# Durga Prasad v. H. R. Goines, Superintendent

- **Citation:** [1967] 2 S.C.R. 340
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1967-01-05
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 998of1965
- **Bench:** K. Subba Rao, J. C. Shah, S. M. Sikr!, V. Ramaswami, C. A. VAIDlit.LINGA~
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/durga-prasad-v-h-r-goines-superintendent-3960
- **Pages:** 7

## Headnote

Defence of India (Amendmem) Rules 1963 (Gold Control Rules)
r. 126(L)(2) and the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962), ss. 2(34), 105
and I 10-0rder of Assistant Collector authorising search of premises,
requirements of-Procedure of search, s. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure how far applicable--Ofjicer authorised by Collector whether
'proper o[Jicer'-Va/idtty of s. 105.
Constitution of India, Art. 14--Section 105 of Sea Customs Act, 1962
·~..,hether gives unguided and arbitrary power-Whetlrer ultra vires.
The Assistant Collector of Central Excise issued an authorization
under s. 126(L) (2) of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1963
(Gold Control Rules) for searching the premises of the appellant.
As a
result of the search undeclared gold and certain other articles as well as
doc11111ents were seized. The appellant's writ petition under Art. 226
challenging the search on various grounds was dismissed.
In appeal by
certificate 1
HELD : (i) Mala {ides had not been
proved against the
officer
authorized to make the search [342 CJ
(ii) The authorization order could not be said 10 be defective merely
because it did not expressly employ the phrase 'reason to believe' occurring in s. 105 of the Customs Act. The phraseology used in the order
meant, in effoct and substance, the same thjo.g. [342 E-F]
(iii) While it may be advisable and indeed proper for the Assntant
Collector to $ive in the authorization order the reasons for his belief
that a search IS necessary, the non-mention of reasons would not by itself
vitiate the order. Nor can all the particulars of the nature of the goods
and of the documents be mentioned in the order as they will be known
only after the search is made. The specifications given in the present
case were sufficient to enable the officer authorized to make the search
[343 C-DJ
(iv) The word 'by' ins. 2(34) refers both to the Board and the Collector and therefore both the Board and the Collector of Customs can assign
functions to an officer of Customs. (343 H]
(v) It cannot be said that the Assistant Collector of Customs must
in authorizing search also record his reasons for doing so on the ground
that•· 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure which makes such a
prowion is made applicable to searches under s. 105 of the Cwtoms
Act. While under s. 105 of the Act the Assistant Collector of Customs
either makes the search personally or authorizes any officer of Customs
to do so, if he has reasons to believe tha facts mentioned therein, under
s. ! 65 ( 1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure the recording of the 1 easons
for believing the facts is only to enable him to make a. search ur~ently
in a case wh.erc search warrants in the ordinary course cannot be obtained.
It is. therefore, not possible to invoke the condition and apply it to
a situation arising under s. 105 of the Act [345 B-OJ
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GOP!KR!SHAN V. COLLECTOR (Subba Rao, C.J.)
341
(vi) Section 105 of the Customs Act does not confer an unguided and
arbitrary power on the Assistant Collector of Customs to make a search.
A deeper scrutiny of the provisions indicates not only a policy but abo
effective checks on the exercise of the power of search by the Assistant
Collector. The section
dots
not therefore
oO'end
Art. 14
of the
Constitution. [346 DJ
(vii) The High Court on the materials placed before it, held that the
Assistant Collector had acted with reasonable belief in the facts mentioned in s. 105.
Ther~ was no justification for interfering with the findings
of the High Court. [346 E-F]
Durga Prasad v. H. R. Goines, Superintendent
(Prevention) Central
Excise, Nagpur, A.I.R. 1966 S.C. 1209, referred to.

## Text

R. S. SETH GOPIKRISHAN AGARWAL
R. N. SEN, ASSISTA~T COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS & ORS.
January 5, 1967
[K. SUBBA RAO, C. J., J. C. SHAH, S. M. SIKR!, V. RAMASWAMI
AND C. A. VAIDlit.LINGA~, JJ.]
Defence of India (Amendmem) Rules 1963 (Gold Control Rules)
r. 126(L)(2) and the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962), ss. 2(34), 105
and I 10-0rder of Assistant Collector authorising search of premises,
requirements of-Procedure of search, s. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure how far applicable--Ofjicer authorised by Collector whether
'proper o[Jicer'-Va/idtty of s. 105.
Constitution of India, Art. 14--Section 105 of Sea Customs Act, 1962
·~..,hether gives unguided and arbitrary power-Whetlrer ultra vires.
The Assistant Collector of Central Excise issued an authorization
under s. 126(L) (2) of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1963
(Gold Control Rules) for searching the premises of the appellant.
