# DEEPAK PAHWA ETC v. LT. GOVERNER OF DELHI AND ORS - **Citation:** [1985] 1 S.C.R. 588 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1984-08-22 - **Bench:** 0. Ch!Nnappa Reddy, A.P. Sen, E.S. Venkataramiah - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/deepak-pahwa-etc-v-lt-governer-of-delhi-and-ors-8704 - **Pages:** 10 ## Headnote Land Acquisition Act, 1894 : (i) Section 4(1)-Requirements of-Wiren satisfied-Whether conte1np!ates giving public notice of substance of notification in the locality sim1dtaneously wUh pub/icat:on of notification in Official Gazette-Whether delay in giving pubUc notice makes notification invalid. Held-Public notice must be contemporaneous though not si1nultaneous-Contemporaneity Involves gap of time -But not long gap-In case of large gap further probe necessary. (ii) Section 5~A-Interpretation of-Expression 'the issue of the notification' signifies completion of twin process of publication of notification and giving public notice in the' locality. The period of 30 days to be reckoned from date of publication of notification or date of giving public notice which~ver is later. E (iii) Section 17(4)-Whether mere pre-notificatz'on delay renders invocati'on F G H of urgency pro1Jisions of s. 17(4) void. A combined notification under ss.4 and 17 and a declaration under s. 6 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 which were published in the Official Gazette in regard to the acquisition of certain lands were challenged in a wfit petition before the High Court on two grounds : ( 1) that there was delay of 29 days in giving public notice of the substance of notification in the locality after the publication of the notification under s. 4 in the Gazette and that delay was fatal to the notification itself, and (2) that since the matter was under correspondence between various departments of the Government for nearly eight years before the notification and the declaration were published in the Gazette, that showed that there was no urgency necessitating invocation of s. 17(4) of the Act to dispense with the enquiry under s. 5-A. The High Court dismissed the writ petition in limine. The present special leave petitioa.s were directed against dismissal of the writ petition. Dismissing the special leaye petitions, HELD ; Section 4( I) of the Land Acquisition Act does not pres• • • • .. 't • . . i>EEi>Ai .t>Ailw.i. v. i.1. GOVERNER cribe that public notice of the substance of the notification should be given in the locality simultaneously with the publication of the notification in the Official Gazetter or immediately thereafter. Publication in the Official Gazette and public notice in the locality are two vital steps required to be taken under s. 4(1) before proceeding to take the next step of entering upon the land under s. 4(2). Tfle time factor is not the vital element of s. 4( t) and there is no warrant for reading the words 'simultaneously' or 'immediately thereafter' into s. 4(1). But since the steps contemplated bys. 4(2) cannot be undertaken unloss publication is made and public notice given as contemplated bys. 4(1), it ~s implicit that the publication and the public notice must be contemporaneous though not simultaneous or immediately after one another. Naturally contemporaneity may involve a gap of time and by the very nature of the things, the publication in the Official Gazette and the public notfce in the locality must necessarily be separated by a gap of time. This does not mean that the publication and the public notice may be separated by a Jong interval of time. What is necessary, is that the continuity of action should not appear to be broken by a deep gap. If there is publication in the aazette and if there is public notice in the locali~y, the requirements of s. 4(1) must be held to be satisfied unless the two are unlinked from each other by a gap of time so large as 1nay lead one to the prima facie conclusion of lack of bona fides in the procecidiags for acquisition. If the notification and the public notice are separated by such a large gap of time it may become necessary to probe further to discover if there is any cause for the delay and that if the" detaY has caused pre-judice to any one. [S92B-H and 593 A-B] The submission that if the publication of the notification in the Gazette is not immediately followed by public no ## Text A 8 c D DEEPAK PAHWA ETC. v. LT. GOVERNER OF DELHI AND ORS. August 22, 1984 [0. CH!NNAPPA REDDY, A.P. SEN AND E.S. VENKATARAMIAH, JJ.] Land Acquisition Act, 1894 : (i) Section 4(1)-Requirements of-Wiren satisfied-Whether conte1np!ates giving public notice of substance of notification in the locality sim1dtaneously wUh pub/icat:on of notification in Official Gazette-Whether delay in giving pubUc notice makes notification invalid. Held-Public notice must be contemporaneous though not si1nultaneous-Contemporaneity Involves gap of time -But not long gap-In case of large gap further probe necessary. (ii) Section 5~A-Interpretation of-Expression 'the issue of the notification' signifies completion of twin process of publication of notification and giving public notice in the' locality. The period of 30 days to be reckoned from date of publication of notification or date of giving public notice which~ver is later. E (iii) Section 17(4)-Whether mere pre-notificatz'on delay renders