H. R. Khanna - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/commissioner-of-income-tax-gujarat-v-v-adilal-lallubhai-etc-etc-5720 - **Pages:** 10 ## Headnote Income-Tax Act (l I o/ 1922) ss. 2(6A\ (c), 2(6C) and 44F-Decmed dividend, if income under s. 44F. The assessee sold his share holdings in certain managing agency companies. A few days thereafter the managing agency ciompanies went into voluntary liquidation. Omsequenlly, the asselll of those companies were A 8 · distributed among the shareholders then on the registers of the companies. They included the persons who had newly purchased the shares. C They were either not liable to pay any income-tax or were liable to pay tax at a rate lower than whan the assessee would have had to pay had he rece.ived the amount distributed. The Departmeni and the Appellate Tribunal held that' the amounts distributed were dividends within the meaning of s. 2(6A) (c) of the Income-tax Act, 1922, that the assessee <~Id his shares with a view to avoid income-tax &nd super tax, and that, consequently, the assets distributed, which would have fallen to his share had he not sold his shares, were liable to be b110ught to tax under s. 44F D Of the Act. The High Court, on reference, held in favour of the assessee. · Dismis:;ing the appeal to this C·ourt, HELD : (I J Sec1f,ion 2 ( 6C) of the lI1.:ome-tax Act gives an inclusive defin'ition of 'income' and dividend is included therein, There ·>re, if a receipt can be considere1i as dividend it has .to be considered a.:i income under 2(6C). Section 2(6A) gives an inclusive definition of Jividend' E and under sub"cl. (c), any distribution made to the sharehoi·krs of a company o~ its liquidati\)n would be deemed to be dividend; but, this definition applies oniy if there is nothing repugnant in the ,.,bject or context. [1061G-l!; 1062 A-BJ (2) Legal fictions are only for a definite purpose and they are limited to the purpose for which they are created and should not be extended beyond their legitimate field. In the case of deemed dividend under s. F 2(6A)(c) the assets distributed will be considered as income in the account year in which it is distril>uted but that conception would be inap;ilicable in cases coming under s. 44F. [1064 C·E] Commissioner of Income-tax, Andhra Pradesh v. C.P. Sarathy MudG/iar. 82 I.T.R. 170; and Commissioner of l11come-tax, Bombay City-! v. Amar- .chand N. Shroff, 48 I.T.R. 59, referred to. (3) Under s. 44F (!) to (3) the income referred 1" therein should arise from shares or securities during a period of time. Further, it must be a periodical income which is capable of being apportioned on the basis 1hat it is deemed to have accrued from day to day. In the c~e of interest on securities or dividends on shares they are paid at certain intervals and hence they c:an be deemed as bavin~ accrued from day to day; bu! in the case of distrihution of the assets of a c<>mpany on liquidation it is not possible to deem it as having aC'crucd from day to day. When a oompany goes into liquidation the share scripts are nothing but pieces of paper and no income arises from those 'shares after the liquidation. What the share holder f;ets on liquidation is not any income 'from shares but G H A ll c D , E F ) G !I C,I.T. v. VADILAL (Hegde, !.) 10"59 a share of the assets of the quondam company and such a receipt "is incapable of being deemed to have accrued from day to day._ Moreover, the company may go into iiquidation long after the accounting year ends and there is nothing to indicate what period the income-tax officer should take into c~nsideration for applying the fictioJn that "the Income had <.:eemed to accrue from day to day." [1065A-CJ (4) The two provisions, namely, s. 2(6A)(c) and s. 44F cannot be dovetailed unless three a'sumptions are made, (a) that the fictional dividend cctntemplated by s. 2(6A)(c) is 'income' within the meaning of s. 44F; (b) that the dividend is capable of being deemed to have accrued day to day; and ( c) that the day to day distribution contemplated in s. ~F commences on the commencement of the relevant accounting year and ends with the distribution of the assets. ## Text 1058 COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, GUJARAT V. V ADILAL LALLUBHAI ETC. ETC. August 29, 1972 [K. S. HEGDE, P. JAGANMOHAN REDDY AND H. R. KHANNA, JJ.J Income-Tax Act (l I o/ 1922) ss. 2(6A\ (c), 2(6C) and 44F-Decmed dividend, if income under s. 44F. The assessee sold his share holdings in certain managing agency companies. A few days thereafter the managing agency ciompanies went into voluntary liquidation. Omsequenlly, the asselll of those companies were A 8 · distributed among the shareholders then on the registers of the companies. They included the persons who had newly purchased the shares. C They were either