# DIVISIONAL PERSONNEL OFFICER, SOUTHERN RAILWAY v. S. RAGHAVENDRACHAR December 16, I 96S

- **Citation:** [1966] 3 S.C.R. 106
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1966
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 975 of 1964
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/divisional-personnel-officer-southern-railway-v-s-raghavendrachar-december-16-i-3674
- **Pages:** 14

## Headnote

J
DIVISIONAL PERSONNEL OFFICER, SOUTHERN
RAILWAY
v.
S. RAGHAVENDRACHAR
December 16, I 96S
(P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, C.J., K. N. WANCHOO,
M. HmAYATULLAH, v. RAMASWAMI
anQ P. SATYANARAYANA RAJU, IJ.]
A
B
Constitution of India, Art. 311(2)-Rtversion from o[ficialU.1 pon to
su'11tan1ive post loJ/Jen juniors officiating in higher post-Whether amounts
C
to reduction in rank.
The respondent was employed in the Southern
Railway
u Train
Euminer in the scale of Rs. 100-5-125-t>-185.
He was promoted 19
officiate in the next higher scale of Rs. 150-225.
Subsequently he was
rCTCned to the lower scale, and his depanmental
representations and
aj>peals having failed, he filed a writ petiuon under An. 226 of the CooaUtution. The High Court held that the
reversion of the respondent
D
amounted to a reduction in ranl:. because he w .. reverted from the high..-
p<llt to the lower post notwithstanding the fact that his juniors were still
retained in the higher posts. As this reduction of ranl:. was in violation
of An. 311(2) the High Court granted the writ prayed for. The Divisional Personnel Officer, Southern Railway appealed to this Court
by
opecia1 leave.
It was contended on behalf of the appellant that the High Court had
E
milunderstood the ratio of the
judgment of this
Court in VaJJ:untMs
cue and that the respondent had not suffered
any reduction
in rank
within the meaning of Art. 311 (2).
HELD : ( i) 1be reversion of a Government servant from so olliciating post to his substantive post, while his junior is officiating in hlgbtt
pail, does not, by itself, Constitute a reduction in ran\: within the meaning of An. 311 (~I of the Coru>!irution. [I IO DJ
(ii) An important aspect of the decision in Vaikunthe's case was lost
sight of by the High Court. The real ground on which V aikunthe's reversion to his origioal post of mamlatdar was held to be a violation of
hi" constitutional guarantee was that his chances of promotion were irr~
vocably barred for a period of three years.
There was no :1uch bar oo
promotion in the present case. [ 1 I 4 El
Madhav Lru:man Vaikunthe v. State of Mysore, [19621 1 S.C.R. 886.
<listinguishod.
{iii) The respondent's complaint was that he had lost his 9Clliority
hy reaaon of the retention of his juniors in the
officiating higher pool.
But his rank in the substantive post i.e. in the lower grade, was in no
way affected by this.
In the substantive grade the respondent retained
his nnt and \\'ac; not visited with any penal consequences. The respondent had no right to the post to which he was provisionally promoted.
His reversion in these circumstances did not amount to reduction in
rant. (118 G-119 Al
F
G
II
•
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D. P. 0., s. RLY. V. RAGHAVENDRACHAR (Raju, J.)
107
A
Parshatam Lal Dhingra v. Union of India, [19581 S.C.R. 828, SMI•
of Bombay v. F. A. Abraham, (19621 Supp. 2 S.C.R. 92 and The High
Court, Calcu~ta v. Amal Kumar Roy, [19631 1 S.C.R. 437, relied on.
ll
c
D
P. C. Wadhwa v. Union of India, (19641 4 S.C.R. 598, distinguished.
M. A. Waheed v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [19541 Nag. L. J. 31t5,
referred to.

## Text

J
DIVISIONAL PERSONNEL OFFICER, SOUTHERN
RAILWAY
v.
S. RAGHAVENDRACHAR
December 16, I 96S
(P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, C.J., K. N. WANCHOO,
M. HmAYATULLAH, v. RAMASWAMI
anQ P. SATYANARAYANA RAJU, IJ.]
A
B
Constitution of India, Art. 311(2)-Rtversion from o[ficialU.1 pon to
su'11tan1ive post loJ/Jen juniors officiating in higher post-Whether amounts
C
to reduction in rank.