As a
result of the search undeclared gold and certain other articles as well as
doc11111ents were seized. The appellant's writ petition under Art. 226
challenging the search on various grounds was dismissed.
In appeal by
certificate 1
HELD : (i) Mala {ides had not been
proved against the
officer
authorized to make the search [342 CJ
(ii) The authorization order could not be said 10 be defective merely
because it did not expressly employ the phrase 'reason to believe' occurring in s. 105 of the Customs Act. The phraseology used in the order
meant, in effoct and substance, the same thjo.g. [342 E-F]
(iii) While it may be advisable and indeed proper for the Assntant
Collector to $ive in the authorization order the reasons for his belief
that a search IS necessary, the non-mention of reasons would not by itself
vitiate the order. Nor can all the particulars of the nature of the goods
and of the documents be mentioned in the order as they will be known
only after the search is made. The specifications given in the present
case were sufficient to enable the officer authorized to make the search
[343 C-DJ
(iv) The word 'by' ins. 2(34) refers both to the Board and the Collector and therefore both the Board and the Collector of Customs can assign
functions to an officer of Customs. (343 H]
(v) It cannot be said that the Assistant Collector of Customs must
in authorizing search also record his reasons for doing so on the ground
that•· 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure which makes such a
prowion is made applicable to searches under s. 105 of the Cwtoms
Act. While under s. 105 of the Act the Assistant Collector of Customs
either makes the search personally or authorizes any officer of Customs
to do so, if he has reasons to believe tha facts mentioned therein, under
s. ! 65 ( 1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure the recording of the 1 easons
for believing the facts is only to enable him to make a. search ur~ently
in a case wh.erc search warrants in the ordinary course cannot be obtained.
It is. therefore, not possible to invoke the condition and apply it to
a situation arising under s. 105 of the Act [345 B-OJ
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GOP!KR!SHAN V. COLLECTOR (Subba Rao, C.J.)
341
(vi) Section 105 of the Customs Act does not confer an unguided and
arbitrary power on the Assistant Collector of Customs to make a search.
A deeper scrutiny of the provisions indicates not only a policy but abo
effective checks on the exercise of the power of search by the Assistant
Collector. The section
dots
not therefore
oO'end
Art. 14
of the
Constitution. [346 DJ
(vii) The High Court on the materials placed before it, held that the
Assistant Collector had acted with reasonable belief in the facts mentioned in s. 105.
Ther~ was no justification for interfering with the findings
of the High Court. [346 E-F]
Durga Prasad v. H. R. Goines, Superintendent
(Prevention) Central
Excise, Nagpur, A.I.R. 1966 S.C. 1209, referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 998of1965.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated February 24, 25,
1964 of the Bombay High Court, Nagpur Bench in Special Civil
Application 459 of 1963.
B. K. Sanghi, G. L. Sanghi and 0. C. Mathur, for the appellant.
D
Niren De, Addi. Solicitor-General, N. S. Bindra and R. H.
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Dhebar, for the respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Subba Rao, C. J. This appeal by certificate raises the question
whether the search of the preinises of the appellant and the seizure
of the articles and the documents found therein were valid.
The relevant facts are as follows: The appellant is a mining
proprietor and holds several manganese mines in different States.
He has also been doing business in many articles apart from being an
exporter of manganese ore. On information alleged to have been
received to the effect that the appellant was in possession of a large
quantity of undeclared gold, the Assistant Collector of Customs and
Central Excise, Raipur, issued an authorization under r. 126 (L) (2)
of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1963 (Gold Control
Rules)
hereinafter called the Rules, for searching the premises of
the appellant. Pursuant to that authorization, the appellant's
premises were searched and as a result of the search gold and other
articles, foreign currency and other documents were seized. The
appellant filed a petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution in the
High Court of Bombay (Nagpur Bench) challenging the validity of the
said search and the seizure of the articles and documents belonging
to him. The petition was heard along with similar petitions filed
by other persons whose premises were likewise searched and goods
and documents seized therefrom. The High Court dismissed all the
petitions. The several petitioners before the High Court, along with
the appellant, preferred appeals to this Court and the appeals other
than that filed by the appellant were heard by this Court : see Durg
34 2
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1967] 2 S.C.R
Prasad v. H.R. Gomes, Superintendent (Prevention), Central Excise
Nagpur('). Therein this Court considered the various contentions
raised by them and dismissed the same. For one reason or other,
this appeal was not heard along with them.
Obviously the points covered by that judgment cannot be
permitted to be reagitated in this appeal. Accepting that position,
learned counsel for the a,ipellan! raised before us only the questions
that were not decided by the said judgment. We shall now proceed
to consider the questions that are peculiar to this aopeal.
The contention that the Assistant Collector and the officer
authorized by him to make the search ~cted with ma/a fides has no
substance. The High Court considered the evidence and rejected
it. We do not see any justification to take a different view on the
material placed before us.
