# COMMISSIONER OF SALES TAX, li.P v. M/S. SARIN TEXTILES MILLS

- **Citation:** [1975] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 228
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1975-04-21
- **Bench:** R. S. SARKARlA, A. C. Gupta
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/commissioner-of-sales-tax-li-p-v-m-s-sarin-textiles-mills-6512
- **Pages:** 6

## Headnote

U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948, ss. 3 ilnd 3A-'Wool/cn Carpet Yarn' if un.\pun
frbrc used in wearing.
The respondent is a manufacturer of and dealer in '\Voollen Carpet Yarn',
popularly known as kati.
For the assesSmenl years 1959-60 and 1961-62 he
was taxed by the Sales Tax officer at 6 pies per rupee nnd 3 pies per rupee,
respectivcJy, under two notifications applicable to the. two assessment years
respectively, issued under the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948. On appeal, the Assistant Commissioner held that kati \Vas an unclrissified item tuxable at 2 pies
per n1pce under s. 3 of the Act, and the order \\'as confirn1ed on reYision and
by the High Cou:t on reference.
The two Notifications provided (1) that turnover of 'Yarn· of all kinds
including unspun fibre used in weaving' is liable to tax at 6 pies per tu>lee,
and (2) turnover of yarn of all kinds -including unspun fibre used in weaving,
is liable to tax at 3 pies per rupee. There was another notification \Vhich provided that turnover of "Woollen goods excluding carpet but including knitting
wool'' is liable to tax at one anna per rupee ..
The authorities under the Act found· that kati are short cut pieces of unspun fibre about 2 inches in length ; !hat the pieces have \•cry little tensile
strength and are not used, and are not caP'abJe of being used, for w·eaving, knitting or rope-making ; that the only use to which kati is put is by attaching each
piece by hand around hvo warp threads; that it is not a component of the basic
fabric of the carpet ; that it is not an integral constituent of the warp and weft of
tbe carpet which cono;ists of a different spun fibre of great tensile strength ; and
that the process of looping or knotting kati is different and _dist;inct from the pro·
cess of lengthwise and cross~v.'ise combining of \\'arp and weft components \Vhich
makes the woven basic structure of the carpet.
Dismissing the appeal to this Court.
"
H'ELD : (I) Kati is not 'yam' because one of the characteristics of yarn
~
is that it should be spun thread, \Vhereas kati is unspun fibre.
[231·H]
G
(2) It is not unspu1i fibre 11SL'd in weaving v."ithin the n1erining of the first
two notificacions because, on the facts found, it is not used in wea\'ing.
lI
(233-1;'-DJ
(3) ]t is not ''voollen gocds' within the n1eaning of the 3rd
notification,
because.
[233-C-DJ
(a.) Katri is on1y niw material from ¥.'hich 'woollen goods' are prepared :
and [233-E]
'(b) Yarn .use~ in \\'Caving the .'van? and weft of carpets, or woollen fibre
used in \Veav1ng 1s, under the not1ficattons, taxa~le at a par lower rate than
'woollen goods': and it could never have been 1ntende~ that a mere component or raw material, used by a manual process, not being a process. of \Vcaving in the manufacture of 'woollen goods' should be taxed at a higher rate
treatlng kati as fi~ished 'v.'oollen goods'. [233·E.F.]
'
C.S.T • . v. SARIN TEXTILES (Sarkaria, J.)
229
( 4) Therefore, it is an unclassified item and the turn-over is liable to tax
A
only at 2 pies per nipee.
CIVIL APPELIATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 1934-35
of
1970 and 1172-73 of 1974.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the · B
30-4-1970 for the Allahabad High Court in S. T. R. No. 191 of 1969.
0. P. Rana for the appellant.
S. C. Manchanda and P. C. Kapoor for the respondent.

## Text

r
228
A
B
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COMMISSIONER OF SALES TAX, li.P.
v.
M/S. SARIN TEXTILES MILLS
April 21, 1975
(R. S. SARKARlA AND A. C. GUPTA, JJ.J
U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948, ss. 3 ilnd 3A-'Wool/cn Carpet Yarn' if un.\pun
frbrc used in wearing.
The respondent is a manufacturer of and dealer in '\Voollen Carpet Yarn',
popularly known as kati.
For the assesSmenl years 1959-60 and 1961-62 he
was taxed by the Sales Tax officer at 6 pies per rupee nnd 3 pies per rupee,
respectivcJy, under two notifications applicable to the. two assessment years
respectively, issued under the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948. On appeal, the Assistant Commissioner held that kati \Vas an unclrissified item tuxable at 2 pies
per n1pce under s. 3 of the Act, and the order \\'as confirn1ed on reYision and
by the High Cou:t on reference.
