# costs. The Union of India Petition partly allowed. RATHOD BHIMJIBHAI MASRUBHAI RAJPUT AND ANOTHER v. THE STATE OF BOMBAY AND OTHERS - **Citation:** [1960] 2 S.C.R. 393 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1960 - **Bench:** S. K. DAs, J. L. Kapur, A. K. Sarkar - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/costs-the-union-of-india-petition-partly-allowed-rathod-bhimjibhai-masrubhai-1869 - **Pages:** 15 ## Headnote Taluqdari Tenure-Abolition of-" Lal-liti" lands-Liability for land revenue-T aluqdari lands-Taluqdari Estate-Bombay Land Revenue Code, I879 (Bom. V of I879), s. IJ6(I)-Gitjrat Taluqdars' Act, I888 (Bom. VI of I888), ss. 4, 5, 22, JI-Bombay Taluqdari Tenitre Abolition Act, I949 (Bom. LXII of I949), SS. 2(3), (4), 3, 5(I)(a),(b), 5(2)(a) I7(C). The appellants who were holders of certain lands known as "Lal-liti" lands were assessed to land revenue under the provisions of the Bombay Land Revenue Code, 1879, after the Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949, came into force. "Lal-liti" lands were granted originally by Taluqdars in Gujrat to cadets, widows of the family and relations for maintenance and to village servants and others, either in reward for past services or as remuneration for services to be performed. Before the establishment of British rule, Taluqdars had the position of semi-independent chiefs, but subsequent to the establishment of British rule they became mere owners of proprietary estates holding lands directly from Government, and in respect of such estates the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888, was passed providing for their revenue administration. The appellants claimed that these lands had been enjoyed without payment of any "jama" since pre-British times and that the exemption from payment of land revenue was not affected by the Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949· The High Court took the view that the lands were liable to be assessed under s. S of that Act. It was contended for the appellants, inter alia, that no liability for payment of land revenue in respect of "Lal-liti" lands could arise under s. S of the Act, because (1) the Taluqdar retained no interest in such lands after the grant and, consequently, such lands were not taluqdari lands within the meaning of s. 2(3) of the Act, (2) clause (a) of s. 5(1) of the Act was merely declaratory, and Others Das Gupta]. I959 December 7. 394 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] I959 while cl. (b) was the operative clause by which the only persons liable for payment of land revenue were (i) a taluqdar holding Rathod Bhimjibhai any taluqdari land and (ii) a cadet of a taluqdari family holding Masrubhai Rajput any taluqdari land for maintenance, and (3) even assuming that and Another cl. (a) made taluqdari lands liable to the payment of land revenue v. in accordance with the provisions of the Bombay Land Re.venue The State of Code, a "Lal-Ii ti" holder could not be made liable, because he Bontbay and Others was not an occupant of unalienated land within the 1neaning of s. 136(1) of the Code. Held: (r) that having regard to the history of "Lal-liti" lands and the provisions of the Gujrat Taluqdar's Act, 1888, such lands are lands which form' part of a taluqdari estate, even though no "jama" was actually paid to the taluqdar or to Government, and are, therefore, taluqdari lands within the meaning of s. 2(3) of the Bombay Taluqdari Abolition Act, 1949; (2) that cl: (a) of s. 5(1) of the Bombay Taluqdari Abolition Act was . a general provision and applied the Bombay Land Revenue Code to all taluqdari lands, while cl. (b) was a particular deeming i;rovision with regard to the taluqdar and his cadet; and (3) that whatever might have been the position of a "Lalliti " holder earlier, on the abolition of the Taluqdari tenure by the Bombay Taluqdari Abolition Act, he became a holder in actual possession of land in respect of which the Government had not transferred its rights to the payment of revenue, wholly or partially, to the ownership of any person. CIVIL APPELLATE JumsnICTION: Civil Appeal No. 327 of 1955. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 31, 1955, of the Bombay High Court, < in Special Civil Application No. IIOO of 1954. ' V. JYI. Limaye, S. N. Andley, J. B. Dadachanji and Ramesliwar Nath, for the appellants. N. P. Nathwani, K. L. Hathi and R. H. Dhebar, for the respondent. 