not liable to pay any income-tax or were liable to pay tax at a rate lower than whan the assessee would have had to pay had he rece.ived the amount distributed. The Departmeni and the Appellate Tribunal held that' the amounts distributed were dividends within the meaning of s. 2(6A) (c) of the Income-tax Act, 1922, that the assessee <~Id his shares with a view to avoid income-tax &nd super tax, and that, consequently, the assets distributed, which would have fallen to his share had he not sold his shares, were liable to be b110ught to tax under s. 44F D Of the Act. The High Court, on reference, held in favour of the assessee. · Dismis:;ing the appeal to this C·ourt, HELD : (I J Sec1f,ion 2 ( 6C) of the lI1.:ome-tax Act gives an inclusive defin'ition of 'income' and dividend is included therein, There ·>re, if a receipt can be considere1i as dividend it has .to be considered a.:i income under 2(6C). Section 2(6A) gives an inclusive definition of Jividend' E and under sub"cl. (c), any distribution made to the sharehoi·krs of a company o~ its liquidati\)n would be deemed to be dividend; but, this definition applies oniy if there is nothing repugnant in the ,.,bject or context. [1061G-l!; 1062 A-BJ (2) Legal fictions are only for a definite purpose and they are limited to the purpose for which they are created and should not be extended beyond their legitimate field. In the case of deemed dividend under s. F 2(6A)(c) the assets distributed will be considered as income in the account year in which it is distril>uted but that conception would be inap;ilicable in cases coming under s. 44F. [1064 C·E] Commissioner of Income-tax, Andhra Pradesh v. C.P. Sarathy MudG/iar. 82 I.T.R. 170; and Commissioner of l11come-tax, Bombay City-! v. Amar- .chand N. Shroff, 48 I.T.R. 59, referred to. (3) Under s. 44F (!) to (3) the income referred 1" therein should arise from shares or securities during a period of time. Further, it must be a periodical income which is capable of being apportioned on the basis 1hat it is deemed to have accrued from day to day. In the c~e of interest on securities or dividends on shares they are paid at certain intervals and hence they c:an be deemed as bavin~ accrued from day to day; bu! in the case of distrihution of the assets of a c<>mpany on liquidation it is not possible to deem it as having aC'crucd from day to day. When a oompany goes into liquidation the share scripts are nothing but pieces of paper and no income arises from those 'shares after the liquidation. What the share holder f;ets on liquidation is not any income 'from shares but G H A ll c D , E F ) G !I C,I.T. v. VADILAL (Hegde, !.) 10"59 a share of the assets of the quondam company and such a receipt "is incapable of being deemed to have accrued from day to day._ Moreover, the company may go into iiquidation long after the accounting year ends and there is nothing to indicate what period the income-tax officer should take into c~nsideration for applying the fictioJn that "the Income had <.:eemed to accrue from day to day." [1065A-CJ (4) The two provisions, namely, s. 2(6A)(c) and s. 44F cannot be dovetailed unless three a'sumptions are made, (a) that the fictional dividend cctntemplated by s. 2(6A)(c) is 'income' within the meaning of s. 44F; (b) that the dividend is capable of being deemed to have accrued day to day; and ( c) that the day to day distribution contemplated in s. ~F commences on the commencement of the relevant accounting year and ends with the distribution of the assets. To dn so, words would have to be read into the section _which is impermissible in construing a provision of Jaw. Hence, the deemed dividend contemplated by s. l. (6A)(c), cannot be considered as income under s. 44F. [1064 G-H] Commiss•ioner of Income-tax Madra.< v. Ajax Products Ltd. 55, I.T.R. 741, referred to. (6) The legislative intent in enacting s. 44F is clear from the report of the Selec~ Committee. It was to prevent avoidance of tax by certiai~ devices to convert revenue receipts into capital receipts known as 'bond washing' transactions. The marginal nnte to the section also shows that that was the il)tention Qf the Legislature. [1065C-D; 1061BJ Commissioner of Income-tax, MGdh,va Pradesh and Bhopal v. Sodra Devi etc., 32 I.T.R. 615, 627, referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : C.A. Nos. 2348-2349 of 1969, 1139 of 1969 and Civil Appeals Nos. 2006 & 2007 of 1971. Appeals by certificate under Article 133 of the Con~titution of India from the judgment and order dated January, 15, 1966 of the Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad in I.T.R. Nos. 2 and1 of 1966. B. Sen, B. B. Ahuja and B. D. Sharma for the appellant (in C.A. Nos. 2348-2349/69 & 2006-2007/71.) B. Sen and B. D. Sharma, for the appellant (in C.A. No. 1139/69). N. A. Palkhiva/a, S. T. Desai, M. C. Chagla, V. M. Tarkunde, A. K. Verma,!. B. Dadachanji, 0. C. Mathur and Ravinder Narain, for the respondents (in C.A. Nos. 2348-2349/69 and 2006-2007/71 ). N. A. Palkhiva/a, A. K. Varna. J.B. Dadachanji, O. c. Mathur and Ravinder Narain, for the respondent in C.A. No. 1139/69). J060 SUPREME' COURT REPORTS (1973) l S.C.R. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Hcgde, J. The principal question of law arising in · these appeals by certificate is whether on the facts and .in the circumstances of each of these cases the Department was right in applying s. 44-F ·read with s. 2 ( 6A )( c) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (to be hereinafter referred to as the Act). The Income-tax Officer, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal answered' that question in favour of the Department but the High Court answered the same in favour o,f the dssessee. As we are in agreement with the conclusion reached by the IJigh Court, we do not think it necessary to examine the other questions arising in these appeals. For deciding the said question of Jaw, it is sufficient if we take up the facts of any one of these cases. For the sake of convenience, we shall set out the facts in Civil Appeal No. 2348 of 1969. The assessee in that case is Vadilal Lallubhai. He is assessed as an individual. The relevant assessment year is 195859, the accounting year being the year ending on March 31, 1958. The assessee belongs to the well-known family of Vadilal Lallubhai Mehta of Ahmedabjad. The members 0f this family (who for the sake of convenience will hereinafter be referred to as the "Mehta Group") owned shares in and controlled several companies' including certain managing agency companies. Those managing agency companies were Private Ltd. companies. The managed cnmpanies were also companies in which the members of the "Mehta Group" had controlling interest. This Group had also selling agency rights in the companies which they were managing.. On the coming into force of the Companies Act, 1956, the managing agency companies gave up their managing agency rights in order to safeguard their selling agency rights. Thereafter the assessee sold his share holdings to the employees of some "Mehta Group" companies or the relations of such employees. In addition he sold some shares to one of the family trusts. A few days after the sales in question, those managing agency employees went into voluntary liquidation. Consequently the assets of those companies were distributed among the shareholders who were borne on the registers of the companies as on the dates of liquidation. These shareholders included those persons who had newly purchased the shares. One of the new shareholders as mentioned earlier was a charitable trust which was not liable to pay any tax. The remaining shareholders were either not liable to pay any tax or were liable to pay tax at a lower rate than the assessee would have had to pay had he received the amount distributed by the liquidators. B c D E G H A B c D ' E F J G H C.I.T. v, VADILAL (Hegde, J.) io61 The Income-tax Officer brought to tax a portion of the assets . distributed on liquidation hy applying s. 44-F read with s. 2(6A)(c) of the Act. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner agreed with this view. The assessee's appeal to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal was unsuccessful. Thereafter at the instance of the assessee, certain questions were referred to the High Court for its opinion. Various contentions were advanced before the High Court on behalf of the assessee. We do not think it necessary to refer to those contentions as in our view the High Court was right in taking the view that to the facts and circumstances of the case, s. 44-F read withs. 2(6A)(c) was inapplicable. It was contended on behalf of the Revenue that the distribution of the assets of the various managing agency companies on liquidation is "dividend" within the meaning o4' s. 2(6A)(c) and consequently as "income" as defined in s. 2(6C). Further the assessee sold his shares wHh a view to avoid income-tax and super-tax and consequently the assets distributed which would have fallen to his share had he not sold his share are liable to be brought to tax under the provisions of s. 44-F of the Act. On the other hand, it was contended on behalf of the assessee that the definitions contained in s. 2 are only to be applied "unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context". The definition of "dividend" given in s. 2(6A) (c) is repugnant to the subject dealt with under s. 44-F and consequently the distribution of the assets in liquidation of the several managing agencies concerns cannot hie considered as "income" within the meaning of s. 44-F. It was urged that s. 