The two Notifications provided (1) that turnover of 'Yarn· of all kinds
including unspun fibre used in weaving' is liable to tax at 6 pies per tu>lee,
and (2) turnover of yarn of all kinds -including unspun fibre used in weaving,
is liable to tax at 3 pies per rupee. There was another notification \Vhich provided that turnover of "Woollen goods excluding carpet but including knitting
wool'' is liable to tax at one anna per rupee ..
The authorities under the Act found· that kati are short cut pieces of unspun fibre about 2 inches in length ; !hat the pieces have \•cry little tensile
strength and are not used, and are not caP'abJe of being used, for w·eaving, knitting or rope-making ; that the only use to which kati is put is by attaching each
piece by hand around hvo warp threads; that it is not a component of the basic
fabric of the carpet ; that it is not an integral constituent of the warp and weft of
tbe carpet which cono;ists of a different spun fibre of great tensile strength ; and
that the process of looping or knotting kati is different and _dist;inct from the pro·
cess of lengthwise and cross~v.'ise combining of \\'arp and weft components \Vhich
makes the woven basic structure of the carpet.
Dismissing the appeal to this Court.
"
H'ELD : (I) Kati is not 'yam' because one of the characteristics of yarn
~
is that it should be spun thread, \Vhereas kati is unspun fibre.
[231·H]
G
(2) It is not unspu1i fibre 11SL'd in weaving v."ithin the n1erining of the first
two notificacions because, on the facts found, it is not used in wea\'ing.
lI
(233-1;'-DJ
(3) ]t is not ''voollen gocds' within the n1eaning of the 3rd
notification,
because.
[233-C-DJ
(a.) Katri is on1y niw material from ¥.'hich 'woollen goods' are prepared :
and [233-E]
'(b) Yarn .use~ in \\'Caving the .'van? and weft of carpets, or woollen fibre
used in \Veav1ng 1s, under the not1ficattons, taxa~le at a par lower rate than
'woollen goods': and it could never have been 1ntende~ that a mere component or raw material, used by a manual process, not being a process. of \Vcaving in the manufacture of 'woollen goods' should be taxed at a higher rate
treatlng kati as fi~ished 'v.'oollen goods'. [233·E.F.]
'
C.S.T • . v. SARIN TEXTILES (Sarkaria, J.)
229
( 4) Therefore, it is an unclassified item and the turn-over is liable to tax
A
only at 2 pies per nipee.
CIVIL APPELIATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 1934-35
of
1970 and 1172-73 of 1974.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the · B
30-4-1970 for the Allahabad High Court in S. T. R. No. 191 of 1969.
0. P. Rana for the appellant.
S. C. Manchanda and P. C. Kapoor for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
.
SARKARIA, J.~Thesc appeals by special leave are directed.' against
the judgment of the High Court of Allahabad answering in favour
of the assessee the following question referred to it under s. 11 of
tlie U.P. Sales Tax Aot, 1948 (for short called the Act):
"Whether the articles "carpet woollen Yarn" is covered by the term 'yarn' mentioned. in item No. 4 of notification No. ST-907/X, dated 31-3-1956 and item No.
33 of
notification No. S.T. 1365/X dated 1-4-1960 ·taxable
at
6 pies and 3 pies per cent respectively or a kind of woollen
goods as mentioned at item No. 46 taxable "at
one amp
per rupee according to notification No.
ST-905/X dated
31-3-56 or whether it is an unclassified item taxable at 2%".
M/s. Sarin Textile Mills, Agra is a manufacturer of and dealer
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in "woollen carpet yam", popularly known as "kati".
The relevant
assessment years are 1959-1960 and 1961-62.
The only dispute is
whether such kati should be taxeil as "yarn" ·at 3 % or as "woollen
goods" at one .anna per rupee, under the relevant notification issued
under s. 3-A or as an nnclassified item at 2 % under s. 3 of the
G
Act.
J.
The Sales-tax Olhcer by his order dated 6-10-1965 regarded it
as a 'kind of yarn' covered by Entry No. 4, Notification no. ST-907 /
X dated 31-3-1956, and so taxed it at six pies per rupee for 1959-60
and at 3 per cent for the year 1961-62 in view
of subsequent
H
notification ST-1365/X dated 1-4-1960.
On appeal by the
asscs~ce, the Assistant Commissioner (Judicial) reversed that interpretation and held that woollen carpet kati
was an 'unclassified item' taxable at the rate of 2 per cent.
230
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1975] SUPP, S.C.R.
A
The Commissioner of Sales-Tax moved the Revisional Authority
under s. IO of the Act against the order of the Assistant Commissioner (Judicial).
The Judge (Revisions) agreed with the interpretation adopted by
the Assistant Commissioner (Judicial)
and
dismissed the revision applicMion.
B
c
On application filed by Commissioner under s. 11 (3) of the
Act, the Judge (Revisions), referred the aforesaid question to the
High Court.