1959. December 7. The Judgment of the Court was delivere ## Text - , - - S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 393 Houses of Parliament in accordance with sub-s. (5) and sub-s. (6) of s. 3 of the Essential Commodities Act. x959 N arendra Kumar As the petition has succeeded in part and failed in and Others part, we order that the parties will bear their own v. costs. The Union of India Petition partly allowed. RATHOD BHIMJIBHAI MASRUBHAI RAJPUT AND ANOTHER v. THE STATE OF BOMBAY AND OTHERS (S. K. DAs, J. L. KAPUR and A. K. SARKAR, JJ.) Taluqdari Tenure-Abolition of-" Lal-liti" lands-Liability for land revenue-T aluqdari lands-Taluqdari Estate-Bombay Land Revenue Code, I879 (Bom. V of I879), s. IJ6(I)-Gitjrat Taluqdars' Act, I888 (Bom. VI of I888), ss. 4, 5, 22, JI-Bombay Taluqdari Tenitre Abolition Act, I949 (Bom. LXII of I949), SS. 2(3), (4), 3, 5(I)(a),(b), 5(2)(a) I7(C). The appellants who were holders of certain lands known as "Lal-liti" lands were assessed to land revenue under the provisions of the Bombay Land Revenue Code, 1879, after the Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949, came into force. "Lal-liti" lands were granted originally by Taluqdars in Gujrat to cadets, widows of the family and relations for maintenance and to village servants and others, either in reward for past services or as remuneration for services to be performed. Before the establishment of British rule, Taluqdars had the position of semi-independent chiefs, but subsequent to the establishment of British rule they became mere owners of proprietary estates holding lands directly from Government, and in respect of such estates the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888, was passed providing for their revenue administration. The appellants claimed that these lands had been enjoyed without payment of any "jama" since pre-British times and that the exemption from payment of land revenue was not affected by the Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949· The High Court took the view that the lands were liable to be assessed under s. S of that Act. It was contended for the appellants, inter alia, that no liability for payment of land revenue in respect of "Lal-liti" lands could arise under s. S of the Act, because (1) the Taluqdar retained no interest in such lands after the grant and, consequently, such lands were not taluqdari lands within the meaning of s. 2(3) of the Act, (2) clause (a) of s. 5(1) of the Act was merely declaratory, and Others Das Gupta]. I959 December 7. 394 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] I959 while cl. (b) was the operative clause by which the only persons liable for payment of land revenue were (i) a taluqdar holding Rathod Bhimjibhai any taluqdari land and (ii) a cadet of a taluqdari family holding Masrubhai Rajput any taluqdari land for maintenance, and (3) even assuming that and Another cl. (a) made taluqdari lands liable to the payment of land revenue v. in accordance with the provisions of the Bombay Land Re.venue The State of Code, a "Lal-Ii ti" holder could not be made liable, because he Bontbay and Others was not an occupant of unalienated land within the 1neaning of s. 136(1) of the Code. Held: (r) that having regard to the history of "Lal-liti" lands and the provisions of the Gujrat Taluqdar's Act, 1888, such lands are lands which form' part of a taluqdari estate, even though no "jama" was actually paid to the taluqdar or to Government, and are, therefore, taluqdari lands within the meaning of s. 2(3) of the Bombay Taluqdari Abolition Act, 1949; (2) that cl: (a) of s. 5(1) of the Bombay Taluqdari Abolition Act was . a general provision and applied the Bombay Land Revenue Code to all taluqdari lands, while cl. (b) was a particular deeming i;rovision with regard to the taluqdar and his cadet; and (3) that whatever might have been the position of a "Lalliti " holder earlier, on the abolition of the Taluqdari tenure by the Bombay Taluqdari Abolition Act, he became a holder in actual possession of land in respect of which the Government had not transferred its rights to the payment of revenue, wholly or partially, to the ownership of any person. CIVIL APPELLATE JumsnICTION: Civil Appeal No. 327 of 1955. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 31, 1955, of the Bombay High Court, < in Special Civil Application No. IIOO of 1954. ' V. JYI. Limaye, S. N. Andley, J. B. Dadachanji and Ramesliwar Nath, for the appellants. N. P. Nathwani, K. L. Hathi and R. H. Dhebar, for the respondent. 1959. December 7. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by s. K. Das J, S. K. DAS J.-This is an appeal by special leave from a decision of the High Court of Bombay, dated January 31, 1955, by which it dismissed with costs a writ application (No. 1100 of 1954) made by the petitioners therein, who are now appellants before us. It raises for consideration and decision a land revenue - S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS_ 395 problem of some complexity, which resulted from the z1J59 enactment of the Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Ab.olition Rathod Bhimjibhai Act, 1949, (Bombay Act LXII of 1949), heremafter Masrubhai Rajput referred to as the Abolition Act. The problem is if and Another the appellants, holders of certain lands known as "Lalv. liti " lands, are liable to the State Government The State 01 concerned for payment of land revenue under the Bombay and Others provisions of the Bombay Land Revenue Code, 1879 s. K. Das J. (Bombay