invocati'on F G H of urgency pro1Jisions of s. 17(4) void. A combined notification under ss.4 and 17 and a declaration under s. 6 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 which were published in the Official Gazette in regard to the acquisition of certain lands were challenged in a wfit petition before the High Court on two grounds : ( 1) that there was delay of 29 days in giving public notice of the substance of notification in the locality after the publication of the notification under s. 4 in the Gazette and that delay was fatal to the notification itself, and (2) that since the matter was under correspondence between various departments of the Government for nearly eight years before the notification and the declaration were published in the Gazette, that showed that there was no urgency necessitating invocation of s. 17(4) of the Act to dispense with the enquiry under s. 5-A. The High Court dismissed the writ petition in limine. The present special leave petitioa.s were directed against dismissal of the writ petition. Dismissing the special leaye petitions, HELD ; Section 4( I) of the Land Acquisition Act does not pres• • • • .. 't • . . i>EEi>Ai .t>Ailw.i. v. i.1. GOVERNER cribe that public notice of the substance of the notification should be given in the locality simultaneously with the publication of the notification in the Official Gazetter or immediately thereafter. Publication in the Official Gazette and public notice in the locality are two vital steps required to be taken under s. 4(1) before proceeding to take the next step of entering upon the land under s. 4(2). Tfle time factor is not the vital element of s. 4( t) and there is no warrant for reading the words 'simultaneously' or 'immediately thereafter' into s. 4(1). But since the steps contemplated bys. 4(2) cannot be undertaken unloss publication is made and public notice given as contemplated bys. 4(1), it ~s implicit that the publication and the public notice must be contemporaneous though not simultaneous or immediately after one another. Naturally contemporaneity may involve a gap of time and by the very nature of the things, the publication in the Official Gazette and the public notfce in the locality must necessarily be separated by a gap of time. This does not mean that the publication and the public notice may be separated by a Jong interval of time. What is necessary, is that the continuity of action should not appear to be broken by a deep gap. If there is publication in the aazette and if there is public notice in the locali~y, the requirements of s. 4(1) must be held to be satisfied unless the two are unlinked from each other by a gap of time so large as 1nay lead one to the prima facie conclusion of lack of bona fides in the procecidiags for acquisition. If the notification and the public notice are separated by such a large gap of time it may become necessary to probe further to discover if there is any cause for the delay and that if the" detaY has caused pre-judice to any one. [S92B-H and 593 A-B] The submission that if the publication of the notification in the Gazette is not immediately followed by public notice in the locality, it may lead to a denial to the person interested of an opportunity to object to the acquisition under s. 5-A, has no force. Section 5-A provides that any person interested in any land which has been notified under s. 4(1) may object to the acquisition of the land or of any land in the locality within 30 days after the issue of the notification. The section does not refer either to the date of publication in the Official Gazette or the date ofpublic notice of the '\ubstance of the notification in the locality. It speaks of 'the issue of the notification which, in the context, can only signify the completion of the prescribed process--rather the twin process-of notifying the interested public of the proposed acquisition in the manner provided, for bys. 4(1J, that is by publication in the Official Gazette and .giving public notice in the locality. Therefore, the _period of 30 daYs may be reckoned from either the date of publication in the Gazette or the date of public notice ·of the substance of the notification in the locality, whichever is later. [S93C 0 G] / Khub Chand v. State of Rajasthan, [1967] I S.C.R. 120, Narinderjit Singh v. State of Ul/ar Pradesh, AIR .1973 S.C. 552, State of Mysore v. Abdul Rajak, AIR 1973 S.C. 2361 and Anjuman Ahmediyya, Muslint Mission v. State AIR 1980 A.P. 246, referred to: · · A B C• D E F Sanjivaiah Nagar Depressed and Backward C/ayses Sangh v, District H , A' B c D E F G B 596 SUPREME COURT li.EPOR'fS [1985] I s.c.R. Colle.tor, Hyderabad, AIR 1983 A.P. 142 and Smt. Shahnaz Salima v. Govt. of A.P., W.P. No. 3353/76 decided by a Full Bench or Andhra Pradesh High Court on Sept. 26, 1978, approved. Satish Kapur v. State of Haryana, AIR 1982 P. and H 276, Rattan Singh v State, AIR 1976 Pand H 279 (F.B.), C. Suryanarayana v. Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1983 A.P. 17 and A1oham1nsd Khawaza v. Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1982 N.O.C. 270 (A.P.), overruled. It is not possible to agree with the submission that mere pre-notification delay_ would render the invocation of the urgency provisions void. Very often persons interested in the land proposed to be acquired make various representations to the concerned authorities against the proposed acquisition. This is bound to result in a multiplicity of enquiries, communications and discussions leading invariably to delay in the execution of even urgent projects. Very often the delay makes the problem more and more acute and increases the urgency of the necessity for acquisition. [596H; 597A and 596G 0 H] Jaga Ram v. State of Haryana, AIR 1971S.C1033 and Kashi Reddy Papalah v. Govt. of Andhra Pradesli. AIR 1975 A.P. 269, referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 9013·9014 of 1984. From the Judgment and Order dated the 3rd August, 1984 of the. Delhi High Court in C. W. No. 1890 and 1891of1984) Dr. L. M. Singhvi and Mrs. Bharatl Anand for the Petitioners. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CuiNNAPPA REDDY, J. We are dismissing both the Special Leave Petitions. But' we propose to give our reasons for doing so, which we do not &enerally do, as our attention has been invited to some judgments of High Courts which we consider have been wrongly decided, proceeding as they do on a misunderstanding of some observations of this Court. A combined notification under ss. 4 and 17 and a declaration under s. 6 of the Land Acquisition Act were published in the Delhi Extraordinary Gazette on 18. 6. 1984 in regard to the acquisition of certain lends iJJc the Village Bijwasan for the purpose of construction of a 'New Transmitting Station for the Delhi Airport'. Public Notice of the substance of the noti· fication under s. 4 was alleged to have been given in the locality on 17. 7. 1984. It was also alleged that the matter was under correspondence between various departments of the Government, for nearly eight years before the notification and the declaration were publi· • •• • ! • • ' • , • DEEPAK PAHWA v. LT. GOVERNER (Chinnappa Reddy, J.) 591 sh'd in the G1zette. A Writ Petition was filed in the Delhi High Court impugning the notification and the declaration on two grounds. The first was that the delay of 29 days in giving public notice of the substance of notification in the locality after the publication of the notification under s. 4 in the Gazette was fatal to the notification itself. The second was that the very circumstance that a period of eight years was spent in interdepartmental discussion showed that there was no urgency necessitating the invocation of s. I 7 (4) of the Land Acquisition Act to dispense with the enquiry under s. 5-A. The High Court d;smissed the Writ Petition in limine and the present Special Leave Petitions are directed against such dismissal. The very two questions which were raised before the High Court were again urged before us and reliance was placed by Dr • L. M. Singhvi, learned couusel for the petitioners, on Narinderjit Singh v. State of Utter Pradesh,(1 ) Rattan Singh v. State,(2) S. K. Gupta v. Union oj !ndia,(3! SatiS/z Kapur v. State of Haryana<'> and C. Suryanarayana v. Govt. of Andhra Prailesh.(6! In addition, we have also perused Khub Chand v. State of Rajasthan, (6 ) State of Mysore v. Abdul Rajak,<7! Mohammad Khawaza v. Govt. of Andhra Pradesh(') and Sanjivaiah Nagar Depressed and Backward Classes Sangh v. District Collector, Hyderabad.('). Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act is as follows :- (I) "Whenever it appears to the appropriate Government that land in any locality is needed or is likely to be needed for any public purpos!', a notification to that effect shall be published in the Official Gazette, and the Collector shall cause public notice of the sub-stance of such notification to be given at convenient places in the said locality . (2) Thereupon it shall be lawful for any officer, either generally or specially authorised by such Governm~nt in this behalf, and for his servants and workmen :- (D AIR 1973 S. C. 552 (2) AIR I976 P & H 279 (F. B) (3) ,AIR 1977 Delhi 209 (4) AIR 1982 P & H 276 (SJ AIR 1983 A. p, 17. (6) AIR 1967 S. C. 1704= 1967 (1) S. C.R. 120. (7) AIR 1973 S. C. 2361. (8) AIR 1982 N. 0. C 270 (A. P.) (9) AIR 1983 A. P. 142. A B c D E F G II A B c D E F G H 592 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] l s.c.R. to enter upon and survey and take levels of any land in such locality; to dig or bore into the subsoil; to do all other acts necessary to ascertain whether the land is adapted for such purpose; to set out tho boundaries of the \and proposed to be taken and the intended line of the work if any proposed to be made thereon; to mark such levels, boundaries and line, by placing marks and cutting trenches; and where otherwise the survey cannot be completed and the levels taken and the boundaries and line marked, to cut down and clear away any part of any standing crop, fence or jungle. Provided that no person shall enter into any building or npon any enclosed court or garden attached to a dwelling house unless wit\ the consent of the occupier thereof without previously giving such occupier at least seven days' notice in writing of his intention to do so." It may be noticed at once that s. 4 (1) does not prescribe that public notice of the substance of the notification should be given in the locality simultaneously with the publication of the notification in the Official Gazette or immediately thereafter. Publication in the Official Gazette and public notice in the locality are two vital