The High Court also held
that the woollen carpet kati is
not
'yarn' since it is unspun fibre not used in weaving. and, as such, it
is not taxable as a 'kind
of yarn' under tile aforesaid notification.
It further rejected
the alternative contention of the Revenue that
woollen carpet kati' is taxable under the notification No. ST-905/
X as "woollen goods".
Jn the result, the High Court answered the
· questions against the Revenue. Hence these appeals.
Mr. Rana learned Counsel for the appellant
contends that the
term "yarn" used in the aforesaid notification should be interpreted
D in the sense in which it .is understood by persons engaged in
the
trade.
Stress has been placed on the fact that in English, e\t:n the
as.sessee has been describing the article in question as "woollen carper yran".
Such kati, it is pointed out is used in the manufacture
of carpets by a process of 'knotting', which in ordinary parlance
is
described as 'weaving'. According to
Mr. Rana,
the distinction
E drawn by the High Court, between 'weaving' and 'knotting' -being
too fine and artificial, is not justified.
lt is maintained that
tk
Sales-tax Ofliccr had rightly held that all twisted wool fibres
are
·yarn'. Since this woollen kati is such a fibre, it is yarn and taxable
as such under the aforesaid notifications.
Jn the alternative. Counsel
submits that this article falls within the purview of "woollen goods"
and in taxable as such under notification No. ST-905/X of 1956.
F
As against this, Mr. Manchanda, learned Counsel for the assessee
contends that in the past for about 8 years. the Revenue had been
understanding and treating for the purpose of taxation, "woollen carpet kati" as· au article ditlerent from "yarn" and
"woollen goods"
within the contemplation of the aforesaid notifications.
It: is stressed
that for the first 'lime it was on 23-9-1963 that the Sales-tax Officer
G
departed frorn this time-honoured interpretation and held . "woollen
carpet kati" to he "yarn" within the said notifications. lt is submitted that tbe High Court's opinion, that woollen carpet kati is'
neither "yarn" nor ''woollen
goods", proceeds on facts found by
the Assessing Authority on the basis of evidence adduced regarding
the nature and use of this article.
On those facts, it is maintained,
no other reasonable interpretation than the one accepted by the
H
High Court is possible.
The notifications concerned issued under s. 3-A of the Act, are
these:
"(i) Notification No. ST 907 /X dated 31st March, 1956.
It declares that the turnover of certain commodities men-
•
,.
•
c.s.T. v. SARIN TEXT!1ES (Sarkaria, J.)
tioned therein should be
taxed at a single · point, at the
point of sale by the manufacturer or the importer, at the
rate of six pies per rupee. The relevant entry of this notification is no. 4, which reads: ·
"Yarn of all kinds, including unspun fibre used in
231
A
weaving, other than handspun yarn but excluding cotton
B
yarn in cops a.hd cones".
(emphasis added)
(ii) Notification No.
ST. 1365/X-990
1956 dated
April I, 1960.
It is also a notification under section 3-A of the Act
and the relevant entry is at item No. 33 which reads :
"Yarn of all kinds including unspun fibre used in
weaving other than handspun yarn but excluding cotton
yarn."
(emphasis added)
(iii) Notification No. No. ST-905/X dated 31st March,
c
1956.
D
The relevant entry is at item No. 46 which reads .
"Woollen goods
excluding
carpet
but including
knitting wool."
The rate of tax prescribed is one anna per rupee.
The first point to be considered
kati" is "yarn" within the meaning
catalogued above.
is, whether
"woollen carpet
of Notification (i)
and (ii)
"Yarn" bas not been defined either in the Act and the Rule;,
or in the Notifications.
We have therefore to construe this term in
its ordinary grammatical sense. · According to "Oxford Dictionary"
"yarn" means:
"Any spun thread
specially of
kinds prepared for
weaving, knitting or rope-making".
Webster's New World Dictionary also, gives its meaning thus:
"Any fibre, as woo!. silk, flax, cotton, nylon etc. spun
into strands for weaving, knitting or making thread".
Thus, a fibre in order to answer
the description of "yarn" in
the ordinary commercial sense, must have two characteristics. Firstly, it should he a spun strand.
Secondly, such strand ~hould be
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primarily meaut for use in weaving, knitting or rope-making.
H
· Now, it is an undisputed fact, in the instant case, that "woollen
carpet kati" is unspun fibre.
It lacks the first
characteristic
of
"yarn". It is therefore possible to say that, by itself, the expression
"yarn of all kinds" in the notifications, quoted above, would not cover
; .
unspun fibres. But the succeeding phrase "including unspun fibre
·10 SC/75-16
232
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1975] SUPP. S.C.R.