The respondent was employed in the Southern
Railway
u Train
Euminer in the scale of Rs. 100-5-125-t>-185.
He was promoted 19
officiate in the next higher scale of Rs. 150-225.
Subsequently he was
rCTCned to the lower scale, and his depanmental
representations and
aj>peals having failed, he filed a writ petiuon under An. 226 of the CooaUtution. The High Court held that the
reversion of the respondent
D
amounted to a reduction in ranl:. because he w .. reverted from the high..-
p<llt to the lower post notwithstanding the fact that his juniors were still
retained in the higher posts. As this reduction of ranl:. was in violation
of An. 311(2) the High Court granted the writ prayed for. The Divisional Personnel Officer, Southern Railway appealed to this Court
by
opecia1 leave.
It was contended on behalf of the appellant that the High Court had
E
milunderstood the ratio of the
judgment of this
Court in VaJJ:untMs
cue and that the respondent had not suffered
any reduction
in rank
within the meaning of Art. 311 (2).
HELD : ( i) 1be reversion of a Government servant from so olliciating post to his substantive post, while his junior is officiating in hlgbtt
pail, does not, by itself, Constitute a reduction in ran\: within the meaning of An. 311 (~I of the Coru>!irution. [I IO DJ
(ii) An important aspect of the decision in Vaikunthe's case was lost
sight of by the High Court. The real ground on which V aikunthe's reversion to his origioal post of mamlatdar was held to be a violation of
hi" constitutional guarantee was that his chances of promotion were irr~
vocably barred for a period of three years.
There was no :1uch bar oo
promotion in the present case. [ 1 I 4 El
Madhav Lru:man Vaikunthe v. State of Mysore, [19621 1 S.C.R. 886.
<listinguishod.
{iii) The respondent's complaint was that he had lost his 9Clliority
hy reaaon of the retention of his juniors in the
officiating higher pool.
But his rank in the substantive post i.e. in the lower grade, was in no
way affected by this.
In the substantive grade the respondent retained
his nnt and \\'ac; not visited with any penal consequences. The respondent had no right to the post to which he was provisionally promoted.
His reversion in these circumstances did not amount to reduction in
rant. (118 G-119 Al
F
G
II
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D. P. 0., s. RLY. V. RAGHAVENDRACHAR (Raju, J.)
107
A
Parshatam Lal Dhingra v. Union of India, [19581 S.C.R. 828, SMI•
of Bombay v. F. A. Abraham, (19621 Supp. 2 S.C.R. 92 and The High
Court, Calcu~ta v. Amal Kumar Roy, [19631 1 S.C.R. 437, relied on.
ll
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P. C. Wadhwa v. Union of India, (19641 4 S.C.R. 598, distinguished.
M. A. Waheed v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [19541 Nag. L. J. 31t5,
referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 975 of
1964.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated
December 12, 1962, of the Mysore High Court in W.P. No. 531
of 1961.
Bishan Narain, Naunit Lal and B.R.G.K. Achar, for
tAc
appellant.
S. K. Venkataranga Iyengar and R. Gopalakrishnan, for the
respondent.
The judgment of the Court was delivered by
Satyauarayana Raju, J. This appeal, by special leave, raises a
somewhat important question of all, which is whether the teTersion of a Government servant from an officiating post to his substantive post, while his junior is officiating in the higher post, does
1!:
11ot, by itself, constitute a reduction in rank within the meaning
of art. 311 (2) of the Constitution.
For the purpose of deciding the point raised in the appeal, it
would be necessary to state the material facts. 1k Southern
Railway has two grades of Train Examiners, one in the scale of
Rs. 100-5-125-6-185 and the other in the scale of Rs. 150-225.
F
The respondent was employed in the lower scale as a
Train
Examiner. By an order dated April 7, 1959, the respondent was
promoted to officiate in the higher scale with a starting salary ot
Rs. 150 per month.
That order read as follows :
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"2. Sq S. Raghavendrachar, TXR·YPR in scale
Rs. 100-185 is promoted to officiate as TXR in scale
Rs. 150-225 on Rs. 150 per month and retained YPR
as TXR-IC.
