# ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA v. DR. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY AND ANR - **Citation:** [1996] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 637 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1996-04-23 - **Bench:** A yl. AHMADI, N.P. Singh, B.N. Kirpal - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/election-commission-of-india-v-dr-subramanian-swamy-and-anr-14164 - **Pages:** 20 ## Headnote Constitution of India-A1ticles 191(l)(e) & 191(2)-Representation of the People Act, 1951-Section 146-Disqulification-Govemor alone must decide the issue raised-T71is decision nzust be taken after obtaining opinion of Election Conunission-When Election Conunission is a niulti 111e1nber body-Allegations of bias against Chief Election ConunissionC1--Procedure to be follo1ved by the Election Conunission in reaching a decision. Doctrines-Doctline of necessity-Explained, Respondent filed a petition to the State Governor under Article 192 of the Constitution alleging that the Chief Minister of the State of Tamil Nadu elected to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu in the General Elections held in June 1991 had incurred a disqualification of being a member of the Legislative Assembly of the State, in that, she being a partner in a partnership fi'rm had entered into a contract with lhe State Government which contract was subsisting on the date of the petition, in view of sub-clause (e) of clause (1) of Article 191 of the Constitution read with Section 9A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Thereupon the Chief Minister tiled two Writ Petitions, the first for a writ of prohibiA B c D E tion against the then Chief Election Commissioner not to deal with the F petition forwarded to him by the Governor as she had a reasonable apprehension that he ~'as biased in favour of the respondent ai:td the second for a declaration that she had not incurred the disqualification as alleged by the respondent. Single Judge of the High Court allowed the first •>r.it petition holding that the evidence placed on record established that the petitioner's apprehension that the Chief Election Commissioner might G not be able to take an impartial view because of his strong bias in favour of the respondent could not be said to be misplaced or unreasonable, respondent's wife being the lawyer of the Chief Election Commissioner in the suit filed by him in Bombay Court. It was held that it would be just, fair and proper to issue a writ of prohibition to refrain from expressing H 637 638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996J SUPP. l S.C.R. A any opinion on the petition alleging disc1ualification, since at the relevant time the Election Commission was a one member body; that while the principles of natural justice may have to yield in favour of the doctrine of necessity, it was not obligatory to invoke that doctrine in the case on hand, since it was permissible under Article 324 of the Constitution to appoint B an additional Election Commissioner, who, if appointed would constitute an alternative forum for dealing with the matter. Dismissing the second writ petition, it was held that though the decision on the issue of disc1ualification lay within the exclusive domain of the Governor, the then Chief Minister had not incurred the alleged diSCJUalification. C In appeal, the Division Bench of the High Court held that the D question of disqualification was within the exclusive domain of the Election Commission; that on the facts and circumstances of the case the then Chief Minister would he justified in entertaining a reasonable appreshension of bias or at least the likelihood of bias on the part of the Chief Election Commissioner in favour of the respondent and consequently a reasonable doubt the she would not get a fair hearing from the Election Commission; that in view of the appointment of two Election Commissioners after the promulgation of the Ordinance No. 32 of 1993 which was converted into the Act and in view of Sections 9 and 10 introduced in the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service) E Act, 1991, the doctrine of necessity could not be applied since the decision could be taken by the Election Commission if need be by majority. This appe"I had been filed by the Election Commission of India and the Chief Election Commissioner against the decision of the Division F Bench of the High Court. The limited question raised ## Text _Characters 0–39,802 of 49,362. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39802 for what follows._ ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA v. DR. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY AND ANR. APRIL 23, 1996 [A yl. AHMADI, CJ, N.P. SINGH AND B.N. KIRPAL, J.1.j Constitution of India-A1ticles 191(l)(e) & 191(2)-Representation of the People Act, 1951-Section 146-Disqulification-Govemor alone must decide the issue raised-T71is decision nzust be taken after obtaining opinion of Election Conunission-When Election Conunission is a niulti 111e1nber body-Allegations of bias against Chief Election ConunissionC1--Procedure to be follo1ved by the Election Conunission in reaching a decision. Doctrines-Doctline of necessity-Explained, Respondent filed a petition to the State Governor under Article 192 of the Constitution alleging that the Chief Minister of the State of Tamil Nadu elected to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu in the General Elections held in June 1991 had incurred a disqualification of being a member of the Legislative Assembly of the State, in that, she being a partner in a partnership fi'rm had entered into a contract with lhe State Government which contract was subsisting on the date of the petition, in view of sub-clause (e) of clause (1) of Article 191 of the Constitution read with Section 9A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Thereupon the Chief Minister tiled two Writ Petitions, the first for a writ of prohibiA B c D E tion against the then Chief Election Commissioner not to deal with the F petition forwarded to him by the Governor as she had a reasonable apprehension that he ~'as biased in favour of the respondent ai:td the second for a declaration that she had not incurred the disqualification as alleged by the respondent. Single Judge of the High Court allowed the first •>r.it petition holding that the evidence placed on record established that the petitioner's apprehension that the Chief Election Commissioner might G not be able to take an impartial view because of his strong bias in favour of the respondent could not be said to be misplaced or unreasonable, respondent's wife being the lawyer of the Chief Election Commissioner in the suit filed by him in Bombay Court. It was held that it would be just, fair and proper to issue a writ of prohibition to refrain from expressing H 637 638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996J SUPP. l S.C.R. A any opinion on the petition alleging disc1ualification, since at the relevant time the Election Commission was a one member body; that while the principles of natural justice may have to yield in favour of the doctrine of necessity, it was not obligatory to invoke that doctrine in the case on hand, since it was permissible under Article 324 of the Constitution to appoint B an additional Election Commissioner, who, if appointed would constitute an alternative forum for dealing with the matter. Dismissing the second writ petition, it was held that though the decision on the issue of disc1ualification lay within the exclusive domain of the Governor, the then Chief Minister had not incurred the alleged diSCJUalification. C In appeal, the Division Bench of the High Court held that the D question of disqualification was within the exclusive domain of the Election Commission; that on the facts and circumstances of the case the then Chief Minister would he justified in entertaining a reasonable appreshension of bias or at least the likelihood of bias on the part of the Chief Election Commissioner in favour of the respondent and consequently a reasonable doubt the she would not get a fair hearing from the Election Commission; that in view of the appointment of two Election Commissioners after the promulgation of the Ordinance No. 32 of 1993 which was converted into the Act and in view of Sections 9 and 10 introduced in the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service) E Act, 1991, the doctrine of necessity could not be applied since the decision could be taken by the Election Commission if need be by majority. This appe"I had been filed by the Election Commission of India and the Chief Election Commissioner against the decision of the Division F Bench of the High Court. The limited question raised for consideration was regarding the participation of the Chief Election Commissioner in decision-making having regard to the alleg-Jtion of bias made against him. The appellant stated that he was not in the least keen to participate in the decision making in view of the findings recorded by the High Court G but he honestly believed that he was duty bound to decide the issue referred to him and if he refused to do so he would be failing to discharge his constitutional obligation; that even after the Election Commission was converted into a multi-member body w.e.f. 1.10.1993, the position in law remained unaltered because the Constitution does not conceive of an H Election Commission without a Chief Election Commissioner, as the use ELECTION COMMN. OF INDIA v. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY 639 of the word 'and' after the words 'Chief Election Commissioner' and the A word 'other' preceding the words 'Election Commission' indicate that the constitution makers visualised the existence of the Chief Election Commissioner at all times. The Chief Minister of the State contended that as the facts revealed that there was unity and identity of interest between the respondent, his wife and the Chief Election Commissioner, the participation of the Chief Election Commissioner in the decision making process would be in breach of the principles of natural justice and that the doctrine of necessity can have no play, because in the case of a multi-member body, the person, be B he the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner, against C whom the charge of bias is estaMished ought to excuse himself from the proceedings so that the decision taken