# DIVISIONAL PERSONNEL OFFICER, SOUTHERN RAILWAY & ANR v. T. R. CHALLAPPAN September IS, 1975 - **Citation:** [1976] 1 S.C.R. 783 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1976 - **Case number:** Civil Appeals Nos. 891-894 of 1975 - **Bench:** V. R. Krishna Iyer, A. C. Gupta Ands. M. Fazal Ali - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/divisional-personnel-officer-southern-railway-anr-v-t-r-challappan-september-is-6675 - **Pages:** 15 ## Headnote c [) E F G Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, s.12 and Railway Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules~ 1968, r.14 (1) - Release on probation under the ActEffect on power to take disciplinary· .acdon . Rule 14(1) of the Railway Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1968, provides that not withstanding anything contained in rr.9 to 13, where any penalty is imposed on a railway· servant on the ground of conduct which has led to his convictioll on a criminal charge, the disciplinary authority may consider the circumstances of the casei and make such orders thereon as it deems fit, Section 12 of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, provides that notwith~ standing anything contained in any other law. a person found guilty of an offence and dealt with under the provisions of s.3 or s.4 shall not suffer a disq_uaiifica. tion, if any, attached to a conviction of an offence under such law. The respondents were found guilty of certain minor offences a.nd instead of being sentenced, were released on probation under the provis_ions of the Proba,-. tion of Offenders Act. The concerned Disciplinary Authorities however, removed them from service on the ground of their conviction without any further opportunity to the respondents. ·Tue respondents challenged the orders of removal and the High Court quashed the orders. Dismissing the appeals to this Court, HELD : ( 1) The conviction of the delinquent employee would be taken as sufficient proof of misconduct, and then, the authority will have to hold a 'summary inquiry as to the nature and extent of the penalty to be imposed. If the authority is of the opinion that the offence is tOOI trivial or d a technical nature it may not impose any penalty in spite of the conviction, If thel authority is of the opinion that the employee has been guilty of. a serious offence involving moral turpitude, and therefore it was not desirable or conducive in the interests of administration to retain such a perason in service, the di&.ciplinary authority has the undoubted power, after head'ing the employee and considering the circumstances of the case, to inflict any penalty without ariy further departmental inquiry, As there was no such application of mind· and consideration of circumstances the orders of removal are rightly quashed. [795H-796E, HJ (2) The view of the Kerala High Court, that a• the Magistrate released the delinquent employee on probation, no penalty was imposed and that therefore r.14 (I)' did not apply, is not correct. The word 'pen;Uty' in the rule is rela· table to the penalties to be imposed by the DisclplinaIY Authorities under the Rutes and not to the sentence passed by a criminal court. Because, so far as the disciplinary authority is concerned it conJd only impose a penalty and not a sentence, just as a criminal court, after conviction, does not impose- a H penalty but passes a sentence: Hence, the w9rds '''Yhc:re anJ'.' pep.alty is impo~ec!'' in r.14 {1) should be read as 'where any pen~Ity ts 1mposs1ble by the D1sc1phnary Authority. [787E.F; 788A-ll; .789D·HJ 2-Lll27SCI/75 7'84 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] I s.c.R. (3) If the Magistrate did not choose, after convicting the accusCd, to pass A any sentence on him but released him on probation it could not be said that the stigma of conviction is completely washed out or obliterated or that no dis~ ciplinary action could be taken under r. 14(1). [790B-C] Sections ·3, 4 arid 9 of the Probation of Offienders Act show that an order of relea~ on probation comes into existence only after the accused is found guilty and is convicted of the offence. Such an order is merely in substitution of the sentence from a humanist point of view. The control over the offeader B is retained by the criminal court and, where it is satisfied that the oond.itions of the bond had been broken by the offender, who oo·s been released Qll probation the; Court can sentence on the basis of the original conviction showing that the guilt is nor obliterated. [790H-791D] ## Text _Characters 0–39,822 of 43,976. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39822 for what follows._ ... • A 783 DIVISIONAL PERSONNEL OFFICER, SOUTHERN RAILWAY & ANR. v. T. R. CHALLAPPAN September IS, 1975 B [V. R. KRISHNA IYER, A. C. GUPTA ANDS. M. FAZAL ALI, JJ.] c [) E F G Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, s.12 and Railway Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules~ 1968, r.14 (1) - Release on probation under the ActEffect on power to take disciplinary· .acdon . Rule 14(1) of the Railway Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1968, provides that not withstanding anything contained in rr.9 to 13, where any penalty is imposed on a railway· servant on the ground of conduct which has led to his convictioll on a criminal charge, the disciplinary authority may consider the circumstances of the casei and make such orders thereon as it deems fit, Section 12 of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, provides that notwith~ standing anything contained in any other law. a person found guilty of an offence and dealt with under the provisions of s.3 or s.4 shall not suffer a disq_uaiifica. tion, if any, attached to a conviction of an offence under such law. The respondents were found guilty of certain minor offences a.nd instead of being sentenced, were released on probation under the provis_ions of the Proba,-. tion of Offenders Act. The concerned Disciplinary Authorities however, removed them from service on the ground of their conviction without any further opportunity to the respondents. ·Tue respondents challenged the orders of removal and the High Court quashed the orders. Dismissing the appeals to this Court, HELD : ( 1) The conviction of the delinquent employee would be taken as sufficient proof of misconduct, and then, the authority will have to hold a 'summary inquiry as to the nature and extent of the penalty to be imposed. If the authority is of the opinion that the offence is tOOI trivial or d a technical nature it may not impose any penalty in spite of the conviction, If thel authority is of the opinion that the employee has been guilty of. a serious offence involving moral turpitude, and therefore it was not desirable or conducive in the interests of administration to retain such a perason in service, the di&.ciplinary authority has the undoubted power, after head'ing the employee and considering the circumstances of the case, to inflict any penalty without ariy further departmental inquiry, As there was no such application of mind· and consideration of circumstances the orders of removal are rightly quashed. [795H-796E, HJ (2) The view of the Kerala High Court, that a• the Magistrate released the delinquent employee on probation, no penalty was imposed and that therefore r.14 (I)' did not apply, is not correct. The word 'pen;Uty' in the rule is rela· table to the penalties to be imposed by the DisclplinaIY Authorities under the Rutes and not to the sentence passed by a criminal court. Because, so far as the disciplinary authority is concerned it conJd only impose a penalty and not a sentence, just as a criminal court, after conviction, does not impose- a H penalty but passes a sentence: Hence, the w9rds '''Yhc:re anJ'.' pep.alty is impo~ec!'' in r.14 {1) should be read as 'where any pen~Ity ts 1mposs1ble by the D1sc1phnary Authority. [787E.F; 788A-ll; .789D·HJ 2-Lll27SCI/75 7'84 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] I s.c.R. (3) If the Magistrate did not choose, after convicting the accusCd, to pass A any sentence on him but released him on probation it could not be said that the stigma of conviction is completely washed out or obliterated or that no dis~ ciplinary action could be taken under r. 14(1). [790B-C] Sections ·3, 4 arid 9 of the Probation of Offienders Act show that an order of relea~ on probation comes into existence only after the accused is found guilty and is convicted of the offence. Such an order is merely in substitution of the sentence from a humanist point of view. The control over the offeader B is retained by the criminal court and, where it is satisfied that the oond.itions of the bond had been broken by the offender, who oo·s been released Qll probation the; Court can sentence on the basis of the original conviction showing that the guilt is nor obliterated. [790H-791D] ' ( 4) The words disqualification, if any attaching to a conv1ct1on of an offence under such law, in s. 12 mean (i) that there must be a disqualification resulting from a conviction; and (i.i) that such disqualification must be C provided by some law other than the Probation of Offenders Act. It eould not be contended that the 'disqualification' referred to is the 'liability under r .. 