The second contention is that under s. 105 of the Customs Act,
hereinafter called the Act, the Assistant Collectcr shall have reason
to believe that some goods are secreted before he can authorize any
officer of Customs to search for them or the relevant documents, but
the authorization given by the Assistant Collector to the Customs
Officer did not say that he had reason to believe so.
The relevant part of the authorization reads thus :
"Whereas information has been laid before me of the
suspected commission of offence under section 11 read with
section 111 of the Customs Act 1962 (52of1962) and it has
been made to appear that the production of contraband
goods and documents relating thereto are essential to the
enquiry about to be made in the suspected offence" ..... :
Though the words "reason to believe" arc not in terms embodied
in the authorisation, the phraseology used in effect and substanr.e
meant the same thing.
The next contention is that on a reasonable construction of the
said provision it should be held that the Assistant Colle:tor of
Customs should not only give reasons for his belief but also the
particulars of the natu:e of the goods and of the documents, for,
if the reasons and the particulars are not given
the officer authorized may make a roving search of the house which is not in the contemplation of the said section. This argument may be dealt with
in two parts. In terms s. 105 of the Act does not say that the Assistant
Ccllector shall give reasons. The power conferred on him under
s. 105 is not subject to any such condition. Though he cannot make a search or authorize any officer to make a search
(I) A.1.R. 1966 S.C. 1209.
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OOPIKRISHAN v. COLLECTOR (Subba Rao, C.J.)
343
unless he has reason to believe the existence of the facts mentioned in the section, the section does not compel him to give
reasons. While it may be advisable, and indeed proper, for him
to give reasons, the non-mentior. of reasons in itself does not vitiate
the order. Nor can we agree with the appellant that the particulars
of the nature of the goods and of the documents should be given
in the authorization. Obviously, no question of giving of particulars arises if he himself makes the search, but if he authorizes any
officer to do so, he cannot give the particulars of the documents, for
they will be known only after the search is made. Doubtless he
has to indicate broadly the nature of the documents and the goods
in regard to which the officer authorized by him should make a
search, for without that his mandate cannot be obeyed. The authoriza;ion issued by the Assistant Collector of Customs in this case
clearly mentioned that on information received it appeared that
the .. ppellant was in possession of
contraband goods and
documents relating thereto and also described the office and the
resldential premises wherein those goods and documents would be
found. In the circumstances of the case we are satisfied that the
specifications are sufficient to enable the officer authorized to make
the search.
The next argument is based upon the provisions of s. 110 of the
Act. Under s. 110(3) of the Act only a proper officer can seize any
documents or goods which in his opinion will be useful for or relevant to any proceedings under the Act. "Proper officer" has been
defined 'by s. 2(34) of the Act thus :
". "Proper Officer," i'l relation to any functions to be
performed under this Act, means the officer of customs who is assigned those functions by the Board or the
Collector of Customs."
It is contended that, on a true construction fJf s. 2(34) of the Act
the Collector of Customs should himself seize the goods, that he
has no power to authorize another to do so and that in this case the
Collector of'. Customs did not make the seizure. This argument
turns upon the terms of the said provision. It is said that
the Board only can assign functions to another officer and that the
Collector of Customs cannot assign but can function personally. The controversial.expression ins. 2(34) is "by the Board or theCollector of Customs''. The clause "who is assigned those functions", the argument proceeds, refers only to the Board and not to the
Collector. A fair reading of the provision, in our view, is that the
preposition "by" refers both to the Board
and the Collector.
Both the Board and the Collector of Customs can assign functions
to an officer of Customs.
It is then contended that the search made was void inasmuch
as in making the search the relevant provisions of Code of Criminal
344
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1967] 2 S.C.R.
Procedure had not been complied with. This argument is based
upon s. 105(2) of the Act.
I~ reads :
"The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1898, relating to searches shall, so far as may be, apply to
searches under this section subject to the mod;fication that
sub-section (5) of section 165 of the said Code shall have
effect as if for the word "Magistrate", wherever it occurs,
the words "Collector of Customs" were substituted."
Now, if we look at the Code of Criminal Procedure, s. 165 deals with
searches. The relevant part of that section reads :
(I) Whenever an officer in charge of a police station
or a police-officer making an investigation has reasonable grounds for believing that anything necessary for the
purposes of an investigation into any offence which he is
authorised to investigate may be found in any place within
the limits of the police-station of which he is in charge, or
to which he is attached, and that such thing cannot in his
opinion be otherwise obtuined without undue delay, such
officer may, after recording in writing the grounds of
his belief and specifying in such writing, so far as possible,
the thing for which search is .o be made, search, or cause
search to be made, for such thing in any place within the
limits of such station.