44-F concerns itself with the income from securities or shares which are of a periodical nature but which an assessee may seek to convert into a capital receipt by adopting certain devices. The provisions therein do not deal with the compensation received for the very destruction of the income-yielding assets viz. the se~urities or shares. We shall now consider which one of these two contentions is acc~ptable. But before doing so it wil! be convenient to make reference to the relevant provisions in the Act. Section 2, the definitions section, starts by sayin,g that the definitions given therein apply "unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context". Hence if the definition of "dividend" found in s. 2 ( 6A )( c) is either repugnant to the subject or context with which we are dealing, that definition will not be applicable. Section 2(6A) gives an inclusive definition of "dividend". In this case we are concerned with s. 2(6A)(c) which reads : "any distribution made to the shareholders of a company on its liquidation, to the extent to which the dis- 1062 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] 1 S.C.R tritution is attributable to the accumulated profits of the company immediately before its liquidation whether capitalised or not." Section 2 ( 6C) gives an inclusive defini'tion of "income". Dividend is included therein. Hence if a receipt can be considered as a "dividend", it has to be considered as an "income" under g s. 2 ( 6C). This takes us to s. 44-F, which reads : "(1) Any person upon whom notice is served by the Income-tax Officer requiring him to furnish a statement of particulars relating, to any securrties in which, at any time during, the period specified ir: the notice he has had any beneficial interest, and in respect of which, within such period, either no income was received by him or the income received by him was Jess than the sum to which the inocuie would have amounted if the income from such securities had accrued from day to day and been apportioned accordingly, shall, whether an assessment 10 income-tax or super-tax in respect of his total iHcome has or has not been made for the relevant year or years of assess:nent, furnish such ·a statement and such particuiars in the form and within the time (not being Jess than twentyeight days) required by the notice. (2) If it appears to the Jncome,tax Officer by reference to all the circumstances in relation to the securities o~ any such person (including circums1ances with respect to sales, purchases, dealings, contracts, arrangements, transfers, or any other transactions relating to such securities) that such person has thereby avoided or would avoid more than ten per cent of the amount of the income-tax or super-tax for any year which would have been payable in his case in respect of the income from those securit;es· if the income had been deemed to accrue from day to day and had been ripportioned accordingly, and the income so, deemed to have been apportioned to him had been frea1ed as part of his total income from all sources for the purposes of income-tax or super-tax, then those securities shall be deemed to b~ securi1ies to which sub-section (3) applies. ( 3) For the purposes of assessment to income-1ax or super-tax in the case of any such person, the income from any securities to which this sub,section applies shall be deemed to accrue fr0m day-to-day and c D G A B c D ) E F ) G H C.I.T. v. VADILAL (Hsgde, !.) in the case of the sale or transfer of any such securities by or to him shall be deemed to have been received as and when it is deemed to have accrued : Provided that this section shall not apply if sueh person proves to the satisfaction o.f the In_come-tax Officer that the avoidance of income-•tax or super-tax was exceptional and not systematic and that there was not in his case in any· of the three preceding years any such avoidance of income-tax or super tax, or that the provisions of seotion 44-E have been applied fo his Cqse in respect of such income. ·( 4) (5) ( 6) For the purpose of this section the expression "securities" includes stocks and sh~res." 1063 From a reading of sub-ss. 1 to 3 of s. 44-F, it is clear that the income referred to therein should arise from shares or securities. Further it must be a periodical income which is capable of being apportioned on the basis that it is deemed to have accrued from day to day. Section 44-F( 1) empowers the Income-tax Office1 to serve ·a notice on any person "requiring him to furnish a statement of particulars relating to any securities in which at any time during the period specified in the no'.ice h~ has had any beneficial interest and in respect of which, within such period either no income was received by him or the income received by him was less than the sum to which the income would have amounted if the income from such securities had accrued from day to day and had been apportioned accordingly ... " The power conferred on the Income-tax Officer under this provision is not confined to any s•tipulated period. · Now turning to sub s.