is not rendered vulnerable and the apprehension of prejudice is totally removed. Disposing of the appeal, this Court D HELD : 1.1. On a conjoint reading of the two clauses of Article 192 of the Constitution it is clear that once a question of the type mentioned in the first clause is referred to the Governor, the Governor and the Governor alone must decide it but this decision must be taken after obtaining the opinion of the Election Commission and the decision which E is made final is that decision which the Governor has taken in accordance with the opinion of the Election Commission. In effect and substance the decision of the Governor must depend on the opinion of the Election Commission and none else, not even the Council of Ministers. Thus the opinion of the Election Comntission is decisive since ihe iinal order \\'Ot!ld F be based solely on that opinion. Article 192(2) of the Constitution expects that the Governor 'shall obtain' the opinion rJf 'the Election Co1nmission' and 'shall act' according: to such opinion in giving his decision on the question of disqualification raised before him. Obtaining the opinion of the Election Cornmission is, therefore, imperative. It is e<1ualiy imperative for the Governor to act according to such opinion. Thus, the opinion of the Election Commission is decisive of the decision to be taken by the Governor. Obviously, the Election Commission referred to in Article 192(2) of the Constitution would be the one appointed under Article 324(2) G of the Constitution. This Article in terms provides that the Election Con1mission shall consist of the Chief Election Connnissioner and such I-I A B c 640 SUPRE\1E COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 1 S.C.R. number of' other Election Commissioners as the President any fix from time to time. Therefore, the Chief Election Comnlissioner is a must whether it is a single-member or multi-member body. In case of' a multimember body, Article 324(3) expects him to act as the Chairman of that body. Section 146 of the Representation of the Peoples Act outlines the procedure to be followed in deciding the question arising under Article 192. That procedure is the one a ci:vil court follows in deciding matters brought before it. Section 9A was introduced in the Act to empower the Election Commission to delegate some of its functions to the Secretary or Deputy Election Commissioner, subjtct to such direction as the Election Commission may choose to give. But it \Vas only routine matter that can be delegated under this provision. [647-D-E; 651-H; 652-A-B] 1.2. This Cou1·t is quite t:onscious of the high oflice the Chief Election Commissioner occupies. Ordinarily this Court would be loathe to uphold the submission of bias but having regard to the \ride ramification the D opinion of the Election Com 1nissioner \\'ould haYe on the future of the Chief J\ilinister the opinion, Vt'hatever it be, should not be vulnerable. The participation of the Chief Election Co1nmissioner in the backdrop of the findings recorded by the Single Judge as well as the Division Bench of the High Court would certainly permit an argument of prejudice, should the E F opinion be adverse to the Chi~f l\.1inister. Therefore, apart from the legal aspect, even prudence demands that Chief Election Commissioner should recuse himself from expressing any opinion in the matter. [654-D-F] 1.3. The doctrine of necessity makes it huperative for the authority to decide and considerations of' judicial propriety must yield. It is often invoked in cases of bias where there is no other authority or Judge to decide the issue. If the doctrine of necessity is not allowed full play in certain unavoidable situations, it Vt'Otild in1pede the course of justice itself and the defaulting party \\-'ould benefit thcrefrorn. If the choice i!-i bet\veen o.tllowing a biased person tn act or to stifle the action altogether, the choice G n1ust fall in favour of the forn1ier as it is the only way to promote decision111aking. Ir. the present case also if the rn·o Election Commissioners a~e able to reach a unanimous decision, there is no need for the Chief Election Commissioner to participate. llf not the doctrine of necessity may have to be invoked. The proper course to follow is that the Chief Election ComH nlissioner should call a meeting of the Election Commission to adjudicate ELECl'IOi\' COP.1i\1N. OF Ji\DIA I'. SUBRAMANl'/\N S\'.:Ar--1Y [AJ-li'..,.1AOL CJ.I 641 on the issue of dis(·1ualification on the grounds alleged by the respondent. ,.