Act V of 1879), hereinafter referred to as the Revenue Code, after the enforcement of the provisions of the Abolition Act. · The problem has to be considered in the light of certain incidents of taluqdari tenures in the Ahmedabad district of Gujrat, with special reference to the changes through which those tenures had gone in the past by legislation or otherwise. For the purposes of this appeal it is not necessary to give a full history of taluqdari estates in Gujrat~ but it is necessary to explain what ~s meant by "Lal-liti" lands. We get from such books as Baden-Powell's "Land-systems of British India" and Dandekar's "The law of Land Tenure in the Bombay Presidency", from both of which learned counsel for the parties have extensively quoted before us, a short history of the Taluqdars of Gujrat and of their estates. Shortly stated, the history is this: Taluqdars of Gujrat (they were not known as Taluqdars then, because the name was given much later) originally occupied the position of Chiefs or Rulers. This was before the Mahomedan rule in Gujrat. When the Mahomedans invaded Gujrat, they found the country partitioned out into estates oflarge or small Chiefs, whom they forcibly deprived of all but one-fourth of their possessions, and the portion thus left took the name of 'wanta' (divided). Some · 'wantas' were free of payment of rent or revenue;· other 'wanta' estates paid a tribute in the shape of an "udhad jama" (fixed sum). After the Moguls came the Marathas. The accession and domination of the Marathas made no substantial difference to the posi- - tion of these semi-independent chiefs, except that the annual payments varied under the Maratha rule. Then c11>ine the British1 who for $Ometime conth1ued .. 396 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)) z959 to realise annual payments according to past years ; R h d -Bh" ""bh . but very soon a significant change took place and the at o im1i ai f h 1 d d . d f Masrubhai Rajputnature o t e payment was a tere , an mstea o and Another tribute, the Government assumed it to be rent or v. revenue. The rent or revenue was also increased by The State of about 50 per cent. and the result was that the holders Bombay__<::::! Others of these lands fell into pecuniary embarrassment and s IC Das J. became impoverished and needy. A system of annual leases was then introduced: this remedy, however, proved worse than the disease, 1tnd it was sought to improve the position of the Taluqdars by legislation. It is not necessary for our purpose to refer to the details of that legislation till we come to the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888 (Bombay Act VI of 1888), which was a landmark in the history of Taluqdari tenures. We shall have occasion later to refer to some of the provisions of this Act. It is sufficient to state here that by the time the afpresaid Act was passed the Taluqdars of certain districts of Gujrat including Ahmedabad had really become mere owners of proprietary estates, who held lands directly from Government, and the Act provided, inter alia, for the revenue administration of their estates. Under the provisions of the Act, the Settlement Registers were prepared for each village, which served the purpose of the Record of Rights in those estates. In these estates, large areas of lands were granted presumably by the Taluqdars to cadets, widows of the family, and relations for maintenance, and to village servants and others, either in reward for past services or as remuneration for service8 to be performed. The holders of these trans- .ferred lands paid no revenue either to the Taluqdar or to Government generally.· These grants fell into three categories : (i) those made prior to British rule ; (ii) those made between 1818 and 1888, that is, after th~ introduction of British rule and before the passing of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888 ; and (iii) those made after 1888. The lands thus transferred were called "Lal-liti" lands because they were recorded in red ink in the old 'faisal patrakas' and in the Settlement Registers also, they were recorded in red ink but were shown as subject to "jama" (land revenue) { ' . - . ' - S.O.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 397 liabilities of varying character. The pre-British r959 transfers were recognised by Mr. Peile (later Sir James R h d Bh" ""bh • Peile) who was the Taluqdari Settlement Officer in ::.:ubhai ·~~JP:; 1866, and the holders of these lands generally paid no and Another "jama ". The 1818-1888 transfers were those which v. were not so recognised by prescription, and when The State 01 these lands reverted to the Taluqdar, they became his Bombay and Others ordinary lands liable to payment of full "J·ama ". - 1 S.K. Das • The post Act grants were covered by s. 31 of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888 (see in this connection "The Land .Problems of Re-organised Bombay State" by Dr. G. D. Patel, pp. 174-175). Such, in