# DALBIR SINGH & ORS v. STATE OF PUNJAB - **Citation:** [1979] 3 S.C.R. 1059 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1979-05-04 - **Case number:** Criminal Appeal No. 12 of 1979 - **Bench:** V. R. Krishna Iyer, D. A. Desai, A. P. Sen - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/dalbir-singh-ors-v-state-of-punjab-7738 - **Pages:** 19 ## Headnote Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), S. 302 & Criminal Procedure Code 1973 '(2 of 1974), S. 354(3)-lmposition of death penalty-Court enjoined with -duty to record 'special reasons for awarding extren1e penalty-NaJure of the -crime whether the sole determinant of the punishment. A Constitution of India 1950, Art. 141-Binding nature of Precedents-lngreC .dients of a decision-Explained-Ratio decidendi-Definition of. There was 0t dispute between the appellants and the complainant's party ,over the 'turns of water' for irrigation of their agricultural ]ands. The dispute was settled by a patchwork mediation but it was of no avail. On the fate 4 fol day, the complla·inant's party were making merry with alcohol in the house .of the prosecution witness when the 3rd appeHant joined them. His unwelD ,come presence resulted in frayed tempers, and beatings of the 3rd appellant. The latter, bent on reprisal for the flagellation and humilation, waited till sundown and returned armed with friends and weapons. He ignited the attack 'by instigation and the 1st and 2nd appe1lants fired with their guns as a result of wluch 3 members of the complainants' party died on the spot. At this ·situation, PW 14 brought out his licensed gun from his house, and thereupon both sides started firing and a number of _persons sustained gun shot injuries K on their person. In the midst of this firing, the lamPardar of the villtage .appeared on the scene and made an attempt to pacify both the sides, but he -also received gun shot injuries as a result of which he died two days later. A fourth person made a dying declaration thtat he had been shot by the appel- ·1ants. The Sessions Court held the appellants guilty under Section 302 I.P.C. F and sentenced them to death, and the High Court on appeal confirmed the ·sentence. Allowing the appeal to this court, HELD: [Per Krishna Iyer & Desai, JJ.] 1. Death sentence on death sentence is Parliament's function. Interpretative G ·non-application of death sentence when legislative !alternatives exist is within judicial discretion. [1065B] 2. The dignity of man, a sublinle value of the Constitution and the heart of. penelogical humanisation, may find expression through culturisation· of the ·judicial art of interpretation and choice from la:lternatives. If the Court '!U!ra Prasad's case. [1074-E] . (i) In the minority opinion the need for judicial restraint was emphasised and, the duty to avoid encrotJ.chment on the powers conferred upon Parliament. The assessment of public opinion on this difficult and complex question was essentia1ly a legislative, not a judicial, function. [1074E] (ii) Buttressed by the belief that Capital punishment served no useful purpose, the majority, asserted that it was morally Unacceptt1 .. ble to the coritemporary society and found it shocking to their conscience and sense of justice. The deliberate extinguishment of human life by the State for an offe1:1ce of murder, was a· denial of human dignity and the death penalty was usually inflicted only on a few, i.e. the poor and downtrodden who are outcasts A B of a society, which led to the irresistible inference that the punishment was e not foir!y applied. [1074F] (iii) This may be 'progressive' stance which is out of place in a judicial pronouncement, which ought to be based on the fucts and circumstances of the case and the law applicable. But the professed view does not stem from a firm belief in dignity of human life for the death penalty is advocated for certain classes of offenders, namely (1) white collar offenders, (2) anti-social D offenders and (3) h+ardened murderers. This shows that the majority was not against the capital punishment in principle. [1074G-1075A] (iv) On the facts, the n1ajority commuted the sentence sentence of imprisonment for life, and the decision cannot, construed as laying down a ratio decidendi. [107~B] of death to a therefore, be 10. The majority decision tested in the light of the theory of precedents clearly does not Jay down tlny legal principle applied to any legal problem' disclosed by the facts and, therefore, the majority decision cannot be, said to have 'declared" any law' within the meaning of Art. 141 so as to bind all courts in the country. General observations ~ade in the context of sentencing jurispruden~e wi11 have to be regarded as the view of the Judge/ Judges concerned-and not 'law declared by this court' under Art. 141 of the Constitution. Any attempt to limit or circumscribe the connotation of 'special reasons' mentioned in s. 354(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure by indulging in classification of murders such as white collar