\ AJter calling the meeting he should act as the Chair1nan hut then ht" n1ay recuse himself h)' announcing that he \'t'ould not participate in the forn1ation of opinion. If the hvo Election Conunissioners reach a unanirnous opinion, the (:J1ief Election Con1n1issioner \\'ill !1ave the opinion co1nn1unicated to the (;overnor. If the hvo Election Co1111nissioncrs do not reach a unanimous decision in the n1at.ter of expressing: their opinion on the issue referred to the Election Commission, it \\'otdd be necessary for the (]1ief Election Comrnissioner to express his opinion on the doctrine of necessity. In the special circu1nstances of this case this course of action \\'ould he the most appropriate one to follow because if the hHJ Election Comrnissioners do not agree, the doctrine of necessity would cornpel the Chief Election Conunissioner to express his vie\l'S so that the majority opinion could be ccnnmunicated tn the (iovcrnor to enable hin1 to take a decision in accordance therewith as rec1uired by Article 192(1) of" the Constitution. [655-A-HJ B c Brundaban v. Election Convnission, [1965] 3 SCR 53; Election (~0111D mission of India v. N.G. Ranga. [1979] I SCR 210 and T.N. Seshan v. 77ie Union of India, [1995)4 SCC 611, relied on. G1;11dley v. Barke1; (126) ER 875, referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 504 (NC) E of 1994. From the Judgment and Order dated 15.11.93 of the Madras High Court in W.A. No. 956 of 1993. G.L. Sanghi and W.C. Chopra for the Appellants. Mrs. Roxna Swamy and Bharat Sangal for the Respondent No. 1. \/.A. Bobde, E.C. Agra\vala, K.V'. \ 1iswanalhan, NJ:-.. Ni...:cta Aggar\Val, Ms. Purnima Bhat Kak, Mahcsh Aggarwal, Atul Sharma and Sandecp F IV!ittal for the Respondent No. 2. G M ukul M udgal for Intervenor. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by AHMADI, CJ. This is an appeal preferred by the Election CommisH A B 642 SUPREME cm:RT REPORTS [1996] SUPP.1 S.C.R. sion of India and Shri T.N Seshan, the Chief Election Commissioner, (when the former \Vas a single-member con1mission) against lhe decision of the Division Bench of the High Court of Madras dated 15.11.1993 by which, reversing the view taken by the learned single Judge of the High Court dated 2.7.19'!3, it held that in view of the promulgation of Ordinance (Ordinance '.'lo. 32 of 1993) the doctrine of necessity was no more attracted and applicable in the facts and circumstances of the case. The question raised in this appeal crises in the backdrop of the following facts : Ms. J. J ayalalitha was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu on the AIADMK ticket in the General Elections held in June 1991 C and on being elected as the leader of the party she was sworn-in as the Chief Minister of the State. On 2. I0.1992, Dr. Subramanian Swamy preferred a petition to the State Governor under Article 192 of the Constitution of India alleging that the Chief Minister had incurred a disqualification of being a member of the Legislative Assembly of the State, in that, she being a partner in the partnership firm run in the name and D style of Messrs Jaya Public1otions had entered into a contract with the State Governn1ent and \vhich contract was subsisting on the date of the petition, in view of sub-clause (e) of clause (l) of Article 191 of the Constitution read with Section 9A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (hereinafter called 'the R.P. Act'). It would be advantageous to reproduce E the said t\vo provisions at this stage : F G H "191(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State - (a) ....... . (b) ....... . ( c) ....... . (d) ········ ( c) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament. Explanation - For the purposes of, this clause, a person shall not be deemed to hold an office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State specified in the First ELEC110N COMMN. OF INDIA"· SUBRAMANIAN SW AMY [AHMADI, CJ.] 643 Schedule by reason only that he is a Minister either for the Union A or for such State." 119A. Disqualification of Government contracts, etc. - A person shall be disqualified if, and for so long as, there subsists a contract entered into by him in the course of his trade or business with the appropriate Government for the supply of goods to, or for the execution of any works undertaken by, that Government. Explanation - For the purposes of this section, where a contract has been fully performed by the person by whom it has been entered into with the appropriate Government, the contract shall be deemed not to subsist by reason only of the fact that the Government has not performed its part of the contract either wholly or in part." B c Since the Governor did not forward the petition to the Election Commission, Dr. Swamy moved a Writ Petition No. 942 of 1992 against the D Governor for a direction that he forthwith forward the same to the Election Commission as required by Article 192(2) of the Constitution for its opinion. While the said writ petition was pending in the High Court, the Governor forwarded the petition to the Election Commission on 27.3.1993 for its opinion. Thereupon Ms. J. Jayalalitha moved two Writ Petitions Nos. 6094 and 6095 of 1993, the first for a writ of prohibition against Shri Seshan not to deal with the petition forwarded to him by the Governor as she had a reasonable apprehension that he was biased in favour of Dr. Swamy and the second for a declaration that she had not incurred the disqualification as alleged by Dr. Swamy. E F Both these writ petitions came up for disposal before a learned Single Judge of the High Court. He allowed the first writ petition holding that the evidence placed on record clearly established that Ms. J. Jayalalitha's apprehension that Shri Seshan may not be able to take an impartial view because of his strong bias in favour of Dr. Swamy could not be said to be misplaced or unreasonable and it would be just, fair and G proper to issue