(2) of s.44-F, it speaks of "the amount of the income-tax or super-tax for any year which would have been payable in his cause in respect of the income from those securities if the income had· been deemed to accrue from day to day and had been apportioned accordingly ... " Again sub-(3) of s.44-F speaks of "the income from any securities to which this sub-section applies shall be deemed to accr9e from day to day, and in the case of the sale or transfer of any such securities by or to him shall be deemed to have been received as and when it is deemed to have accrued ... " 1064 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 1. S.C,!l. It is clear from what we have said earlier that s.44-F concerns itself with income arising from securities or shares, during a period of time. When a company goes into liquidation, the share-scripts are no more income yielding assets, They are mere pieces of paper. No income arises from those shares thereafter. What the shareholder gets on liquidation is not any income from shares but a share of the assets of the quondam company. Such a receipt is incapable of being deemed to accure from day to day. In the case of interest on securities or dividends on shares, they are paid at certain intervals. Hence it is possibl\\ to deem them as having accrued from day to day but in the case of distribution of assets of a company in liquidation, it is not possible to deem the same to have accrued from day to day. We have to bear in mind that some of the 'divdends' mentioned ins. 2(6A) are only deemed dividends. They are not real dividends. By a legal fiction, they are deemed as dividends. This Court held in Commissioner of Income-Tax, Andhra Pradesh v. C.P. Sarathy Muda{iar,(1) that the definition of "dividend" contained in s. 2 ( 6A) ( c) is an artificial definition of "dividend". It does not take in dividend actually declared or received. The dividend taken note of by that provision is a deemed dividend and not a real dividend. The same would be the position in the case of the 'dividend" mentioned in s. 2 ( 6A )( c). As held by this Court in Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay City-l v. Amarchand N. Shroff,(') legal fictions are only for a definite purpose and they are limited to the purpose for which they are created and should not be extended beyond their legitimate field. It is established on high authorities tHat the subject is not to be taxed uil!ess the charging provision dearly imposes the obligation see Commissioner of Income-tax Madras v. Ajax Products Ltd.(3 ) As is often said that in interpreting a"-taxing provision one has merely to look to the words of the provl~ion. The language employed in s. 44-F cannot be said to be plain enough to bring to tax the receipts of the character with which we are concerned in these appeals. To accept the contention of the Revenue, we have to adopt threefold assumptions. Firstly the fictional dividend eontemplated by s. 2 ( 6A )( c) is an "income" within the meaning of s. 44-F. Secondly we must assume that that aividend is capab,te of being deemed to accrue day to day and lastly we must assume that the day to day distribution contemplated in s. 44-F commences from the commencement of the relevant accounting year and endq with the distribution of the assets as contended on behalf of the Department. To do so we have to read into the section many more (I) 82 I.T.R. 170. (2) 48 I.T.R. 59. (3) 55 J.T.R. 741. B c D E F G H A B ; c D E F ) G H CJ.T. v. VADILAL (Hegde, 1.) 1065 word$ than it contains at present which is wholly impermissible in construing any provision much less a taxing provision. In the case of deemed dividend under s. 2 ( 6A) ( c), the assets distributed will be considered as income in the account year in which it is distributed but that conception would be inapplicable in cases coming under s. 44-F. A company may go into liquidation long after the accounting year ends. What period the Income-tax Officer should take into consideration for applying the fiction that "the income had deemed to accrue from day to day ?" Thi. scheme of s. 2(6A)(c) is incompatible with the scheme of~. 44-F. The two provisions are intended to meet totally different situations. The former provision cannot be dovetailed into the latter. In order to find out the legislative intent, we have to find out what was the mischief that the legislature wanted to remedy, The Act was extensively amended in the year 1939. Section 44-F was not in the draft bill. That section was recommended by the Select Committee consisting of very eminent lawyers. It will not l:k inappropriate to find out the reasons which persuaded the Select Committee to recommend the inclusion of s. 44-F, if the section is considered as ambiguous-see Commissioner of Income-tax, Madhya Pradesh and Bhopal v. Sodra Devi etc.