offences and nonwhite collar offences or Jaying down so-called guidelineS for imposition of the extreme penalty, would tl·mount to unwarranted abridgement of' the discretion legti.Uy vested in the trial court and constitutionally upheld by this Court. [!075C-DJ 11. If the general observations on sentencing jurisprudence made in -Rajendra Prasad's case are to be regarded as 'law declared by this Court' Within the meaning of Art. 141 so, as to bind all courts in the country, then the observation or the so-called guidelines to the effect "'special reasons' neces~ sary for imposing death penalty must relate, not to the crime as such but to the Criminal" occurring in the majority judgment, it must be stated, would be UD\varranted and contrarv to s. 302 Of the Tnrli~T"! P"'nal Code read with s. 354(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. [1075E-FJ E F G R A B 1064 SUPREJ\tE COURT REPORTS [1979] 3 s.c~R. 12. S. 302 of the I.P.C. gives a choice while s. 354(3) of the Code merely requires 'special reasons' to be indicated for .i~posing the death penalty. Nothing is stated whether the 'special reasons' should relate· to the .criminal or the' crinle. In the \i:bsence of ally specific indication in that behalf "special reasons' would relate both to the crime and the crinlinal. Previously, perhaps, more attention was being paid to the nature, gravity and · the manner of committing the ·crime, though extenuating factors concerning the criminal, his age, criminal tendencies etc. wer~ not ignored. [1075G] 13. In the majority judgment in Rajendra Prasad's case nothing new has been said except that more emphasis on factors concerning the criminal is indicated._ But in the great enthusiasm for doing so, the pendulum has swung to the other extreme and the guideline given is that the 'special reasons' must relate "not to the Crime aS such·. but to the criminal," for which there is no C . "Urrant in s. 354(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure .. [1075H-1076A) 14. The obsession to get the death penalty abolished from the Statute Book i.e. Indian ~enal Code 1860 is -so great·that an interdict against it is- ,surprisingly spelt out from the Constitution itSelf because right to life bas been regarded as 'very valuable, sacrosanct and fundamental' therein, though in lagmohan Singh's case {(1973) 1 S.C.C. 20] a constitution bench of this D Court unanimously held -that the death penalty' and the judicial discretion vested in the Court regarding its ,imposition on an accused are constitutiorrolly valid. [I076B-C] E 15. So long as the extreme penalty is retained on the Statute Book, it would be impermissible for any Jlldge to advocate its abolition in judicial pronouncements. The forum for that is elsewhere. [1076D] (a) In the instant case it ronnot be said that the award of death sentence to any of the two appellants, was not proper or uncalled for. Though the dispute _was over 1he 'turns of water,' that would hardly furnish any justifica· tion _for the commission of the pre-planned triple murder. The dastardly· act Of the tlppellants resulted in the loss of three precious lives. These were nothing but intentional, cold-blooded and brutal murders. (1077A. E] · F, (b) The High Court was justified in confirming the death .entence passed "-"-under s. 368(a) of the Code, being satisfied that there were "Special reasons" v.rithin the meaning of s. 354, sub-s. (3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973. :uo11A1 G (c) On· the facts and circumstances of the case, the award . of death sentence t0 the two appellants who w~re trigger happy gentlemen was neither 'erroneous in principle' nor was 'arbitrary or· excessive', or 'indicatiVe Of an improper exercise of discretion', and is: well merited. [1077G] - CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Criminal Appeal No. 12 of 1979. B Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 6th October, 1978 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Ct:iminal Appeal No. 735 of 1978 and Murder Reference' No. 6/78. y .,... ' • • • .; • • DALBIR SINGH v. PUNJAB (Krishna Iyer, J.) Frank Anthony and Sushi! Kumar for the Appellants. R. S. Sondhi and Hardev Singh for the Respondent. 1065 The Judgment of V. R. Krishna Iyer and D. A. Desai, JJ. was delivered by Krishna Iyer, J. A. P. Sen, J. gave a dissenting Opinion. KRISHNA IYER, J.