3. Sri James Blazey TXR-MYS in scale Rs. 100185 is promoted to officiate as TXR in scale Rs. 150225 on Rs. 150 per month and transferred to SBC-BG
vide item 1 above.
Sanction endorsed by D.S. for promotion of items
2 and 3."
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108
SUPRBMI! COUJ.T
REPORTS
(1966]3 S.CR.
There is a note appended to the order which is important :
"Note : 1. The promotion of items 2 and 3 are
purely provisional subject to revision when Divisional
Seniority lists arc drawn up."
A
By an order dated November 27, 1959, the respondent was
B
reverted.
That order wa~ ~ follows :
'"Sri S. Raghavendrachar, TXR/YPR (officiating)
in scale Rs. 150-225 is reverted to scale Rs. 100-185
on Rs. 130 per month and transferred to SBC/MG."
Oo re~eipt of this order, the respondent made representations to
th:: appellant.
The appellant sent to the respondent communication dated May 25, 1960:
"As per the existing instructions an officiating employee with less than 18 months of service in the higher
grade may be reverted to lower scale w'thout assigning
any reason for.such rever.;ion by a competent au:hority.
Since the period of your officiating in scale Rs. 150225 was less than 18 months and since your reversion
from scale Rs. 150-225 to Rs. 100-185 has been ordered by a competent authority, no reasons need be assigned as requested in your representation dated 8th/9th
December 1959.
As regards the confirmation of TXRs in scale
Rs. 150-225, who were your juniors while you were
officiating in scale Rs. 150-225, I have to advise you
that consequent on your reversion to scale Rs. 100-185,
all your junior.;, in scale Rs. 150-225, have become
your seniors and their confirmation.' in preference to
you are in order.
Regarding your re-promotion to scale Rs. 150-225,
it will be considered in the normal course according to
your seniority and suitability to hold the post in scale
Rs. 150-225."
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The respondent made a further appeal to the Divisional Super-
'•
intendent, Mysore, on July 2, 1960 and sent him two reminders.
Not having got any response, he filed an appeal on January 31,
H
1961, to the General Manager, Southern Railway.
The respondent sent a reminder to the latter on March 31, 1961. In reply,
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D. P. o., s. RLY. v. RAGHAVENDRACHAR (Ra;u, l.)
109
the Divisional Personnel Officer wrote to the respondent as follows by letter dated April 30, 1961 :
"Your reversion from an officiating post on scale
Rs. 150-225 (PS) was not a penalty as presumed by
you, in your above representations. The vacancy thus
released by you in scale Rs. 150-225 (PS) and ~e
vacancies which existed on the date of your reversion
were filled uo on 14th February 1960. You are therefore eligible -to be considered for promotion against a
vacancy which occurred after the date of your reversion and not against the vacancies which existed on the
date of your reversion and also the vacancy caused by
your reversion. No regular vacancy (other than short
term leave vacancy) in scale Rs. 150-225 has occurred from the date of your reversion till date. You will
therefore be considered for promotion against the next
vacancy, subject to the condition of seniority-cum-suitability, on the basis of which only promotions to nonselection posts are to be ordered.
2. As regard§ seniority, all those hitherto promoted to scale Rs. 150-225 (PS) will automatically rank
seniors to you and your seniority if promoted will be
reckoned only from the date of your promotion in
future vacancy.
·
3. Your contention that, when you were promoted
to officiate for 2 months against the leave vacancy of
Shri Venkataraman, as per this office
order No.
M. 542/PI of 14th November 1960, you should have
been continued even after the expiry of the leave
vacancy, and that Shri Varghese should have been
reverted, is not correct, for .the reasons stated in paragraph 2 above.
·
4. Your representation of 30th January 1961
to
GM(P) Madras is therefore withheld."
Aggrieved by the order dated November 27, 1959, the respondent moved the Mysore High Court, on the failure of his
representations to the hierarchy of Departmental Heads, for a
writ of cert!'orari to quash the impugned order made by the appellant. By judgment dated December 12, 1962, ·a Division Bench
H of the High Court quashed the order of reversion;
The High
Court observed that it was not necessary to express any opinion
on the qu.~stion whether the reversion of the respondent on the
ground that his work was unsatisfactory amounted to a reduction
)
110
SUPREME COURT
REPORTS
[1966) 3 S.C.R.
in rank within the meaning of that expression occurring in art.