brief, is the history of Taluqdari estates and "Lal-liti " lands, so far as that history has a bearing on the problem before us. It is necessary now to state the facts whwh have given rise to the present appeal. In their writ petition to the High Court, the appellants said that they were holders of "Lal-liti" lands in villages Kharad and Rajka of the Dhanduka taluq of Ahmedabad district and were enjoying the lands without payment of any "jama" (land revenue) since the pre-British rule, though the circumstances in which their predecessors originally got the lands are lost in antiquity. They said inter alia that the exemption from payment of land revenue which they had all along enjoyed was not affected by the Abolition Act or by any liLter legislation like the Bombay Personal Inams Abolition Act, 1952 (Bombay Act LXII of 1953), and that the demand for payment of land revenue made by the State Government of Bombay for 1950-1953 was not authorised by law. In the alternative, they also said that they were not liable to any assessment cf land revenue till August, -1953. Accordingly, they prayed for appropriate writs (a) quashing the demands for payment of land revenue and (b) directing the State of Bombay, the Collector of Ahmedabad and the Revenue Officer of Dhanduka (who are now respondents before us), to forbear from taking any steps to enforce payment of land revenue for the" Lal-liti" lands held by them. A number of similar applications, presumably filed by other holders of "Lal-liti" lands, ".'."ere also pending in the High Court, ?I 398 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(2)} '959 So far as we can gather from the record before us, R th d Bh . "bk . there were three sets of such applications. The High a 0 im;• ai C t d l' d 't 1 d" · d · l' Masrubh•i Rajput our e 1vere 1 s ea mg JU gment on writ app 1and Another cation No. 1098 of 1954 and the application of the v. appellants herein (No. 1100 of 1954) was dismissed The State of with costs on the grounds given in the leading judgBombay and Others ment. The High Court held in effect that the holders of "Lal-liti" .lands were liable to payment of land S. [(.Das ]. revenue under s. 5 of the Abolition Act, read with the provisions of the Revenue Code, and the objections raised thereto, on their behalf were not legally valid. Having been unsuccessful in their application for a certificate under Article 133(1)(c) of the Constitution, the appellants applied for and obtained special leave from this Court on June 29, 195.5. They then preferred the present appeal. Learned counsel for the appellants has challenged the correctness of the decision of the High Court on various grounds. It will be convenient to take these one by one. The first point urged is that the relevant provisions of the Abolition Act do not apply to "Lal-liti" lands, which are not" taluqdari lands" within the meaning of the Abolition Act, and, therefore, no liability for payment of land revenue in respect of "Lal-liti" lands can arise under s. 5 thereof. At this stage, we must read the relevant provisions of the Abolition Act. The expressions " Taluqdari land" and "Taluqdari tenure" are defined in s. 2, clauses (3) and (4): Section 2: " (1) (IA) (2) .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... (3) ' Taluqdari land' means land forming part of a taluqdari estate and includes land forming part of such estate and held by a cadet of a taluqdar's family for the purpose of maintenance; (4) 'Taluqdari tenure' means land tenure on which the taluqdari land is held " Section 3 states: " With effect from the date on which this Act comes into force ' . ' - -- S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 399 (i) the taluqdari tenure shall wherever it prevails 1959 be deemed to have been abolished; Rathod Bkimjibhai (ii) save as expressly provided by or under the Masrubhai Rajput provisions of this Act, all the incidents of the said and Another tenure attaching to any land comprised in a taluqdari v. estate shall be deemed to have been extinguished." The state of Section 5, which is of great importance for the purBombay and Other& pose of this appeal, read as follows before it was s. K. Das J. amended in 1953. Section 5 (l) " Subject to the provisions of subsection (2), (a) all taluqdari lands are and shall be liable to the payment of land revenue in accordance with the provisions of the Code and the rules made thereunder, and (b) a taluqdar holding any taluqdari land' or a cadet of a taluqdari family any taluqdari land hereditarily for the purpose of maintenance immediately before the coming into force of this Act, shall be deemed to be an occupant within the meaning of the Code or any other law for the time being in force. (2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall be deemed to affect- ( a) the right of any person to hold any taluqdari land wholly or partially exempt from payment of land revenue under special contract or any law for the time being in force ; (b)' the right of any person to pay Jama under any agreement or settlement recognised under section 23 or under a declaration made under section 22 of the Taluqdars' Act so long as such agreement, settlement or declaration remains in force under the provisions of this Act." Now, the argument on behalf of the appellants has proceeded on the following lines ; learned counsel for. them has submitted that the expression " Tarluqdari land" is defined as land forming part of a taluqdari estate ; but the expression " taluqdari estate" is not defined, though the expression " Taluqdari tenure" is defined; therefore, taluqdari estate can only mean 400 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(2)) '959 such land or estate in which the taluqdar has some R th d -Bh" .. b' subsisting interest; but in "Lal-liti" lands, at least of a 0 im;i ,,., h B · · h 1 h 1 d · · Masrubhai Raj putt e prent1s ru e, t e ta uq ar retams no mterest and Another after the grant, and, therefore, " Lal-liti " land is not v. taluqdari land within the meaning of s. 5 of the The State 01 Abolition Act. We have now to consider the soundBon.ba;y and Others ness of this line of argument. s. K. Das J. In the High Court as also before us an attempt was made on behalf of the respondents to establish that the taluqdar retained a reversionary right to "Lalliti" lands in case the holder died without any heir. The High Court said rightly in our opinion, that on the materials placed before it, it could not be said that the respondents had established that position. The High Court then considered the meaning of the expression 'taluqdari estate' and said that it was used in a descriptive sense and was not equivalent to the expression ' Taluqdar's estate'. Said the High Court : " Therefore, the expression "Taluqdari estate" is a comprehensive expression including all lands which at one time belonged to the Taluqdar. In the eye of the Jaw, although the lands might have been alienated by the Taluqdar, they still form part of the estate. Therefore, the expression is more an expression indicating a particular tenure rather than a particular interest enjoyed by the Taluqdar. . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •.............. Therefore, if the lands, the subject-matter of the petition did at any time belong to the Taluqdar which he subsequently alienated, they would be covered by the definition in the Act of 1949, not withstanding the fact that when the Act was passed the Taluqdar had no interst in those lands." We are in agreement with the view thus expressed by the High Court. Having regard to the history of the "Lal-liti" lands to which we have earlier adverted and the provisions of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888, it is manifestly clear that "Lal-liti" lands are lands which form part of a taluqdari estate, even though no 'jama' was actually paid for such lands to the taluqdar or to Government. It is necessary to refer here • < • S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 401 toss. 4, 5 and 22 of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888. x959 Section 4 empowers the Government to direct a h . ..bk . f T 1 d . . Rat od Bhim;i ai revenue survey o a:ny a uq ar1 estate; sect1?n 5 Masrubhai Rajpul lays down what part10ulars the Settlement Registers and Anolher prepared by the Survey Officer in respect of a taluqv. dari estate shall contain. One of such particulars is The State of '.' the name and description an:d the nature and extent Bombay and Others of interest of every alienee and of every incumbrancer s. K. Das J. - of the estate or any portion thereof together with a specification of (i) the aggregate area over which such 1 interest extends; (ii) the amount and nature of rent or land revenue, if any, payable or receivable by such alienee and incumbrancer, etc.". It is not disputed before us, and the High Court has referred to it, that in the Settlement Registers prepared in respect of the two villages in question under s. 5 of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888, the.interest of the appellants in the "Lal-liti" lan~s held by them was shown as comprised within the Dhanduka Taluqdari estate. This clearly showed that these " Lal-liti " lands formed part of a taluqdari estate, apart altogether from the question what interest, if any, the taluqdar retained in them after the alienation. Section 22 of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888, also points the same way. It lays down how the " jama " of a taluqdar's estate is to be calculated : it says that the aggregate of the survey assessments of the lands composing such estate, minus such deduction, if any, as the Government shall in each case direct, shall be the" jama ". Along with their petition, the appellants filed an annexur@ marked " A " : that annexure, besides showing the lands of the appellants within a taluqdari estate, also showed the "Jama" payable for each plot of land. This again showed that