-Death sentence on death sentence is Parliament's function. Interpretative non-application of death sentence when legislative alternatives exist is within judicial jurisdiction. The onerous option to spare the lives of the appellants to be spent in prison or to hand them over to the hangman to be jettisoned out of terrestrial life into "the undiscovered country from whose boum no traveller returns" is the crucial function this Court has to exercise in the present appeal. Sir Winston Churchill, in his oft-quoted observation, said : "The mood and temper of the public with regard to the treatment of crime and criminals is one of the m0St unfailing tests of the civilization of any country." ( ') Without academic aura and maukish sentimentalism the court bas to rise to principled pragmatism in the choice of the penal strategy provided by the Penal Code. The level of culture is not an irrelevant factor in the punitive exercise. So we must be forwamed against deeply embedded sadism in some sectors of the community, demanding retributive death penalty disguised as criminal justice-a trigger-happy pathology curable only by human rights literacy. But the dignity of man, a sublime value of our Constitution and the heart of penological hurnanisatior,, may find expression through culturisation of the judicial art of interpretation and choice from alternatives. If the court reads the text of s. 302 Penal Code, enlightened by the fundamental right to life which the Father of Nation and the(') founding fathers of the Constitution made manifest, the judicial oath to uphold the Constitution will unfold profound implications beyond lip service to Form VIII of the Third Schedule and thls lofty obligation and cultural-constitutional behest validates our exploration of the meaning of meanings wrapped in the uncharted either/or of the text of s. 302 I.P.C. It is right to state, to set the record straight, that this Court has in Rajendra Prasad's case(')., exposed the disutility and counter·-culture of an obsolescent obsession with crime as distinguished from crime-doer and the sentencing distortion that develops almost into a paranoid preoccupation with death dealing severity as the saviour of society in the land of the (1) S'n~ and Prob•tion, National College of the Ste.te Judickry Reno, Neveda p.68. ' (2) Acharya Kripalani and the Lok Na yak have condemned death penalty publicly (3) [1979] 3 S. C.R. 78. 12-409 SCl/79 A B c D E F G H A ll c D H I 066 SllPREME COURT REPORTS (1979] 3 S.C.R. Buddha and the Mahatma and in a world where humanity has protested against barbaric executions by State a~encies even with forell6ic 'rites' Courts read the Code, not in judicial cloisters but in the light of societal ethos. Nor does the humanism of our Constitution ho!irucally viewed subscribe to the hysterical assumption or facile illusion that a crime-free society will dawn if hangman and firing squads were kept feversishly busy. We may remind the intractable rctentionists that the British Royal Commission, after studying statistics from six abolitionist counlries, namely, Switzerland, Belgium. The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Denmark, observed : "The evidence that we ourselves received in these countries was to the effect that released murderers who commit further crimes of violence are rare. and those who become useful citizens are common.'' No Indian is innocent of the insightful observations of the Father of the Nation over 40 years ago in the Harijan : "I do regard death sentence as contrary to ahimsa. Only he taks life who gives it. All punishment is repugnant to ahimsa. Under a state governed according to the principles of ahimsa, therefore, a murderer would be sent to a penitentiary ~ad there given every chance of reforming himself. All crime 1s a kind of disease and should be treated as such."( 1) With this exordial exercise we may get back to the macabre episode in this appeal which has blown up into four murders, typical of the syndrome of village violence triggered off by tremendous trifles when viewed in retrospect. When a psychic stress, left to smoulder and flame up, is fuelled by factions a'nd firearms, social irritants and economic discontents, ubiquitous in rural India, it suddenly flares as showdowns and shootings, taking many precious lives in haywire fury. The solution for explosive tensions and return to tranquility is curing the inner man through proven mcditational, mental-moral neural technology, cli1uination of social provocation and economic injustice and of addiction to inebriants which dement the consumer. Timely vigilance of policing agencies to nip in the bud burgeoning confrontations and prompt and potent enforcement of the Arms Act the failure to do which makes weapons freely available also account for escalating violence. The social autospsy of murders is more significant than the medical post-mortem of cadavers or the forensic close-up of crime after it has occurred. The escapation of violence cannot be arrested (I) Harijan, March 19, 1937 • • ., . " • DALBIR SINGH v. PUNJAB (Krishna Iyer, J.) I 067 by inert police presence going into action after tragic clashes, but only by a holistic ministering to the inner man as well as collective consciousness. It is obvious, yet obscure, that a crime-firee society is beyond the gift of severe judges or heavy-handed policemen. And the myopic view that public executions backed by judicial sentenc~ will perform the funeral of all criminals and scare away potential offenders is a die-hard superstition of sociologically and psychologically illiterate legalism which sacrifices cultural values, conveniently turns away from the history of the futility of