(2)
(3) If he is unable to conduct the search in person, and
there is no other person competent to make the search present at the time, he may after recording in writing his reasons
for so doing require any officer subordinate to him to make
the search, and he shall deliver to such subordinate officer
an order in writing specifying the place to be searched and;
so far as possible, the thing for which search is to be made,
and such subordinate officer may the1 eupon search for such
thing in such place.
( 4) The provisions of this Code as to search-warrants
and the general provisions as to searches contained in
section 102 and section 103 shall, so far as maybe, apply to a
search made under this section.
(5) Copies of any record made under sub-section (I)
or sub-section (3) shall forthwith be sent to the nearest
Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence
and the owner or occupier of the place searched shall on
application be furnished with a copy of the same by the
Magistrate.
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OOPIKRISHAN v. COLLECTOR (Subba Rao; C.J.)
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The argument is that the expression "so far as may be" in s. 105(2)
of the Ac;t attracts s. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure
and under that section, as the police-officer has to record in writing
the grounds of his belief foe Assistant Collector of Customs shall
also in authorizing the search record his reasons for doing so. But,
in our view, s. 105 of the Act ands. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure are intended to meet totally different situations. While
under s. 105 of the Act the Assistant Collector of Customs either
makes the search personally or authorizes any officer of Customs
to do so, if he has reason to believe the facts mentioned therein,
under s. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure the recording of
the reasons for believing the facts is only to enable him to make a
search urgently in a case where search warrants in the ordinary
course cannot be obtained. It is, therefore, not possible to invoke
that condition and apply it to a situation arising under s. 105 of the
Act. It is not necessary in this case to particularize which of the
other clauses or part of the clauses of that section can be applied to
a search under s. 105 of the Act. We, therefore, reject this contention also.
Then it iF contended that s. 105 of the Act confers an unguided)
and arbitrary power on the Assistant Collector of Customs to make
a search, the only condition being that he has reason to believe in
the existence of the facts mentioned therein. It is said that the said
belief is practically a subjective satisfaction and the section neither
lays down any policy nor imposes any effective control on his
absolute discretion.
So stated the argument is attractive, but a
deeper scrutiny of the provisions indicates not only a policy but also
effective checks on the exercise of the power to search by the Assistant Collector of Customs. The object of the section is to make
a search for the goods liable to be confiscated or the documents
se~Teted in any place which are relevant to any proceeding under
the Act. The legislative policy reflected in the section is that the
search must be in regard to the. two categories mentioned therein,
namely, goods liable to be confiscated and documents relevant to a
proceeding under the Act. No doubt the power can be abused.
But that is controlled by 0ther means. Though under the section
the Assistant Collector of Customs need not give the reasons, if the
existence of belief is questioned in any collateral proceedings, he has
to produce relevant evidence to sustain his belief. That apart,
Ulider s. 165(5) of the Code of Criminal Pr cedure, read with s.
105(2) of the Act, he has to send forthwi,h to the Collector of
Customs a copy of any record made by him. The Collector would
certainly give necessary directions if the Assistant Collector went
wrong, or if his act was gliided by mala .fides.
But the more
effective control on him is found in s. 136(2) of the Act.
It reads :
If any officer of customs,. ..
346
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1967] 2 s.c.R.
(a) requires a11y person to be searched for goods liable
to confiscation or a1.y document relating thereto, without
having reason to believe that he has such goods or documents secreted about this person; or
(b) arrests any person without having reason to believe
that he has been guilty of an offence punishable under
section 135; or
.(c) searches or authorises any other officer of customs
to search any place without having reason to believe that
any goods, docurr,ents or things of the nature referred to
in section 105 are secreted in that place,
he shall be p11nishable with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to six months, or with fine which may
extend to one thousand rupees, or with both.
No doubt he can be prosecuted or.ly with the previous sanction of
the Central Government, but his liability to criminal prosecution fo_
dereliction of duty under s: 105 of the Act is certainly an effective
control on his arbitrary acts. It is, therefore, clear that not only a
policy is laid down in s. 105, but also that the acts of the Asdstant
Collector are effectively controlled in the manner stated above.
We cannot, therefore, say that s. 105 offends Art. 14 of the
Constitution.
Lastly, it is contended that the Assistant Collector of Customs
in fact has not placed any material before the High Court to sustain
his reasonable belief. The High Court, on the material placed before
it, held that the Assistant Collector had acted with reasonable belief
in the facts mentioned in that section. There is no justification for
our interference with the findi.ngs of the High Court.
In the result, the appeal fails a11d is dismissed with costs.
It is represented to us that three years have elapsed since the
documents were seized and it appears that nothing further has been
done in the matter. We hope and trust that the Customs Authorities will take appropriate and immediate steps to finish their
investigation and return the documents which are not required,
to the appellant.
G.C.
Appeal dismissed.
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