whether the "jama" be actually paid or Mot, the " Lal-liti" lands held by the appellants formed part of a taluqdari estate. We accordingly hold that learned counsel for the appellants is not right ci in his contention that "Lal-liti " lands are not part of a taluqdari estate and, therefore, are not • taluqdari land8' within the meaning of the Abolition Act. Learned counsel for the appellants referred us to certE;in decisions of the Bombay High Court as to the 402 SUPREME COtrR'l' REPORTS [1960 (2)) r959 meaning of the expression" Taluqdar'sestate" ins. 31 - of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888, and conteiided that Rathod Bhimjibhai 't t t t h Id b h T I d T J d Masrubhai Rajput I mean an es a e e y t e a uq ar as a a uq ar and Another and on the same analogy, he urged that land forming v. part of a taluqdari estate must also mean land in which The State of the taluqdar has some interest as a taluqdar (Khoda Bombayand OthmBhai v. Ohaganlal( 1), Bichesbha Mansangji v. Vela • - Dhanji Patel (2) and Taluqdari Settlement Officer v. s.K.DasJ. Ohhagan Lal Dwarkadas(')). We do not think that those decisions are of any help to the appellants for the simple reason that the analogy does not apply; we are concerned here not with the meaning of the expression " taluqdar's estate " occurring in s. 31 of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888, but with the meaning of a different expression, viz. "taluqdari estate" in s. 2(3) of the Abolition Act. Moreover, in some of the decisions relied on by the learned counsel, it was recognised that there was a distinction between 'taluqdar's estate' and 'taluqdari estate.' We were also addressed at some length on the effect of the relinquishment of his land by the taluqdar in favour of the Collector (Nathuram Hiraram Thakur v. The Secretary of State for India(')) or the effect of an attachment of the village nnder s. 144 of the H,evenue Code on failure of the taluqdar to pay the assessment (Tulla Subharnm Pandya v. The Collector of Kaira (') ). We do not think that it is necessary in the present case to consider those questions. We now go to the second point urged on behalf of the appellants. This point was not urged before, nor considered by, the High Court in the writ application in which it gave its leading judgment. The appellants wished to urge the point in the High Court on their own application, but were told that if the decision of the High Court in Writ Application No. 1098 of 1954 was wrong, it could be corrected only by this Court. The argument on this point is based on s. 5(1) of the Abolition Act, which we have quoted earlier, and is in two parts: firstly, it is contended that if clauses (a) (1) (1907) g Born. L.R. 1122. (3) (1910) 12 Born. L.R. 903. (2) (1909) II Bom. L.R. 736. (4) (1929) 32 Born. L.R. 907. (5) (1918) 20 Born. L.R. 748. - = t • L ,; \ S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 403 and (b) of sub-section (1) of s. 5 are read together, the x959 only reasonable conclusio? is that clau.se (p.) is merely Rathod -;,;;mjibhai declaratory and clause (b) is the operative clause and Masrubhai Rajput according to that operative clause, the persons who and Another become liable for payment of land revenue are only v. two in number, namely, (1) a taluqdar holding any The State of taluqdari land and (2) a cadet of a, taluqdari family Bombay :._nd Others holding any taluqdari land with hereditary rights for s. K. Das l the purpose of maintenance immediately before the coming into force of the Abolition Act, and, therefore, the holder of " Lal-liti " lands, assuming them to be taluqdari lands, has no liability under s. 5(1); secondly, it is contended that even if clauses (a) and (b) of subsection (1) of s. 5 are read distributively, the holder of "Lal-liti" lands has still no liability, because cl. (a) mak(ls taluqdari lands liable to the payment of land revenue in accordance with the provisions of the Revenue Code and there is no provision in that Code under which a "Lal-liti" holder can be made liable to the payment of land revenue. We take the first part of the argument first. How should we read clauses (a) and (b) of sub-section (1) of s. 5 of the Abolition Act? Learned counsel for the appellants states that if clause (a) is also read as a clamie which operates to charge all taluqdari lands with liability for payment of land revenue, then clause (b) becomes a wholly unnecessary surplusage. On the other hand, learned counsel for the respondents points out that if the intention was to fasten liability on two categories of persons only, taluqdars and cadets, then clause (a) was really unnecessary. We • think that both the clauses have a meaning and purpose. Clause (a) makes all taluqdari lands liable to the payment of land revenue in accordance with the provisions of the Revenue Code. Section 3 of the Abolition Act abolishes taluqdari tenure and extinguishes all its incidents. If there was only abolition of taluqdari tenures