capital penalty over the ages and unconsciously violates the blobal reality that half the world has given up death penalty de jure or de facto, without added calamity. and the other half is being educated out of this State-practised lethal violence by powerful human rights movements at once secular and spiritual. These observations, not meant to be polemical or pontifical, gain functional relevance as we proceed to narrate the minimal facts, as found by the High Court, since we l:tave set our face against reopening cvidcntiary re-appreciation after concurrent findings have already been rendered by the court's below. Punjab villagers are good agriculturists and know the value of water for golden harvests. The scene of the four murders, the victims and the villians, the main witnesses to the case and the prosecution scenario take us to the village Sarhali Mandan in Amritsar District which has irrigation facilities and consequent irritation potential. A new scheme, regulating the turns for taking irrigation water, was introduced, about the time of occurrence which affected thei accused and benefitted Kapur Singh, a leading prosecution witness. Tilis switch in irrigationed turns sparked off friction. Had it been wholesomely resolved by imaginative official handling this murder, perhaps, could have been obviated. Many ,..--iuurders in the Punjab have been caused by social bungling regarding ~' turns of water which tragically convert the passion for production of the farmer into passion for removal of the obstructor by murder. Governments have some times been deaf and dumb about this etiology. A stitch in time savc·s nine, is good criminology. • Away, the dispute on the turn of water between the two was settled by a patchwork mediation which did not finally extinguish the fires of fury earlier ignited. For a group, mainly of proseicution witnesses, was making merry with alcohol in the afternoon of October 13 1977 at the ' ' house of Karaj Singh, a prosecution witness, when one of the appellants, Jarnail Singh went in. His unwelcome presence resulted in fraved tempers, heated tantrums and beating of the 3rd appellant. The latter, bent on reprisal for the flagellation and humiliation, waited till sundown A B c D E F G " A B c D E F G H 1068 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 3 S.C.R. and returned armed with friends and weapons from outside. Abuses were the provocative invitation for the fracas. The tipsy response broi;ght the opposite party out. Jarnail Singh, the 3rd appellant, who was the victim of the earlier beating, ignited the attack by instigation and his party went into violent action. Guns boomed, dangs, dived, three men and later a fourth,. fell dead and the curtain was drawn after the catastrophe was complete. Probably, the accused party was also drunk. And alcohol makes men beside themselves and buries sanity. The role of intoxicating drinks and drugs in aggressive behaviour and explosive crime bas not been the subject of sufficient criminological research in the country. Jmpres- ~ionistically speaking, half of violent crime., explosive sex and reckless driving, has its 'kick' in alcohol and the gains of 'prohibition' have new dimensions. That apart, in the case on hand, the High Court analysed the evidence, liberaliy applied the rule of benefit of doubt and climaxed its judgments with sentences of death and imprisonment for life on the various accused who were eventually held gnilty. We are concerned only with those who received capital penalty, and the court expressed itself thus on this momentous issue of death sentence : As both Dalbir Singh and Kulwant Singh, accused, fired at Jagir Singh, Sardul Si'ngh and Piara Singh who were absolutely unarmed recklessly and without provocation of any kind, the sentence of death awarded to each of them by the learned Additional Sessions Judge is also hereby affirmed." We propose to deal only with this punitive crisis limited to its lethal aspect. The judgment under appeal is a hint of the judicial confusion even i'n this grave area of death penalty. True, the jurisprudence of sentencing in Free India bas been a Cinderella and the values of our Constitution have not adequately humanized the punitive diagnostics of criminal courts, which sometimes, though rarely, remined us of the torturesome and trigger-happy aberrations of the Middle Ages and some gory geographic segments, soaked in retributive blood and untouched by the correctional karuna of our constitutional culture. But after Ediga Annama's case('), the law of punishment under s. 302 I.P.C. has been largely settled by this Court and the High Courts are bound thereby. Rajendra Prasad's case (supra) and Blshnu Deo Shaw's(') case, have indubitably laid down the normative cynosure (I) [1974] 4 s. c. c. 443 (2) [19791 3 S. C.R. 355 • ..... DALBIR SINGH v. PUNJAB (Krishna Iyer, J.) I 069 '"-, ~ and until over-ruled by a larger bench of this court that is the Jaw of the land under Art. 141. To discard it is to disobey the Constitution and such