14(1) to di!i:.iplinary action without a departmental enquiry', and that such disqualification is removed by release on probation. The disqualification must be an eiuto1natic disqualification; such as regarding holding of offices or standing for elections, as a consequence or the conviction. Rule 14( 1) incorporates the principle contained in proviso (a) to Art. 311(2). But neither of these provisions contain any express provision that the moment a person is found guilty of misconduct of a criminal charge he will have to be automtJtically D dismissed from service. These provisions are merel:Y enabling and do not enjoin or confer a mandatory duty on the disciplinary authority to pass an ord-er of dismissal, removal or reduction in rank the· moment an employee is convicted. The proviso to Art. 311 (2) was enacted because, when once a delinquent employee has been convicted of a criminal offence at a trial, where he had a full and complete opportunity to cqntest the allegations, that should be treated as. a sufficient proof of his misconduct, and. the disciplinary authority may be given the discretion t9 impose the penalties referred to in E Art. 311(2), without holding a fresh fUU-Oress d•partmental inquiry. If r. 12 of the Probation of Offender!)j Act completely wipes out this liability to disciplinary action on the basis that i"t is a. 'disqualification~ under the section. then it would be ultra vires as it would be in direct conflict with the Constitutional provision. [7880-H; 789C-D; 791F-792EJ R. Kumaraswan1.i Aiyo"" v. The Conunissioner Municipal. CcJuncil, Tiruvannarnai and a11othdn. [1957] Cri. L J. 255, 256. Om Praka>h v. Tmr Direct<" Postal Services (Posts and Telrgraplu. Deptt.) Punjab Circlt!. Ambala and others. F .A::.I.R. 1973 Punjab l, 4; Dtrector of Postal Services and Anr. v. Daya Nand, [1972] S,LR. 325, 341, Emb1>ru , v, Chairman, Madrru Port Trust, [1963] 1 L.L.J, 49; Akel/a Satyanarayana Murthy v. Zoiral Manager, Life Insurance Corporation of Indio, Madras..· A.LR. 1969 A.P. 371. 373 and Pre1nkuntar v. Union df Tndi.~ and others, [1971] Lab. & Ind. Cases 823, 824, approV«I. (5) Therefore the Rajasthan High Court was wrong in gi:ving a wide connotation to the Word 'consider' in r. 14 and holding that it requires the di.sciG plinary authority to hold a detailed determination of the matter once again. The ruJo-rnaking authorfty deliberately use.d the word 'consider' and not 'determine' because the latter word has a much wider scope.. The word 'consider' merely c~nnot.es that there should be actiV'e application of mind by the disciplinary authority after consideri~ the entire circumstances. of tit& case in order to decide the nature and the extent of the penalty to be iJJ"(k.}Sed on the delinquent employee on his conviction on a criminal charge. Thi' could only be objectivelv determined if the delinquent employee is heard and H given a. chance to satisf'y the authority regarding the final orders that may be passed. The provision merelv imports the rule of natural justice tha.t before takiJlf! final action the delinquent emplayee should be heard and tlte circumstances 0bjectively considered. [795B-795DJ < • ', A 8 • c > D E F - .. H . SOUTHERN 11.AILWAY v. T. R. CHALLAPPAN (Fazal Ali, J.) 78i CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1664 of 197-4. Appeal by Special Leave from the judgment and order dated the 18th December, 1973 of the Kerala High Court in Original Petition No. 860 of 1973 and Civil Appeals Nos. 891-894 of 1975. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated the 25th January, 1974 of the Rajasthan High Court in S.B. Civil Writ Petition~ Nos. 352 & 1826 of 1971 respectively. S. N. Prasad, for the appellants (in all the appeals) . S. M. Jain, V. S. Dave and Inder Makwana, for the rospondent (In CA. No. 891/75). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by F,AzAL Au, J.-Civil Appeal Nos. 1664 of 1974 and 891 of 1975 are appeals by special leave directed against the judgments of the Kerala High Court dated December 18, 1973 and the Rajasthan High Court dated January 25, 1974, respectively allowing the writ petitions filed before the High Courts by the respondents concerned. Civil Appeal No. 892 of 1975 has also been filed against the judgment of the Rajasthan High Court dated January 25,, 1974 with respect to the respondent Abdul Hamid whose petition was allowed by the same judgment of the High Court dated Jamrnry 25, 1974, which was decided in favour of the respondent Narsing. It would thns appear that the cases of the respondents Narsingh and Abdur Hamid had been decided by one common judgment of the High Court of Rajasthan. Jt was agreed at the Bar that as the points involved in all the three cases arc the same, they may be disposed of by one common judgment. We, therefore, propose