a writ of prohibition directing Shri Seshan to refrain from expressing any opinion on Dr. Swamy's petition alleging disqualification, since at the relevant time the Election Commission was a one-member body. On the plea based on the doctrine of necessity, the learned Judge observed that whHe the principle of natural justice may have lo yield in H A B c D E F G H 644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996J SUPP. l S.C.R. favour of the doctrine of necessity, it was not obligatory to invoke the said doctrine in all cases, in particular in the case on hand, since it was permissible under Article 324 of the Constitution to appoint an additional Election Commissioner, \vho, if appointed, \VOuld constitute an alternative forum for dealing with the matter. So far as the second writ petition is concerned, while the learned Single Judge held that the decision on the issue raised by Dr. Swamy lay witnin the exclusive domain of the Governor, he opined that Ms . .I. Jayalalitha had not incurred the alleged disqualification. Therefore, \Vhile dismissing the second \vrit petition, he virtually allowed it, in that, the Governor while taking a decision under Article 192(2) would feel inhibited by the said decision. Dr. Swamy filed two Special Leave Petitions Nos. 10189-90 of 1993 in this Court under Article 136, of the Constitution questioning the correctness of the view taken by the learned Single Judge in the said two petitions. This Court, however, did not entertain the said two petitions and by its order dated 20.8.1993 directed the petitioner to move the Division Bench in appeal. Consequently Dr. Swamy preferred an appeal, being Writ Appeal No. 956 of 1993, in the High Court of Madras. At this stage we may notice one development. The President of India promulgated an Ordinance (No. 32 of 1993) entitled the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Condition of Service) Amendment Ordinance, 1993 which was published in the Gazette of Indi~ on 1.10.1993. (This Ordinance was converted into an Act (Act No. 4 of 1994) with the same title on 4.1.1994). Sections 9 and 10 introduced in the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service) Act, 1991 (hereinafter called 'the 1991 Act') provided as under: "9. The business of Election Commission shall be transacted in accordance with the provisions of this Act.'' "10. (1) The Election Commission may, by unanimous decision, regulate the procedure for transaction of its business as also allocation of its business amongst the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners. (2) Save as provided in sub-section (1), all business of the Election Commission shall, as far as possible, be transacted unanimously. ELECTION COMMN. OF INDJA v. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY [AHMADI, CJ.] 645 (3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), if the Chief ElecA tion Commissioner and other EJection Commissioners differ in opinion on any matter, such matter shall be decided according tci to the opinion of the majority." It may be mentioned that the provisions in the Act were the same as in the Ordinance. The Division Bench of the Madras High Court which heard the appeal raised three points for determination, namely, (i) whether the learned Judge was justified in examining if Ms. J. Jayalalitha had incurred B the disqualification set out in Article 191(1) of the Constitution read with C Section 9A, R.P. Act, (ii) whether the apprehension of bias entertained by her against Shri Seshan had reasonable basis and (iii) whether the doctrine of necessity stood attracted after the enactment of Ordinance No. 32 of 1993 rnd in particular in view of Sections 9 and 10 thereof. The Division Bench by its judgment and order dated 15.11.1993 held that the question D whether Ms. J. Jayalalitha had or had not incurred the disqualification under Article 191(1) of the Constitution read with Section 9A of the R.P. Act ought to have been left for decision by the Election Commission under Article 192(2) of the Constitution and the learned Single Judge should not have gone into it as it felt within the exclusive domain of the Election E Commission. Oh the second question the Division Bench held that on the facts and in the circumstances of the case Ms. J. Jayalalitha would be justified in entertaining a reasonable apprehension of bias or atleast the likelihood of bias on the part of Shri Seshan in favour of Dr. Swamy and consequently a reasonable doubt that she would not gel a fair hearing from Shri Seshan. Insofar as the third point is concerned, the Division Bench held that in view of the appointment of two Election Commissioners after F the promulgation of the Ordinance and in vie'v uf Sections 9 and 10 extracted earlier, the doctrine of necessity cannot be applied since the decision could be taken by the Election Commission if need be by majority. On this line of reasoning, on the question of relief to be granted, the G Division Bench allowed the Writ Appeal and modified the order in writ petition No. 6094 of 1993 by giving the following direction : "A writ of prohibition is issued to the first respondent (Mr. T.N. Seshan) from ir any manner dealing with, hearing, adjudicating H A B 646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 1 S.C.