subversiveness of the rule of law, in a crucial area of life and death, will spell judicial disorder. One thing is clear. Counting the casualties is not the main criterion for sentencing to death; nor recklessness in the act of murder. The sole focus on the crime and > • the . total farewell to the criminal and his social-personal circurns- "' lances mutilate sentenci'ng justice. We express ourselves in this ex- / p!icit fashion since the deep-rooted Rai criminological prejudices 5tiJl '"" . haunt Free India's courts and govern our mentations from the grave. ''f -To-day, the law is what Raiendra Prasad (supra), in its majority judgr ~ -~ ~ • ment, has laid down and that has been done at unmistakable length, Willy-nilly, that binds judges and parties alike. The problem in the present case, going by those canons, is easy of resolution. Death sentence in this case is indefensible. We can surely understand how the courts below have fallen into this fatal error. The forensic exercise at the sentencing stage, despite the purposeful s. 235 (2) Cr.P.C., has been a functional failure because of the casual way the punishment factors are dealt with, as if the nature of the crime was the sole determinant of the punishment. We have explained in Rajendra Prasad'.' case how the prosecution must make out, by special factors, why the graver penalty should be i'nllicted. Evidence may be led and arguments addressed by both sides, but in practice '· 235 (2) has been frustratingly ritualised. Nor do we think that the court's attention been drawn to Ediga Annamma's case. The two recent decisions of this Court could not have been within the ken of the Court because they were delivered later. Be that as it may, one has only to read the ratio in these three cases side by side with facts of the present case to hold that death penalty is unmerited. Here, the earlier provocation came from the deceased's side by beating up Appellant No. 3. The parties, including the prosecution group, were tipsy. There had been antecedent irrigation irritation between them. There was no preplanned, welllaid attack, hell-bent on liquidating the enemy. A quarrel over turn of water; a pacification pro tempore; an afternoon exuberance with jocose and bellicose potions, beating up one appellant leading to a reprisal vi et armis. In Raiendra Prasad's case (supra) the court, in its majority judgement, observed : "It is not the number of deaths caused nor the situs of the stabs that is telling on that decision to validate the nonA . B c D E F G II A B c D E F G H 1070 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1979] 3 S.C.R. application of i!s ratio. It is a mechanistic art which courts the cadavers to sharpen the sentence oblivious of other crucial criteria shaping a dynamic, realistic policy of punishment. Three deaths are regrettable, indeed terrible. But it is no social solution to add one more life lost to the list. In this view, we are satisfied that the appellant has not received reasonable consideration on the question of the appropriate sentence. The criteria we have laid down are clear enough to point to the softening of the sentence to one of life imprisonment. A family feud, an altercation, a sudden passion, although attended with extra-ordinary cruelty, young and malleable age, reasonable prospect of reformation and absence of any conclusive circumstances that the assailant is a habitual murderer or given to chronic violence-these catena of circumstances bearing on the offender call for the lesser sentence. 1 ' The olher criteria have been set out at some length in the same judgment and, going by them, there is hardly any warrant for judicial extinguishment of two precious Indian lives. Section 302 of the Penal Code, read with Section 354(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, demands special reasons for awarding the graver sentence, and to borrow the reasoning in Rajendra Prasad's case. " 'Special reasons' necessary for imposing death penalty mu•t relate, not to the crime as such but to the criminal. The crime may be shocking and yet the criminal may not dererve death penalty. The crime may be less shocking than other murders and yet the callous criminal, e.g. a lethal \ economic offender, may be jeopardizing societal existence by his act of murder. Likewise, a hardened murderer or dacoit or armed robber who kills and relishes killing and raping and murdering to such an extent that he is beyond rehabilitation within a reasonable period according to current psycho-therapy or curative techniques may deserve the terminal sentence. Society survives by security for ordi- · nary life. If officers enjoined to defend the peace an; treacherously killed to facilitate perpetuation of murderous and often plunderous crimes social justice steps in to demand penalty dependent on the totality of circumstances." • • ... '. • • DAI.BIR SINGH v. PUNJAB (Krishna Iyer, J.