to dispose cif ill the three cases by one common judgment indicating, however, the facts of each individual case, wherever necessary. As regards Civil Appeal No. 1664 of 1974 the respondent T .R. Challappan was a Railway-Pointsman working at Irimpanam on Olavakkot Division of the Southern Railway. On August 12, 1972 at about 3-30 P. M. he was arrested at the Olavakkot railway station pla1form for disorderly drunken and indecent behaviour and a criminal case under s. 51(A) of the Kerala Police Act was registered against him. After due investigations the challan was presented before the Sub-Magistrate, Palghat who after finding the respondent guilty instead of sentencing him released him on probation under s. 3 of the Probation of Offenders Act. After the respondent was released the Disciplinary Authority of the Department bv its order d;i.ted Januarv 3, 1973 removekl him from service in view of the misconduct which led to the conviction of the respondent on a criminal charge under s. 5t(A) of the Police Act. The order removing the respondent from i;ervice merely shows that it proceeded on the basis of th~ 786 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 1 S.C.R. conviction of the accused in the criminal case and there is nothing to show that the respondent was heard before passini: the order. The Kerala High Court held that as the respondent was released by the criminal court and no penalty was imposed on him, therefore, r. 14(i) under which the respondent was removed from service did not in terms apply. The High Court accordingly quashed the order passed by the Disciplinary Authority and allowed the writ petition. In Civil Appeal No. 891 of 1975 the respondent Narsingh was working as a Railway Khallasi working at the Railway Workshop at J odhpur and was found to be in possession of stolen copper weighing 4 Kilos and 600 Grammes. The respondent was prosec.uted and ' was ultimatelv convicted by the Trial Magistrate under s. 3 of the Indian Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1966. On appeal the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Jodhpur, while maintaining the conviction of the respondent set aside the sentence and released him on probation under the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act. On the basis of the order of conviction passed by the Criminal Court the Assistant Personnel Officer (W), who was ·the Disciplinary Authority removed the respondent from service by his order dated February 26, _ )J7I and the departmental appeal against this order was eventually rejected. Thereafter the respondent moved the High Court in its writ jurisdiction and the petition was allowed by the High Court and the order of removal from service was quashed by the High Court of Rajasthau. In Civil Appeal No. 892 of 1975 the respondent A1*lul Hamid was a second fireman at the Railway Workshop at J odhpur and he was prosecuted and ultimately convicted under s. 420 of the Indian Panel Code by the Special Magistrate, Jaipur bv his order dated September 9, 1970. The Magistrate, however, instead of sentencing hin1 ordered him to be releasel:[ on probation under the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act. The Assistaut Mechanical Engineer bv his order dated February 3, 1971, removed the respondent from service on the ground of his conviction by a criminal court and the departmental appeal against this order filed by the respondent was rejected on March 2, 1971. Thereafter the respondent moved the Rajasthan High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution and the High Court quashed the order by whic~ the respondent w.as remove.d from service-hence the appeal by special leave by the U man of Indra ·against the judgment of the" Rajasthan High Court. A close analysis of the facts of the cases of each of the respondents would doubtless reveal that the points involved in the three cases are almost identical, though the grounds on . which the respective High Courts have proceeded may be slightly different. Mr. S. N. Prasad appearing for the appellants in all the three cases raised three points before us: (l} ·That s. 12 of the Probation of Offenders Act con: - templates an automatic disqualification attached to the cdnviction arid ·not an obliteration of tlie misconduct A B • c • < D E F < G -+ •, H I A • 8' c D F G lI SOUTHERN RAILWAY v. T •. R. CHALLAPPAN (Faza/ Ali, I.) 787 ... o! the acc1:1sed so as to de~ar the Disciplinary Authonty from Imposmg penalties under the Rules against an employee who has been convicted for misconduct. (2) Rule 14 of the Railway Servants (DisCipline and Appeal) Rules, 1968, is in terms similar to proviso (a) to Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution and confers power on the appointing authority to pass an order of dismi.ss~ against an ei;nployee .who is found guilty of a crunmal offence without giving any further notice to th~ delinquent employee, Further, r. 14 does not in terms contemplate that the appointing authority will consider the penalty after either hearing the accused or after ordering special inquiry. ( 3) That in the absence of any provision similar to r. 14 the Government is entitled. in the exercise of · its executive power, to terminate the services of the employee who has been convicted of a criminal charge without any further departmental inquiry. Learned counsel appearing for the respondents in Civil Appeal No. 891 of 1975 as also Civil Appeal No. 892 of 1975 contested the contentions raised by the counsel for the appellants and submitted that the judgment of the High Court laid down the correct law and that the mere fact that the delinquent employee has been convicted of a criminal charge cannot ipso facto result in his automatic dismissal from service. We have given our earnest consideration to the arguments advanced before us by counsel for the parties. To begin with, the Kerala High Court appears to have allowed the writ petition solely on the ground that the order of the Magistrate releasing the respondent T. R. Challappan on probation did not amount to imposition of penalty as contemplated by r. 14J of the Railway Servants (Discipline and t\ppeal) Rules, 1968~hereinafter called 'the Rules of 1968', and therefore th~ order passed by the Disciplinary Auth_ority was illegal. In order to understand it, it may be necessary to~examine the scope and object of r. 14 of the Rules of 1968 which will also throw a great light on the second. point which has been. dealt with at gr~at length by the Rajasthan High Court, namely, the import of t~e closmg pa1t of r. 14 where the disciplinary ~uthority has to consider the circ1unstances of the case before makmg any order Jn the instant case we are concerned only with clause (i) of r. 14 of the Rules of 1968 which runs thus: .. "Notwithstanding anything contained in rules 9 to 13 :- (i) where any penalty is imposed on a railway s.ervant ?n the ground of conduct which has Jed to his conVIc- . tion on a cdminal charge, ·""··· 788 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 1 s.c.R. the disciplinary authority may consider the circumstances of the case and make such orders thereon as it deems fit. " The word 'penalty' imposed on a railway servant, in our opinivn, does not refer to a sentence awarded by the Court to the accused on his conviction, but, though not happily worded it merely indicates the nature of the penalty imposable by the disciplinary authority if the delinquent employee has been found guilty of conduct which has led to his conviction of a criminal charge. Rule 14 of the Rules of 1968 appears in Part IV which expressly contains the procedure for imposing penalties. Further more, r. 14 itself refers to rr. 9 to 13 which coniain the entire procedure for holding a departmental inquiry. Rule 6 of Part III gives the details regarding the major and minor penalties. Finally r. 14(i) merely seeks to incorp0rate the principle contained in proviso (a) to Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution which runs thus : " ( 2) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank except after an inquiry in which he has been informed of the charges against him and given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in respect of those charges and where it is proposed, after such inquiry, to impooe on him any such penalty, until he has been given a reasonable opportunity of making representation on the penalty proposed, but only on the basis of the evidence adduced tluring such inquiry : Provided that this clause shall not apply - (a) where a person is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on the ground of conduct which has led to his conviction on a criminal charge;" · An analysis of the provisions of Art. 311 (2) extracted above would clearly show that this constitutional guarantee contemplates three stages of departmental inquiry before an orlier of dismissal, removal or reduction can be passed, nam_ely, (i) that on receipt of a comphj.int against a delinquent employee charges should be framed against him and a departmental inquiry should be held against him in his presence; (ii) that after the report of the departmental inquirv is received, the appointing authority must come to a tentative conclusion regarding the penalty to be imposed on the delinquent employee; and (iii) that before actually imposing the penalty a final notice to the delinquen~ em~loyee