('). In recommending the inclv•ion of s. 44-F, this. is what the Select Committee observed : "The new Sections 44E and 44F are d,i:signed to prevent avoidance of tax by what are known as "bondwashing" transactions, involving the manipulation of securities so· that the securities will pass temporarily in the legal ownership of some second person who is either not liable at all or liable in a lessor degree to tax, under such conditions that the interest on the securities is the income of this second person. A common form of the process is the sale of securities-cum-interest with a simultaneous contract to purchase them ex-interest. Where foreign securities are concerned this second person may be a foreigner resident abroad entitled to claim exemption from the tax on the interest. More often a financial concern in India is utilised whose computation of profits includes the results of realising securities, so that the concern can profitably offer "bond-washing" facilities to the owner of securities bearing fixed interest where the owner himself is not liable to taxation on the realisation of the securities." Section 44-F of the Act, immaterial changes apart, is a reproduction of s. 33 of the English Finance Act, 1927 which was . (1) 32 I.T.R. 615 at p. 627. 1066 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] JS.CR. subsequently replaced by s.23 7 of the English Income-tax Act, 1952. Dealing with that section this is what is oqserved in the law of Income-tax, Surtax and Profits Tax by Wheatcroft at p. 1669 (Paragraph 1-1358) : · 'We now come to the more difficult problem which A arises when a taxpayer sells, for a capital sum, securities D which are about to pay interest and the purchaser acquires the righ1 both to the securities and the interest. It is the custom on British stock exchanges to notify in advance the dates in respect of each security before which a. buyer of that security will be entitled to the next income payment. Up to that date 1he security is sold "cum dividend"; after that date the security is sold "exdividend" and the nex·t income payment )Vhen received · after the sale will remain the property of the seller. Apart from the general market fluctuations, the price wiJJ gradually rise up to the day when the security goes "exdiv." it will then normally f~ll sharply by a sum approximately equal to the anticipated income payment less ,tax at standard rate, as the average investor values the income at its net amount. If the amount is at a fixed rate, ·such as on Government stock, the likely fall for this reason can be calculated with considerable accuracy in advance. A surtax payer, who pays more than the standard rate of tax, can thus find it profitable to sell his securities just before they go "ex div.," as he will receive as capital the equivalent of the net dividend, instead of receiving a dividend subject to tax in ·his hands at higher rate c L than that deducted from the dividend. l' To deal with taxpayers who used this, and similar devices, on a substantial scale, it was provided by the Finance Act, 1927, that if it appears to the Revenue 'by reference to alJ the circumstances in relation to the assets of any individual (including circumstances with respect to sales, purchases, dealings, contracts, arrangements, 1ransfers or any other transactions relating to such assets) that the individual has thereby avoided or would avoid more than 10 per cent of the amount of surtax for· any year which would have been payable in his case if the income from those assets had been deemed to accrue from day to day and had been apportioned to him as part pf his total income, then such income is to 'be so apportioned to him for the purpose of computing his surtax. If the individual can prove that the G H . )' c D C.I.T. v. VADILAL (Hegde, J.) avoidance was exceptional and not systematic and that there was no such avoi\iance in the following three years, he can avoid liability under this provision. Extensive powers are given to the Revenue to obtain information for the purpose of this provision.''. !06T The marginal note for s.44-F reads "avoidance o( tax by sales. cum dividend". This marginal note also gives an indication as to what exactly was the mischief that was intended to be remedied. The legislature was evidently trying to circumvent the devices adopted by some of the assessees to convert their revenne receipts into capiLal receipts. The marginal note also throws light on the: intention of the legislature. From what has been s