} I 071 We sec no need to expand on the narrow survival of death sentence in our Code confined to those exceptional situations explained in Rajendra Prasad's case. It is heartening, though unheeded that the framers of the Code themselves stated : "We are convinced that the Death penalty shou:d be very sparingly inflicted. To a great majority of mankind nothing is so dear as life."(') Death sentence on death sentence is the upsurge of world opinion and Indian cultural expression. In Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata, Prince Satyavana in the discussion on the capital penalty says : "Destruction of the individual by the king can never be a virtuous act. By killing the wrong-doer the ki'ng kills a large number of innocent persons, wife, father, mother and children arc killed. A wicked person is seen to imbibe good conduct from a pious person. Good children spring from wicked persons. The extermination of the wicked is 'not in consonance with eternal law."(') while such unanimity in sublimity may not, by itself, repeal the ' ~ legislated text, judicial dispensers do not behave like cavemen but hreathe the fresh air of finer culture. • ' The sentences of death in the prese'nt appeal are liable to be reduced to life imprisonment. We may add a footnote to the ruling in Rajendra Prasad's case. Taking the cue from the English legislation on abolition, we may suggest that life imprisonment which strictly means imprisonment for the whole of the man's life, but in practice amounts to incarceration for a period between 10 and 14 years may, at the option of the convicting court, be subject to the condition that the sentence of imprisonment shall last as long as life lasts where there are exceptional indications of murderous recidivism and the community cannot run the risk of tbe convict being at large. This takes care of judicial apprehensions that unless physically liquidated the culprit may at some remote time repeat murder. Another sombre fact of history, not often stressed in court sentences save by judges like Douglas and Thurgod Marshall, is that the gallows &wallow, in most cases, the social dissenter, the political (I) inclla11 Penal Code-Object., and reasons. (2) Chapter 13, Shanti Parva, Mahabharata, translated by Shri K. G. Subrahman· yam, Advocate in "Can The State kill its Citizens" Pub. by ML. J. O!lkc, Madras. A B c D F G H A B c D E F G H 1072 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1979] 3 S.C.R. protester, the poor and the under-privileged, the member of minority groups or oue who has turned tough because of broken homes, parental neglect or other undeserved adversities of childhood or later. And a sobering thought which eminent judge and jurist M. C. Chagla told the country over the national T.V. the other day judicial error leading to innocent men being executed in not too recondite a reality. Evidence in court and assessments by judges have human limitations. It is worth recalling that a Full Bench of the Madras High Court in Athapa Goundan's case (AIR 1937 Mad. 695) sentenced him to death. He was duly executed as also several others on the ratio of that ruling. This Full Bench decision was, however, over-ruled 10 years later by the Privy Council in 1947 P.C. 67. Had it been done before Goundan was gallowed many judicial hangings could have been hailed. But dead men tell no tales and judicial 'guilt' has no temporal punishment. Parenthetically, it may be right to observe, before we conclude, tliat modem neurology has unrevelled through research the traumatic truth that agressive behaviour, even brutal murder, may in all but not negligible cases be traced to brain tumour. In such cases cerebral surgery, not hanging until he is dead, is th~ rational recipe. This factor is relevant to conviction for crime, but more relevant to the irrevocable sentence of death. We allow the appeal in regard to appellants Nos. One and Two and reduce their death sentence to one of life imprisonment. SEN, J.--I do not see, any reason to differ from the view expressed by me in my dissenting opinion in Rajendra Prasad's case('). I sfill adhere to the view that it is not within the province of this Court while dealing \vith an appeal ccmfined to sentence under Art. 136, to curtail the scope of death sentence under s. 302 I.P.C., 1860, nor is it constitutionally or legally permissible for this Court while hearing such an appeal to Jay down that on grounds of compassion and humanism the sentence of death on a conviction for murder under s. 302, as a rule of universal application, be substituted by a sentence of imprisonment for life, irrespective of the gravity of the crime and the surrounding circumstances i.e., virtually abolish the extreme penalty. The question of abolition Of capital punishment is a difficult and controversial subject, long and hotly debated and it has evoked during the past two centuries strong conflicting views, as was pointed out by me in Rajendra Prasad's case (supra). The question whether {l) (1979]3 S.C. R. 78. • • • DALB!R SINGH v. PUNJAB (Sen, J.) 1073 A', the scope of death sentence should be curtailed or not is for the Parliament to decide.