should be given to show cause why the penalty proposed against hlDl be not imposed on him. Proviso (a) to Art. 311 (2), however, completely . dispenses with all the three stages of departmental inquiry when an employee is convicted on a criminal charge. The reason for the proviso is that in a criminal trial the employee has already had a full and complete opportunity to contest the allegations against him and to make out his defence. In the criminal trial charges are framed to give clear notice regarding the allegations made against the accused, secondly, the Witnesses are examined and cross-examined in his presence and by him; and thirdly, the accust)f 1968 which requires the cons1derat1on of the circumstances 790 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 1 s.c.R. not having been complied with by the disciplinary authority, the order of removal from service of the delinquent employee was rightly quashed. This brings us to the consideration of two rnter-connected questions, namely, as to what is the effect of the order of the Magistrate releasing the accused on probation and the e;ffect of s. 12 of .the Probation of Offenl:lers Act. It was suggested by the respondents that if the Magistrate does not choose. after convicting the accused, to pass any sentence on him, but releases him on probation then the stigma of conviction is completely washed out and obliterated, and, therefore, r. 14(i) of the Rules of 1968 will not apply in terms. We are, however, unable to agree with this somewhat broad proposition. A perusal of the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, clearly shows that the mere fact that the, accused is released on probation does not obliterate the stigma of conviction. The relevant portion of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958. hereinafter referred to as 'the Act' runs thus : " ........ notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time"being in force; the Court may, instead of sentencing him to any punishment or releasing him on probation of good conduct under section 4, release him after due admonition." Similarly the relevant part of s. 4(1) of the Act runs thus : " ........ notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the Court may, instead of sentencing him at once to any punishment. direct that he be released on his entering into a bond, with or without sureties, to appear and receive sentence when called upon during such period, not exceeding three years, as the Court may direct, and in the meantime to keep the peace and be of good behaviour." Sections 9(3) & (4) of the Act rdad as under: "9. (3) It the Court, after hearing the case. is satisfied that the offender has failed to observe any of the conditions of the bond or bonds entered into by him, it may forthwith - (a) sentence him for the original offence; or (b) where the failure is for the first time, then, without prejudice to the continuance in force of the bond, impose upon him a penalty not exceeding fifty rupees. ( 4i) If a penalty imposed under cl:iuse (b) of sub-section ( 3) is not paid within such 'Penod as the Court may fix. the Court may sentence the offenl:ler for the original offence_ : " These provisions would clearly show that an orde~ o! release .. on probation comes into existence only after the accused 1s found gmlty A B c D F G H A B • • c 0 E F G I H SOUTHERN RAILWAY v. T. R. CHALLAPFAN (Fazal Ali, J.) 7 91 and is convicted' of the offence. Thus the conviction of the accused or the finding of the Court that he is guilty cannot be washed out at all because that is the sine qua non for ,the order of release on probat~on of \he offender. The order of release on probation is merely in substitution of the s$tence to be imposed by the Court. This has been made permissible by the statute with a humanist Point of view in order to reform youthful offen,\lers and to prevent them from becoming hardened criminals. The provisions of s. 9 ( 3) of the Act extracted above would clearly show that the control of the, offender is retained by the ~ril)lilllal court and where it is satisfied that the conditions of the bond have beeu broken by the offender who has been released on probation, the Court can sentence the offender for thel original offence. This clearly shows that the factum of guilt on the criminal charge is not swept away merely by passing the order releasing the offender on probation. Uader ss. 3, 4 or 6 of the Act, the stigma continues and the finding of the misconduct resulting in conviction must be treated to be a conclusive proof. In these circumstances, therefore, we are. unable to accept the argument of the respondents that the order of the Magistrate releasing the offender