A.
311 (2) of the Constitution.
But the High Court held that the
reversion of the respondent amounted to a reduction in rant
because he was reverted from the higher post to the lower post
notwithstanding the fact that his juniors were still retained in the
higher posts. In reaching this conclusion the High Court purported to follow the decision of this Court in Madhav Laxman
B
Vaikunthe v. Stare of Mysore(').
Tue Divisional Personnel Officer, Southern Railway, Mysore,
obtained special leave from this Court against the order of the
lligh Court.
It is contended by Mr. Bishan Narain, learned counsel for the
C
appellant, that the High Court misunderstood the ratio of the
judgment of this Court in Vaikunthe's case('), that there is DO
right in a Government servant to promotion as of right, that the
mere reversion of a Government servant from an offic:ating post
to his substantive post, notwithstanding that his juniors are retained in the higher posts, does not amount to a reduction in rank
Dand tho provisions of art. 311 (2) are not attracted.
On the other
hand, it is contended by Mr. S. K. Venkataranga Iyengar, !cam-
. ed counsel for the respondent, that the circumstances of the CMe
clearly indicated that the reversion of the respondent amounted
to a reduction in rank and since the procedure prescribed by art.
E
311 (2) was not complied with, the order of reversion v;as bad
in law.
It may be taken to be settled by the decisions of this Court
that since art. 311 makes no distinction between permanent and
temporary posts, its protection must be held to extend to all govF
crnment servants holding permanent or temporary posts or officiating in any of them, but that protection is limited to the imposition of three major penalties contemplated by the Service Rules.
l'iz., dismissal, or removal or reduction in rank.
The first of the cases which may be considered is the decis"on
in Parshotam l.,al Dhingra v. Union of lndia(i), commonly
G
known as Dhingra's case. In this case, Das C.J., who spoke for
the majority, considered comprehensively the scope and effect of
the relevant constitutional provisions, service rules and their impact on the question as to whether reversion of Dhingra offended
against the provfaions of art. 311 (2).
Dhingra was appointed
as a Signaller in 1924 and promoted to the post of Chief ConII
troller in 1950. Both these posts were in Class ill Service. In
(I) (19621 I S.C.R. 886.
(2) (t9S8] S.C.R. 828.
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D. P. 0., s. RLY. v. RAGHAVENDRACHAR (Raju, J.)
111
A
1951, he was appointed to officiate in Class II Service as Assistant
Superintendent, Railway Telegraphs.
On certain adverse
remarks having been made against hinI, he was reverted as a subordinate till he made good bis short comings.
Then, Dhingra
·made a representation. Subsequently, the General Manager gave
hinI notice reverting hinI to Class ID appointment. It was this
B
order which was challenged by Dhingra by a writ petition, in the
' High Court and, eventually, in this Court. The question for
declSion was whetl!er tl!e order of the General Manager amounted
to reduction in rank wi tlJin the meaning of art. 311 ( 2) of the
\.
Constitution, and Dhingra was entitled to a reasonable opportunity to show cause against the order. This Court held that the
C
reversion of an officiating officer to his substantive post did not
attract the provisions of art. 311 (2) and that Dhingra was not
· entitled to tl!e protection of that article.
It is however true tl!at even an officiating government servant
0
may be reverted to his original rank by way of punishment. It was
..
therefore observed in Dhin1?,ra's case(') at p. 863 :
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"Thus if tl!e order entails or provides for the forfeiture of his pay or allowances or the loss of his seniority
in his substantive rank or the stoppage or postponement of his future chances of promotion, then that circumstance may indicate that altl!ough in form tl!e Government had purported to exercise its right to terminate
the employment or to reduce the servant to a lower rank
under tl!e terms of the contract of employment or
under tl!e i:ules, in truth and reality the Government
has terminated tl!e employment as and by way of
penalty."
One test for determining whether the termination of service was
by way of punishment or otherwise is to ascertain whether under
the Service Rules, but for such termination, the servant has the
right to hold the post. It was held in Dhinf(rds case(') that he
G was holding an officiating post and had no right under the rules of
the Railway Code to continue in it, that under the general law
such appointment was terminable at any time on reasonable notice
and the reduction could not operate as a forfeiture of any right,
that the order of the General Manager ,visited hinI with no evil
H
consequences and that the order therefore did not amount to a
reduction in rank.