steps required to be taken under s. 4 (1) before proceeding to take the next step of entering upon the land under s. 4 (2). The time factor is not a vital element of s. 4 (l) and there is no warrant for reading the words 'simultaneouly' or 'immediately thereafter' into s. 4 (1). Publicat!on in the Official Gazette and public notice in the locality are the essential elements of s. 4 (I) and not the simultaneity or immediacy of the Publication and the Public Notice. But since the steps contemplated by s. 4 (2) cannot be undertaken unless publication is made and public notice given as contemplated bys. 4 (1), it is implicit that the publication and the public notice must be contemporaneous though not simultaneous or immediately after one another. Naturally contemporneity may involve a gap of time and by the very nature of the things, the publication in the Official Gazette and the public notice in the locality must necessarily be sep~rated by a gap of time. This does not mean that the publication and the public notice may be separated by along interval of time. What is necessary, is that the continufty of action should not appear to be broken by a deep gap. If there is publication in the Gaz- ' • ' • I • • • • • • DEEPAK PAHWA v. LT. GOVERNER (Chinnappa Reddy, J.) 593 ette and if there is public notice in the locality, the requirements of s. 4 (I) must be held to be satisfied unless the two are unlinked from each other by a gap of time so large as may lead one to the prima facie conclusion of lack of bona fides in the proceedings for acquisition. lf the notification and the public notice are separated by such a large gap of time it may become necessary to probe further to discover if there is any cause for the delay and if the delay has caused prejudice to anyone. We may consider here an argument which is usually advanced against any time gap between the publication in the Official Gazette and the public notice in the locality. Section 5-A provides that any person interested in any land which has been notified under s. 4 (!) maf object to the acquisition of the land or of any~3nd in the locality within 30 days after the issuo of the notification. It is, therefore, suggested that 1f the publication of the no!Jfication in the Gazette is not immediately followed by a public notice in the locality, it may lead to a demal to the person interested of an opportunity to object to the acquisition. We think, that this is too narrow an interpretation of s. 5-A. Notice to interested persons of a proposed acquLition of land is given by publicising a notification to the effect that land in any locality is needed or is likely to be needed for any public purpose in two ways-first, by causing publication of the substance of the notification to be given at convenient places in the locality. There is no reason to confine the period of 30 days prescribed by s. 5-A to one mode. The period of 30 days may be reckoned from either the date of publication in the gazette or the date of public notice of the substance of the notificat!on in the locality, whichever is later. In our view, that is the only reasonable and practical way of construing s. 5-A so as to advance the object of that provision, which is to provide a reasonable opportunity to interested persons to oppose the acquisition. We particularly notice that s. 5· A does not refer either to the date of publication ir1 the Official Gazette or the date of public notice of the substance of the notification in the locality. It speaks of 'the issue of the notification'. This we consider is significant and, in the context, the words 'the issue of the notification' can only signify the completion of the prescribed process-rather, the twin process-of notifiing the interested public of the proposed acquisition in the manner provided for bys. 4 (1), that is by publication in the Official Gazette and giving public notice in the locality. A B c D E F G In K/zub Chand and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan and Ors. (supra), this Court (Subba Rao, CJ. and Shela!, J.) ruled out the contentioμ Q A B c D E F G H 594 SUPREME COURT REPORTS fl 985) 1 S C.R. that public notice under s. 4 (1) was not' mandatory, and held that both publication in the Official Gazette and publi.c notice in the locality were pre-requisites to further action under s. 4 (2) of the Land Acquisition Act. Non-compliance with dther of the requisites would render the land acquisition proceedings void. In Narinderjit Singh v. State ~f Uttar Pradesh (supra), the question was about the effect of the failure to cause public notice of the substance of the notification to be given at convenient places in the locality. The view taken in Khub Chand' s case was reaffirmed and it was further pointed out that the dispensing with of the enquiry contemplated bys. 5-A by the issuance of a notification under s. 17 (4) would make no difference to the necessity for strict compliance with both the requisites of s. 4 (1 ). Jt was said : "In our judgment the provisions of Section 4 (1) cannot be held to be mandatory in one situation and directory in another. Section 4 (!) doos not contemplate any distinction between those proceedings in which in exercise of the power under Section 17 ( 4) the appropriate government directs that the provisions of Section 5-A shall not apply and whore such a