on probation obliterates the stigma of conviction. Another point which is closely connected with this question is as to the effect ci s. 12 of the Act which runs thus : "Notwithstanding anythmg contained in any other law, :; person found guilty of an offence and dealt with under .the provisions of section 3 or section 4 shall not suffer disqualification, if any, attaching to a conviction of an offence under such law." It was suggested that s. 12 of the Act completely obliterates the effect of any conviction and wipes out the disqualification attached lo a conviction of an offence under such law. This argument, in our op;nion, is based on a gross misreading of the provisions of s. 12 of the Act. The words "attaching to a conviction of an offence under such law" refer to two contingencies : (i) that there must be a disqualification resulting from a conviction; and (ii) that S'UCh disqualification must be provided by some law other than the Probation of Offooders Act. The Penal Cilie does not contain any such disqualification. Therefore, it cannot be said that s. 12 of the Act contemplates an automatic disqualification attaching to a conviction and obliteration of the crimmal misconduct of the accused. it is also manifest that disqualification is essentially different in its connotation from the !word 'mi;<,ronduct'. Disqualification cannot be an automatic consequence of misconduct unless the statute so· requires. Prnof of misconduct may or may no~ lead to disqualificatio~, because this matter rests on the facts and CI.rcumstances of a particular case or ihe language in which the particular statute is covered. In the instant case neither Art. 311(2) proviso (a) nor r. 14(i) of the Rules of 1968 contain any express provision that the moment a 7.92 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 1 s.c.R. person is found guilty of a misconduct on a criminal charge he will have to be automatically dismissed from service. Article 311 (2) proviso (a} is an enabling provision which merely dispenses with the various stages of the departgiental inquiry and the show cause notice. Rule 14 despite incorporating the principle of proviso (a) to Art. 311 (2) enjoins on the discriplinary authority to consider the circumstances of the case before passing any order. Thus, in our opinion, it is a fallacy to presume that the convictidn of a delinquent employee simpliciter without any thing more will result in his· automatic dismissal or removal from service. It was, however, suggested that r. 14(i) of the Rules of 1968 is the provision which contl!ins the disqualification by dispensin_g with the departmental inquiries contemplated under rr. 9 to 13 of the said Rules. This cannot be the position. because as we have already said r. 14(i) only incorporates the principle of proviso (a) to Art. 311(2). Ifs. 12 of the Probation of Offenders Act complete· Iy wipe out the disqualification cotainecl in Art. 311 (2) proviso (a) then it would have become ultra vires as it would have come into direct conflict with the provisions of the proviso (a) to Art. 311 (2). In our opinion, however, s. 12 of the Act refers to only such clisqualifications as are expressly mentioned in other statutes regarding holding of offices or standing for elections and so on. This matter was considered bv a number of High Courts and there is a consensus of judicial opinion on this point that s. 12 of the Act is not an automatic disqualification attacheld to the conviction itself. In' R. Kumaraswami Aiyar v. The Commissioner Municipal Council, Timvannamalai and another,(!') Rajagopala Ayyangar, J., as he then was, observed as follows : "If for instance the petitioner is dismissed from service because he has been found guilty of an offence involving moral turoitude it cannot be said that he is suffering from a disqualification attaching to a conviction. What S. 12-A has in view is an automatic disqualification flowing from a conviction and not an obliteration of the misconduct of the accused. In my judgment the possibility of disciolinarv proceedings being taken against a person. f~und ~i.Ity is not a disqualification attaching to the conviction w1thm the meaning of S. 12-A of the Probation of Offenders Act." The same view was en'dorsed bv the Full Bench of the Pnniab and Haryana High Court in Om Prakash v. The Director Postal Services (Posts and Tele11raohs Deptt.) Punjab Circle, Ambala and others(') where it was observed : "What Section 12 removes is a disqualification attachinl{ to a conviction. Jn mv 01'.!inion neit~er liab!litv !? be departmentally punished for misconduct is a disqualifica- --- --·-- --·--------· (l) 1957 Cri. L. J. 255, 256. (2) A. I. R. 1973 Punjab 1, 4 A B c D E F G H f + +· A • B c J) E F G I· H SOUTHERN RAILWAY v. T. R. CHALLAPPAN (Fazal Ali,!.) 