(1) (1958] S.C.R. 828.
I 12
SUPREME COURT
REl'Olll'S
[ 1966] 3 S.C.R.
Vaikunthe's case(') was relied upon by the High Court in
suppon of its conclusion that the reversion of the respondent
amounted to a reduction in rank:.
It is therefore necessary to
scrutinize the facts of that case.
The appellant V a.ikunthe, who held the rank: of a Mamlatdar
in the first grade, and was officiating as Dist.-ict Deputy Collector,
was alleged to have wrongly charged travelling allowance for 59
miles instead of 51 and was, as the result of a Departmental
enquiry, reverted to his substantive rank for three years
and
directed to refund the excess he had charged. He made a representation to the Government which was of no avail although the
Accountant General was of the opinion that the appellant had not
over-charged and committed no fraud.
Ultimately, the appellant
was promoted to the Selection Grade but the order of reversion
remained effective and affected his position in the Selection Grade.
After retirement he brought a suit for a declaration that the order
A
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c
of reversion was void and for recovery of a certain sum
a.~
arrears of salary and allowances. The trial Court held that there
D
was no compliance with the provisions of s. 240(3) of the Government of India Act, 1935, granted the declaration but refused
the arrears claimed.
Vaikuntbe filed an appeal and the State a
cross-objection. The High Coun dismissed the appeal and allowed the cross-objection, holding that the order of reversion was not
a punishment within the meaning of s. 240(3) of the 1935 Act.
This Court held that the matter was covered by the observations in Dhin[fra's ca<e(') and the tests of punishment laid down
by this Court viz., ( I ) whether the servant had a right to the rank
or ( 2) whether he had hcen visited with evil consequences of the
kind specified therein, and that the second test certainly applied.
This Court concluded that Vaikunthe might or might not have
the right to hold the higher post, but there could be no doubt that
he was vi~ited with evil consequences as a result of the order of
revers'on. It was there held :
"Mere deprivation of higher emoluments, however,
in consequence of an order of reversion could not by
itself 'atisfy that test which must include such
other
consequences as forfeiture of substantive pay and loss
of seniority."
Since the requirement of s. 240 ( 3) of the 1935 Act, which corresponds to art. 3 I I (2) of the Constitution, had not been found
to have been fully complied with, the order of reversion was held
to he void.
(1) (1962) 1 S.C.R. 886
f2) 11918) S.C.R. 828.
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D. P. 0., s. RLY. V. RAGHAVENDRACHAR (Raju, J.)
!13
A
There was an important aspect of this decision which was lost
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sight of by the High Court.
The impugned order there ran as
follows:
"After careful consideration Government have decided to revert you to Mapilatdar for a period of three
years . ..... "
It was pointed out in Dhingra's case(') that if the order of reversion entailed or provided for the forfeiture of the pay or allowances of the Government servant or loss of his seniority in his
substantive rank or the stoppag;~ or postponement of his future
chances of promotion, then that circumstance might indicate that
although in form the Government had purported to exercise its
right to terminate the employment or to reduce the servant to a
lower rank under the terms of th\l contract of employment or
under the rules, in truth and reality the Government had . ternlinated the employment as and by way of pem1lty.
At p.
891,
Sinha, C.J., who spoke for the Court, pointed out :
" .... he would have continued as a Deputy Col-.
lector but for the Order of the Government, dated
August 11, 1948, impugned in this case, as a result of
the enquiry held against him, and that his reversion
was not as a matter of course or for administrative convenience.
The Order, in terms,
held him back tor
three years. (Italics ours). Thus his emoluments, present
as well as future, were adversely affected by the Order
aforesaid of the Government. In the ordinary cour'e,
he would have continued as a Deputy Collector with
all the emoluments of the post and would have been
entitled to further promotion but for the set back in his
service as a result of the adverse finding against h·m,
which finding was ultimately declared by the Accountant General to have been under a misapprehension of
the true facts. It is true that he was promoted as a result
of the Government Order dated March 26 1951 with
effect from August 1, 1950. But that p;omotio'n did
not entirely cover the ground lost by him as a result of
the Government Order impugned in this case."