direction has not been made dispensing with the applicability of Sec. 5-A. It lays down in unequivocal and clear terms that both things have to be simut/aneous/y done under Section 4 (I), i.e. a notification has to be published in the officbl gazette that the land is likely to be needed for any public purpose and the Collector has to cause notice to be given of the substance of such notification at convenient places in the locality in which the land is situated. The scheme of Section 4 is that after the steps contemplated under sub-section (I) have been taken the officer authorised by the Government can do the various acts set out in sub-section (2)." The observation that "both things have to be simultaneously done" has led some High Courts to conclude that simultaneity of publication in the gazette and public notice in the locality is a mandatory condition of s. 4 (1) and so to import an obsessive time factor. It is not so. What was apparently meant to be conveyed was that both things had to be done before the various acts set out in sub-s~ction (2) could be undertaken. The question whether the publication in the Official Gazette and the public notice in the locality had to be simultaneous or whether there could be a gap of time was not an issue at all in that case. In State of Mysore v. Abdul Rajak (supra), this Court referring to s. 4 (l) held, "the sectioll • • ' • • • • - • • ' " • bEEPAk PAHWA v. LT. GOVERNER (Chinnappa Reddy, J,, 595 prescribes two requirements, namely, (I) a notification to be published in the Official Gazette and (2) the Collector causing to give of the substance of such notificatwn to be given at convenient places in the concerned locality", and, "unless both these conditions are satisfied, s. 4 of the Land Acquisition Act cannot be said to have been comploed''. The court also added "It is only when the notification is published in the Official Gazette and it is accompained or immediately followed by the public notice, that a person interested in the property proposed to be acquired can be regarded to have notice of the proposed acquisition". This sentence alongwith the sentence "both things have to be simultaneously done under s. 4 (1)" occuring in Narinde1jit Singh's case have led to some confusion in some decisions of the High Courts. We have already explained the observation in the Narinde1jit Singh'.i case. We are unable to read the observations in State of Mysore v. Abdul Rajak as laying down any general principle that every time-gap between the publication in the Gazette and the public notice i.1 the locality is fatal to the acqu.sition Apart from the physical impossibility of synchronising the publication i11 the Gazette and the public notice in the locality, one can visualiso a variety of circumstances which may bring about a time-gap between the two. There may be a break down of communications, there may be a strike or bandh as happened in one of the reported cases in Andhra Pradesh Anjuman Ahmediyya, Muslim Mission v. Statet 1) or there may be some other justifiable reason. This court did not lay down any general principle that an acquisition would be regarded as avoid if the notification published in the Official Gazette was not accompanied or immediately followed by the public notice. What in fact appears to have been said was that a person interested in the property can be regarded to have had notice of the proposed acquisition if both the requirements of s. 4 (1) are complied with whether simultaneously or one after the other. As we said no invariable rule was laid down that an acquisition would be regarded as void whenever there was a gap of time between the publication in the Gazette and the public notice in the locality. We do not think that it is necessary to refer to the decisions of the High Courts in detail except to say that we consider Satish Kapur v. State of Haryana, Rattan Singh v. State, Suryanarayana Reddy v. Andhra Pradesh and Mohd. Khawaza v. Govt. of A. P. were wrongly decided and that Sa11iiraia/1 Nagar Depressed and Backward Classes Sangh v. Di,,trict Collector, Hyderabad was rightly decided, (I). AIR 1980 A. P, 246. A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G ff 596 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] 1 s.c.R. In the last mentioned case, there is reference to several earlier Division Bench judgments and the judgment of the Full Bench which the learned judges had followed. In particular, the learned judges have referred to the following observations of a Full Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Shahnaz Sa/ima v. Govt. of A.P. (a decision which for some unknown reason has not been reported in in any of the Law Reports); "There is no warrant for the contention that the publication in the official Gazette and the publication of the substance of the notification at convenient places in the said locality should be simultaneous and be clone precisely at the same time. If that were the intention of the Legislature, ti could have said so. Something which is not in the section cannot be imported into it. The publication of the s'~bstance of S. 4 (1) notificatioa at convenient places in the locality is required out of anxiety of the Legislature to make it certain that it is brought to the notice of the affected per sons. What all that is required is that before any thing is