A used in weaving"
qualifies the preceding expression "yarn" of all
kinds". This phrase, which, in one sense, extends the connotation of
"yarn" by including in it unspun fibre, pinpoints and highlights, on
the other hand, the usability of such nnspun fibre in weaving as a
determinative circumstance.
B
The question thus narrows down into the issue : Is woollen carpet
kati--which is admittedly unspun fibre-"used in weaving" within the
contemplation of these notifications ? Again, "weaving" has not been
defined in these notifications or the other
statutory provisions. We
have therefore to fall back upon its ordinary dictionary meaning. In
that sense, 'weaving' implies the process of forming thread into fabric
C by interlacing.
"The most important method by
which wool products {Ire produced is weaving, the interlacing at right angles of two or
more systems of threads. Variations are almost limitless but all arc
derived from three basic weaves, plain, satin and twill. Hundreds of
yarns, wound on large spool or beam form the warp.
Each yarn is
drawn through the eye of a heddle or wire mounted on a harness
frame. The alternate raising and lowering of the frames, each with its
D
hundreds of heddles controlling the warp yarns, forms the shed, the
space through which the weft or filling yarn is carried by the shuttle,
a long satreamlined box holding a bobbin of yarn in its hollowed.
centre. Each trip of the shuttle is called a pick. After each pick the
harness frames shift position in accordance with the predetermined
pattern, producing a new shed or different combination of raised and
E lowered warp yarns. The filling yarn are beaten down with a weaver's
read to make a tighter weave". (Encyclopaedia Brittanica Vol. 23,
p. 342, 1971 Eda.)
F
Thus "weaving" is the process of combining warp and weft components (respectively lengthwise and cross-wise) to make a woven
structure. The threads that lie lengthwise are called the warp. The
other threads which are combined with the warp and lie widthwise,
are called the "weft", also known as "woof". An individual thread
from the warp of indefinite length, is called an end; each individual
length of weft from one edge to the other is called a pick. Consecutive
picks. are usually consecutive lengths of one piece of weft yarn that is
repeatedly folded back on itself. In all methods of weaving before a
G length of weft is inserted in the warp, the warp is separated, over a
short length extending from the cloth already formed, into two sheds.
The process ·is called shedding. The sequence of primary operations
in one weaving cycle is thus shedding, picking and beating in. (Encyclopaedia Brittanica Vol. 23, p. 342).
Weaving is differentiated from both warp and weft, knitting from
H braiding, and from net making, in that these processes all make use
of only one set of elements. In addition there are geometrical differences".
(Encyclopaedia ibid).
The ground having been cleared, it is to be seen whether
the
process by which woollen carpet Kati is used in preparation of carpets, can properly be called "weaving".
'
(
j
C.S.T. v. SARIN TEXTILES (Sarkaria, J.)
Now, the facts found on the basis of evidence adduced by
the
Additional Appellate Commissione( and the Judge (Revisions) Sales
Tax are that such woollen kati are short ent pieces of unspun fibre
(each of which according to the aforesaid Encyclopaedia is about
-
2 inches in length).
It has very little tensile strength and is not
used-as it is not capable of being .used-for weaving, knitting or
rope-making.
The only use to which the kati or pile is put is by
attaching each piece by hand around two warp threads. The kati is
not a component of the basic fabric of the carpet. It is not an integral constituent of the warp and weft of the carpet which consists
of a different spun fibre of great tensile strength i.e. of yarn.
The
process of looping or knotting these pile tufts is different and distinct from the process of lengthwise and crosswise combining
of
warp and weft components, which makes the woven basic structure
of the carpet.
233
A
B
c
In view of these primary facts
found by the taxing authorities,
the conclusion is inescapable,
that woollen carpet kati is
neither
"yarn", nor "unspun fibre used in weaving" within the contemplation of the aforesaid notifications issued under s. 3-A.
D
This takes . us to the second question as
to whether such kati
wonld fall within the ambit of "woollen goods" under entry 46 of
Notification (iii) set out above.
Here also, we find ourselves in
agreement with
the Division
Bench of the High Court that woollen carpet kati is only raw material from which "woollen goods" are prepared.
In this connection
it is to be noted that yam used in weaving the warp and weft of
carpets, or woollen fibre used in weaving has been made taxable
at a far lower rate than "woollen goods" under the Notifications. It
could never be the intention that a mere component or raw material used in the manufacture of woollen goods by a manual, process,
not being a process of weaving, should be taxed at a far higher rate,
by treating the same as a finished "woollen goods".
For the foregoing reasons, we are of the opinion ·that "woollen
carpet kati" is neither "yam" nor "woollen goods" falling under the
aforesaid notifications issued under s. 3-A. It is an unclassified item
and its turnover is liable to tax at the rate of 2 % under s. 3 of the
Act.
Accordingly we affirm the answer given by the High Court
to the question referred and dismiss these appeals with one set of
costs.
V.P.S.
Appeals dismissed.
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