without anything more, there would have been a void. Obviously enough, it was necessary to say what would happen to taluqdari lands after abolition of the taluqdari tenure. Therefore, clause (a) states that all taluqdari land!? shall be liabli;i 404 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] z959 to the payment of land revenue in accordance with the R h d Bh ... bh .provisions of the Revenue Code. \Vhat then is the at o 'mJ• ai • f 1 (b) ? It . d . . . b Masrubhai Rajput meanmg o c a use . JS a eemmg prov1s10n y and Another which the taluqdar and his cadet shall be deemed to v. be an occupant within the meaining of the Revenue The Staie of Code; and 'occupant ' under the Revenue Code means Bombay and Others. a holder in actual possession of unalienated land '. . The word ' alienated' has also a special meaning in the S. K. Dos]. R C d . " d . £ h evenue o e ; 1t means 'transierre m so ar as t e rights of Government to payment of rent or land revenue are concerned, wholly or partially, to the ownership of any person '. Clause (b) merely clarifies the position of the taluqdar and his cadet under the Abolition Act; it does not in any way derogate from clause (a); nor does it cut down the width of amplitude of clause (a). We are of the view that clauses (a) and (b) should be read together, but not in the sense suggested by the learned counsel for the appellants. Clause (b) clarifies the position as respects two categories of persons; but that does not mean that if a third category of persons properly come under clause (a), they will not be liable to payment of land revenue on a specious and unwarranted assumption that clause '(b) as the operating clause cuts down the amplitude of clause (a). The true view is. that clause (a) is a general provision and applies the Revenue Code to all taluqdari lands, while clause (b) is a particular deeming provision with regard to the taluqdar and his cadet. Now, as to the second part of the argument. It is necessary to read here s. 136(1) of the Revenue Code: "Section 136 (1): In the case of unalieriated land the occupant, and in the case of alienated land or taluqdari land, the superior holder, shall be primarily liable to the State Government for the payment of the land revenue, including all arrears of land revenue, due in respect of tlie land. Joint occupants and joint holders who are primarily liable under this section shall be jointly and severally liable." The question is if the holder of "Lal.liti" lands is, after the Abolition Act1 an occupant of unalienated ' I ( - , .. S.O.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 405 laud within the meaning of s. 136 ; if he is, then he is :r959 liable to the payment of land revenue under s. 5(l)(a) R thod ~mjibhai of the Abolition Act read with s. 136 of the Revenue :asrubhai Rajput Code. In dealing with this question, which has caused and Another us some anxiety, we must remember the meaning of v. the expressions 'occupant' and 'alienated' used in The State of C d b h If f h Bombay and Others the Revenue o e. The argument on e a o t e _ appellants is that a " Lal-Ii ti" holder is not an occupant s. K. Das J. of unalienated land; the respondents contei1d that he is, after the enforcement of the Abolition Act. On a careful consideration of the question we have come to the conclusion that the contention of the respondents is correct. - In respect of "Lal-liti " lands, Government made no separate settlement with the holder of such lands; the settlement was made with the taluqdar, within which settlement " Lal-liti " lands were included. The right of Government to payment of land revenue was never transferred to the holder of "Lal-liti " lands though it is true that some of the taluqdars got a deduction under s. 22 of the Gujrat Taluqdars' Act, 1888, for the "Lal-liti" lands. We have been addressed at some length as to what was the position of taluqdars and " Lal-liti " holders previous to the Abolition Act. On beha.If of the respondents it has been submitted that one characteristic of the taluqdari tenure was that the taluqdari estate was neither alienated nor unalienated . within the meaning of the Revenue Code; because the taluqdars were not grantees of the British but enjoyed proprietary rights in their estates even before the advent of British rule. As to "Lal-liti" lands, they were not generally taken into account at the time of calculating the " jama " payable by the taluqdars to Government; and as a result, they were not covered by the Settlement guarantee operating in favour of the taluqdar. Therefore, so the argument on behalf of the respondents has proceeded, holders of "Lal-liti" lands became liable to payment of full assesf!ment on the footing that they became occupants 52 • 406 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2) r959 of unalienated land, with effect from the date on which R h d B'. "bh . the Abolition Act came into force. Learned counsel at o rtim]i ai .c h d . Masrubhai llajput