(\. upon or disposing of the memorandum dated 2.10.1992 filed by the second respondent (Dr. Subramanian Swamy) and forwarded by the Governor of ".:'amil Nadu to the first respondent. We make it clear that it is open to the Election Commission, while regulating the procedure for transaction of its business or allocation of its business to allot it to any one of the other two members or to both, as it deems necessary and proper. 11 However, insofar as Writ Petition No. 4095 of 1993 is concerned, Division Bench allowed the Writ Appeal and set aside the order and decision of the learned Single Judge and dismissed Writ Petition No. 4095 of 1993. The C Election Commission of India as well as Shri T.N. Seshan felt aggrieved by the decision of the Division Bench in the appeal arising out of Writ Petition No. 6094 of 1993 extracted earlier. This Court granted Special Leave to Appeal and hence we have before us this Civil Appeal No. 504 of 1994. So in this appeal this Court is called upon to decide the limited question D regarding the participation of Shri Seshan in decision-making having regard to the allegation of bias made against him. E F We have extracted the relevant part of Article 191(1) of the Constitution. That Article plainly says that a person shall be disqualified for being a member of the Legislative Assembly of the State if he is disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament. Section 9A of the R.P. Act provides that a person shall be disqualified if there subsists a contract entered into by him in the course of his trade or business with the appropriate government for the supply of goods to, or for the execution of any work undertaken by that government. The duration of the disqualification is limited, namely, so long as the contract subsists. The allegation of Dr. Swamy is that Ms. J. Jayalalitha being a partner of the firm carrying on business in the State of T dmil Na du under the name and style of 'J aya Publications' had incurred the disqualification since that firm had a subsisting contract with the State Government which was a business enterprise to make profit. According to Dr. Swamy she has incurred the disqualificaG tion under Section 9A of the R.P. Act, which being a law made by Parliament, attracts the application of Article 19l(l)(e) of the Constitution. Article 192(1) provides that if any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the Legislature has become subject to any disqualification mentioned in Article 191(1), the question shall be referred for the decision H of the Governor whose decision 'shall be final'. Thus it is the Governor ELECTION COMMN. OF INDIA"· SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY (AHMADI. CJ.] 647 who has to take a decision and such decision is made final. Then we turrt A to clause (2) of Article 192 which reads as under : "192(2) - Before giving any decision on any such question, the Governor shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion." It is clear from the use of the words 'shall obtain' the op1mon of the Election Commission, that it is obligatory to obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and the further stipulation that the Governor "shall act" according to such opinion leaves no room for doubt that the Governor B is bound to act according to that opinion. The position in law is well settled C by this Court's decision in Blllndaban v. Election Commission, [1965] 3 SCR 53 wherein this Court held that it is the obligation of the G•;vernor to take a decision in accordance with the opinion of the Election Commission. It is thus clear on a conjoint reading of the two clauses of Article 192 that once a question of the type mentioned in the first clause is referred to the Governor, meaning thereby is· raised before the Governor, the D Governor and the Governor alone must decide it but this decision must be taken after obtaining the opinion of the Election Commission and th~ decision which is made final is that decision which the Governor has taken in accordance with the opinion of the Election Commission. Jn effect and substance the decision of the Governor must depend on the opinion of the E Election Commission and none else, not even the Council of Ministers. Thus the opinion of the Election Commission is decisive since the final order would be based solely on that opinion. The same view came to be expressed in the case of Election Commission of India v. N. G. Ranga, [1979] 1 SCR 210, while interpreting Article F 103(2) of the Constitution, the language thereof is verbatim except that instead of the Governor in Article 192(2), here the decision has to be made hy the President. So also the language of Articles 192(1) ond 103(1) is identical except for the same change. The Constitution Bench of this Court reiterated that the President was bound to seek and obtain the opinion of G the Election Commission and only thereafter decide the· issue in accordance therewith. It other words, it is the Election Commission's opinion which is decisive. · Having realised that the opinion of the Election Commission is a sine-qua-non for the Governor or the President, as the case may be, to give H 