Again, at p. 893, the learned Chief Justice pointed out :
"If the loss of the emoluments attaching to the
higher rank in wh;ch he was officiating was the only
consequence of his reversion as a result of the enquiry
against him, the appellant would have no cause of
(I) [1958] S.C.R. 828.
I
114
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1966] 3 S.C.R.
action.
But it is clear that as a result of the Order
dated August 11, 1948 (Ex. 35), the appellant lost his
seniority as a Mamlatdar, which was his substantive
post. That being so, it was not a simple case of reversion with no evil consequences; it had such consequences as would come within the test of punishment as laid
down in Dhingra's case."
Finally, it was pointed out:
"Jf the reversion had not been for a period of three
years, it could not be said that the appellant had bee\n
punished within the meaning of the rule laid down in
Dhingra's Case. It cannot be asserted that his reversion to a substantive post for a period of three years
was not by way of punishment. From the facts of this
case it is clear that the appellant was on the upward
move in the cadre of his service and but for this aberration in his progress to a higher post, he would have, in
ordinary course, been promoted as he actually was some
time later when the authorities realised perhaps that he
had not been justly treated ...... "
8
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The real ground on which Vaikunthe's reversion to his original
post of Mamlatdar was heid to be a violation of his Constitutional guarantee was that his chances of promotion were irrevoE
cably barred for a period of three years.
Jf this aspect of Vaikunthe's case( 1 ) is borne in mind, it will be found that there is
no basic inconsistency between the decisions which have a bearing on the question as to in what cases reversion would amount
to a reduction in rank.
Even so, it is contended by learned counsel for the respondent that the real reason which operated on the mind of tile
appellant was that the respondent's work in his officiating capacity was unsatisfactory.
Assuming that to be so, the questioD is
whether his reversion to his original post, because he was found
unsuitable for the higher rank to which he had been given the
officiating chance, is valid.
In State of Bombay v. F. A. Abraham(') the respondent held
the substantive post of Inspector of Police and had been officiating as Deputy Superintendent of Police. He was reverted to his
original rank without being given an opponunity of being
heard in respect of the reversion.
His request to furnish him
with reasons for his reversion was refused. Later, a depanmental
------- --
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(!) lt %2] I S.C.R. 886.
(2) [1%2] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 92.
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D. P. o., s. RLY. v. RAGHAVENDRACHAR (Raju, J.)
115·
A enquiry was held behind his back in regard to .certain allegati?ns
of misconduct made against him in a confidential commurucatlon
from the District Superintendent of Police to the Deputy Inspector-General of Police, but these allegations were not proved at
the enquir¥.
The Inspector-General of Police, however, thereafter wrote to the Government that the respondent's previous record
B was not satisfactory and that he had been promoted to officiate
as Deputy Superintendent of Police in the expectation that he
would turn a new leaf. The High Court held, following its earlier decision in M.A. Waheed v. State of Madhya Pradesh(')
that if a person officiating in a higher post is reverted to his
original post in the normal course, that is, on account of cessasion
C of the vacancy or his failure to acquire the required qualification,
the reversion did not amount to a reduction in rank but if he is
reverted for unsatisfactory work, then the reversion would amount
to a reduction in rank. This Court did not agree with the observations in Waheed's case(') that when a person officiating in
0
a post is reverted for unsatisfactory work, that reversion would
amount to a reduction in rank.
This Court took the view that
the Government had a right to consider the suitability of the respondent to hold the position to which he had been appointed to
officiate and that it was entitled for that purpose to make inquiries
about his suitability and that that was all what the Government
E had done in that case.