79·3 tio.!!, nor it attaches to the conviction. "Disqualification" in its ordinary dictionary meaning connotes something that disqualifies or incapacitates. To disqualify a person for a particular purpose means to deprive that person of the qualities or conditions necessary to make him fit for that purpose." It was further observed by the High Court : "The other reason why Section 12 of the Act does not help the petitioner is that the ijepartmental proceedings are not attached to the conviction of the offence. Departmental proceedings are not taken because the man has been convicted. ·The proceedings are directed against the original misconduct of the Government servant. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . No part of Section 12 is intended to exonerate a Government servant of his liability to departmental punishment for misconduct. This provision does not afford immunity against disciplinary proceedings for the original misconduct. What forms basis of the punishment is the misconduct and not the conviction. A Full Bench of the Delhi High Court in Director of Postal Services and Anr. v. Daya Nand(I) held the same view and observed th\IS : " Firstly, the ordinary meaning of 'qualification' is the possession of some merit or quality which makes the possessors eligible to apply for or to get some benefit. TI1e word 'disqualification' used in section 12 has the opposite meaning. It imposes a disability on the person to whom the disqualification is attached in applying for or getting such benefit. The disqualification contemplated by section 12 is somelthing attached to the conviction, namely, something which is a consequence or the result thereof. Instances of such disqualilication may be foutjd in a statute, statutory rule or in administrative practice. Under section 108 of the Representation of Peoole Act, 1951, a nerson is disqualified to be a member of Parliament or State Legislature if he is convicted of certain offences. It would also be an administrative consideration in entertaining applications for jobs or for grant of licences to disfavour an applicant who is a convict. Such a disqualification is removed bv section 12. This meaning of disqualification does not include the reason why a hearing prior to punishment ;, disnense\I with ·bv nroviso (a) to Article 311(2) of the Constitution. Secondlv the obiect of section 12 ls to remove a disaualificat.ion attached to conviction. It does not ~o beyond it." - - --- . - - (I) 1972 S. LR., 325. 341. 794 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 1 s.c.R. The decision in R. Kumarasami Aiyar's case (supra) was follow· .ed in a later case ii\ Emb.aru v. Chairman, Madras Port Trust.( I) The Andhra Pradesh High Court in Akel/a Satyanarayana Murthy v. Zonal Manager, Life Insurance Corporation of India, Madras(2) appears to have taken the same view where it was observed thus : " ..... we are of the view that what Section 12 of the Central Act has in view is an automatic disqualification flowing from a conviction and not an obliteration of the misconkluct of the official concerned. The disciplinary authority is not precluded from proceeding under Regulation 89(4)." The Madhya Pradeish High Court also took the same view in Premkumar v. Union of India and others(8 ) where it was observed : "We have heard the learned counsel at some length but we find ourselves unable to argee with the above conteution. The relevant words of the section are 'shall not suffer disqualification, if any, attaching to a conviction of an offence uuder .such law'. The words can only be reatl so as to remove the disqualification which uuder some law may attach to a person on account of his conviction. For instance, if a person is convicted of an offeuce, he is disqualified from standing for election to the Central or State Legislatures. But if such a person is given benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act. then by virtue of Section 12 of that Act the disqualification for that purpose (standing for election) will stand removed." A Division Bench of the Delhi High Court in Iqbal Singh v. In.19ector General of Police, Delhi & Ors.(') took a contrary view but that decision has been overruled by a later 'decision of the Full Bench of the same High Court in Director of Postal Services v. Daya Nand (Supra) to which we have already referred to. Even the Rajasthan High Court in its judgment concerning Civil Appeal No. 891 of 1975 has endorsed the view taken by the Madras High Court and followed by the other High Courts. We find ourselves in complete agreement with the view taken by the Madras Hi