648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996! SUPP. 1 S.C.R. A a decision on the question \vhcther or not the concerned member of the House of the Legislature of the Stale or either House of Parliament has incurred a disqualification, the next question is, cun the Election Co1n111ission take a decjsion if one of its n1en1bers is disqualified fron1 participating in the decision-making ? Article 324( I) of the Constitution invests in the B Election Commission the function of superintendence, direction and control of elections and clause (2) of !hat Article provides that the Election Commission shall consist of •he Chief Election Commi8'ioner and such number of other Election Co1nn1issioners, if an;·~ as the President n1ay fron1 time to time lix. Thus, Article 324(2) envisages a multi-member Election c D E F Con1mission \vith the Chief Election c:o1nmissioncr as its Chairn1an, /Sec Article 324(3)!. In the instant case, to begin with the Election Commission was a single-member body with Shri Seshan as the Chief Election Commissioner when the learned Single .l udge decided the writ petition on 2. 7.J 993. On the question of Ms. J. Jayalalitha entertaining a reasonable apprehension of bias, the learned Judge, on a ~cruriny of the facts and circun1stances of the case, carnc to the conclu.;;ion that having regard to the close asso<.:iation of Dr. Swamy with Shri Sc:,han, besides the fact that Dr. Swamy's wife was the lawyer of Shri Scshan in the suit filed by him at Bombay, the apprehension of bias was real and not imaginary and if Shri Seshan has to take a decision on Dr. Swamy's complaint, the decision may not l::e impartial and will atleast not be seen to be impartial and therefore the learned Single Judge restrained him from deciding the issue and communicating the same to the Governor. However, on the application of the doctrine of necessity, the learned Judge held that since Article 324(2) of the Constitution permitted appointment of one or more Election Commissioners, it \Vas not necessary to invoke the doctrine of necessity and allow Shri Seshan to make a decision, the apprehension of bias, notwithstanding. The Division Bench of the High Court has upheld the view of the learned Single Judge on the question of existence of circumstances which go to sho\V that the apprch..:nsinn nf biu-" entertained hy Ms. J. Jayalalitha \'.'as reasonable and the possibility of her not getting an impartial hearing and decision was real G and not i1naginary or merely an ~xcuse trotted out to avoid a decision on the issue of her disqualification. Thus, there is a concurrent finding of fact that having regard to the close and intimate relationship between Dr. Swamy and Shri T.N. Seshan, apart from the fact that the farmer's wife is the latter's lawyer in the rupees one crore damages suit filed by him in H Bombay, the apprehension of bias in the mind of Ms. J. Jayalalitha cannot ELECfION COMMN. OF INDIA v. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY [AHMADI, O.] 649 be said to be misplaced and her fear that she may not get justice if the A decision is taken by Shri Seshan cannot be brushed aside as imaginary. Shri Sanghi, the learned counsel for Shri Seshan, very frankly slated that his client is not in the least keen to participate in the decision-making in vie\V of the findings recorded by the learned Single Judge as well as the Division Bench of the High Court but he contested the litigation because in his view B he cannot excuse himself from the process of decision-making. He contended that when the matter was before the learned Single Judge, he had invoked the doctrine of necessity as he honestly believed that he was duty bound to decide the issue referred to him and if he refused to do so he would be failing to discharge his constitutional obligation. This is not to say, contended Shri Sanghi, that he admited that allegation of bias made against his client but merely to emphasise that he was under - constitutional obligation to decide the issue and communicate his opinion to the Governor to enable him to discharge his function under Article 192(2) of c the Constitution. Shri Sanghi further contended that even after the Election Commission was converted into a multi-member body with effect from D 1.10.1993, on which date the other two Election Commissioners came tu be appointed, the position in law remained unaltered because the Constitution does not conceive of an Election Commission without a Chief Election Commissioner. According to him, the structure of Articles 324(2) and 324(3) and the use of the word 'and' after the words 'Chief Election Co1nmissioner' and the word 'other' preceding the words 'Election Commissioners) leaves no room for doubt that the Constitution-makers visualised the existence of the Chief Election Commissioner at all times and safeguarded the said office by providing for the removal of the incumbent occupying the said office in the same manner as a Judge of the Supreme Court. Shri Sanghi reiterated that assuming \vithout admitting that the finding of bias is correct, Shri Seshan was not at all aILxious lo participate in the decision-making process if it is not obligatory under the cxt;Jnt ~onstitutional scheme on his part to participate in the