Two more cases cited at the Bar now require to be considered. In The High Court, Calcutta v. Amal Kumar Roy( 2 ) this
Court held that the word 'rank' in art. 311 (2) referred to cl'assification and not to a particular place in the same cadre in the
F hierarchy of service. The facts of the case were as follows. The
respondent was a Munsif in the West Bengal Civil Service (Judicial). When the cases of several Munsifs came up for considera- •
tion before the High Court for inclusion in the panel of officers
to officiate as Subordinate Judges, the respondent's name was excluded. On a rnpresentation made by· him, the respondent was
G told by the Registrar of the High Court that the Court had decided to consider his case after a year. As a result of such exclusion, the respondent, who was then the seniormost in the list of
Munsifs, lost eight places in the cadre of Subordinate Judges
before he was actually appointed to act as an Additional Subordinate Judge. His case mainly was that this exclusion by the High
H
Court amounted in law to the penalty of 'withholding of prom<>-
tion' without giving him an opportunity to show cause. He pray-
(!) [1954] Nag. L.J. 305.
(2) [1963] 1 S.C.R. 437
11 6
SUPREME COURT
REPORTS
[ 1966] 3 S.C.R.
ed that a declaration might be made that he occupied the same
position in respect of seniority in the cadre of Subordinate Judges
as he would have done if no supersession had taken place and
claimed arrears of salary, in a suit filed by him.
The trial Court
decreed the suit.
On behalf of the appellants a
preliminary
objection was taken in this Coun that the controversy raised was
not justiciable.
This Court held that there was no
cause of
action for the suit and the appeal must succeed.
A
B
It was there contended on behalf of the respondent that
even though there might not hav.~ been any d'sciplinary proceedings taken against him, the effect of the H:gh Court's order was
that he was reduced by eight places in the !ht of Suoordinate
C
Judges and that in law amounted to a reduction in rank within
the meaning of art. 31 l (2) of the Constitution. At p. 453 it W1IS
pointed out as follows :
"Jn our opinion, there is no substance in this contention because losing places in the same cadre, namely, of Subordinate Judges docs not amount to a reduction in rank within the meaning of an. 311 (2). The
plaintiff sought to argue that 'rank', in accordance with
dictionary meaning, signifies 'relative position or ;talus
or place', according to Oxford English Dictionary. The
word 'rank' can be and has been used in different senses in different contexts. The exore.'5ion 'rank' in art.
· 311 (2) has reference to a person's classification and
not his particular place in the same cadre in the heirarchy of the service to which he belongs. Hence. in the
context of the Jud'cial Service of West Bengal. 'reduction in rank' would imply that a person who is already
holding the post of a Subordinate Judge has been reduced to the posilion of a Munsif, the rank of a Subordinate Judge being higher than that of a
Munsif.
But Subordinate Judges in the same cadre hold the same
rank though they have to be listed in order of <cniority
in the Cvil Li<t.
Therefore .. los"ng some places in the
seniority list is nnt tantamount to reduction in rank.
Hence, it must be held that
the provi,ions
of art.
3 I I (2) of the Constitution are not a1tracte<l to
this
cai;;c."
This decision therefore is authority for the position that losing
some places in the seniority list is not tantamount to reduction
in rank.
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D, P. 0., s. RLY, v. RAGHAVENDRACHAR (Raju, J.)
11 T
A
The respondent relied upon the decision of this Court in
P. C. Wadhwa v. Union of India('). There, the appellant, a
member of the Indian Police Service and holding the substantive
rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police (a post in the junior
time scale of pay) in the State of Punjab, was promoted to officiate as Superintendent of Police, which was a post carrying a
B higher salary in the senior time-scale, and posted as Additional
Superintendent of Police.
After he had earned one increment in
that post, he was served with a charge-sheet and before the enquiry, which had been ordered, had started, he was reverted to
' his substantive rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police, the
ground suggested for reversion being unsatisfactory conduct. No
C details of the unsatisfactory conduct were specified and the appellant was not asked for any explanation. At the time when the
appellant was reverted, officers junior to him in the I.P.S. Cadre
of the State were officiating in the senior scale. The order entailed loss of pay as well as loss of seniority and postponement
D of future chances of promotion,
It was held that the order of reversion made against the
appellant was in effect a 'reduction in rank' within the meaning
of art. 311 (2) of the Constituifon and inasmuch as he was given
no opportunity of showing cause against the said order of reverE sion, there was violation of art. 311. On a consideration of the
circumstances of the case, this Court reached the
conclusion
that the action of the Government reverting the appellant was
ma/a fide.
But that was not the sole ground on which the order of
reversion was held to be bad.
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After an examination of the legal position from the large body
of rules to which reference was made, it was held that in so far
as the Indian Police Service is concerned there was only one cadre,
that appointment to posts borne on that cadre were to be made
by direct recruitment except to the extent of 25 per cent of the
senior posts which may be filled by promotion from the
State
Police Service.
A special feature of the All India Services like
the Indian Police Service and the Indian Civil Service is that promotion is a matter of right. It was for this reason that this
Court, by a majority pointed out at p. 622 that in the case of
those services there was no rule which, specifically provided that
an officer had to be freshly appointed to a post carrying a salary
in the senior scale of pay.
(I) (1964] 4 S.C.R. 598.
J.
I 18
SUPREME COURT
REPORTS
11966] 3 S.C.R.
At p. 627 it was said :
"In our opinion, the whole scheme of 1he rules indicates that a person borne on the junior scale of pay
has a right to hold a post on the senior scale of
pay depending upon the availability of a post and his
seniority in the junior scale of pay. . . If a person holding a post in the senior scale, though in an officiating
capacity, is found to be unfit to hold that post, action
will have to be taken against him as required by r. 5
of Discipline and Appeal Rules because his reversion
to a post in the lower scale would amount to reduction
in rank within the meaning of art. 311 of the Constitution.''
On a consideration of the circumstances of thal
case. it is
clear that the decision itself proceeded on the basic fact that for
members of All India Services like the Indian Police Service. pr<>-
motion was a matter of right and special considerations
would
have to be applil',,d to them.
Now, in the light of the principles established by the above
decisions, we may consider the respondent's case.
The Southern ·
Railway has two grades of Train Examiners.
The
respondent
and one James Blazey were promoted from the lower grade to
officiate in the higher grade. The respondent was shown at item
no. 2 and James Blazey at item no. 3 in the promotion list. A note
waq appended to the order that the promotion of the respondent and
Wazey were 'purely provisional subject to revision when >eniority
lists were drawn up for the Division'.
By reason of the order
dated November 27, 1959, the respondent was reverted to the
lower grade while Blazcy was retained in the higher grade. The
case of the respondent is that Blazey was junior to him and that
since he was reverted while Blazey was not. it would amount to
a reduction in rank so far as he was concerned. It is plain that
what he complairn of is that he lost his seniority by reason of the
retention of Blazey in the officiating higher post.
The respondent's rank in the substantive post i.e., m the
lower grade, was in no way affected by this.
In the substantive
grade, the respondent retained his rank.
It may also be added
that he was visited with no penal consequences.
It is no doubt
true that it is not the form but the substance that matters. but
once it is accepted that the respondent has no right to the post to
which he was provisionally promoted, there can be no doubt that
his reversion does not amount to a reduction in rnnk.
A
B
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D. P. o., s. RLY. v. RAGHAVENDRACHAR (Raju, I.)
119
A
None of the decisions considered above lends support to the
B
c
contention for the respondent.
It was finally argued that the procedure prescribed by
rr. 1609 to 1619 of the rules coFJ.tained in the Indian Railway
Establishment Code, Vol. I., were contrayened. Rule 1609 reads :
"As a general rule, in no circumstances, should a
gazetted railway servant be kept in ignorance for any
length of time that his superiors, after sufficient experience of his work, are dissatisfied with him; where a
warning might eradicate a particular fault, the advantages of prompt communication are obvious. On the
other hand, the communication of any adverse remarks
removed from their context is likely to give a misleading
impression to the gazetted railway servant concerned.
The procedure detailed in rule 1610 should therefore
be followed."
D Rulec 1609 to 1618 apply only to gazetted railway servants.
The respondent is not a gazetted railway servant and there is no
quection of his claiming that he is entitled to the
right given
under the above rules.
Rule 1619 refers to non-gazetted railway servants. That rule
E providec that in general conformity with the principles laid down
in the preceding rules applicable to Gazetted Railway Servants,
a General Manager may frame detai1-.,d rules for the preparation,
submission and disposal of confidential reports on non-gazetted
railway servants. Learned courn;el for the respondent could not
F
G
place before us those rules, if any.
The contentions raised by the respondent having been negatived, this appeal must succeed, and it is accordingly allowed,
but, in the circumstanc.a.,s of the case, there will be no order as
to costs.
Appeal allowed .