# GOSWAMI SHIU MAHALAXMI V ABUD v. RANNCHHODDAS KALIDAS AND ORS - **Citation:** [1970] 2 S.C.R. 275 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1969-09-09 - **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 1784 of 1966 - **Bench:** V. Bhargava, K. S. Hegde, A. N. Ray - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/goswami-shiu-mahalaxmi-v-abud-v-rannchhoddas-kalidas-and-ors-4785 - **Pages:** 19 ## Headnote Temples-Tests for determining whether the Temple is public or private-Vallabh Sampradayees-/f followers of the school must wor.rhip in a private Temple. In deciding whether a temple is private or public, Courts have to address themselves to various questions such as :- (!) Is the temple built in such imposing manner that it may prima facie appear to be a public temple ? (2) Are the members of the public entitled to worship in that temple as of right ? (3) Are the temple expenses met from the, contributions made by the public ? D (4) Whether the sevas and utsavas conducted in the temple are E F G H those usually conducted in public temples ? ( 5) Have the management as well as the devotees been treating the temple as a public temple. Though the appearance of a temple is a relevant circumstance. it is by no means a decisive one. The architecture of temples differs from place to place. The circumstance that the public or a section thereof have been regularly worshipping in the temple as a matter of course and they can take part in -the f~stivals and ceremonies conducted in that temple apparently as a matter of right is a strong piece of evidence to establish the public character of the temple. If votive offerings arc being made by the public in the usual course and if the expenses of the temple are met by public contribution, it is safe to presume that the temple in question is a public temple. In brief the origin of the temple, the manner in w.hich its affairs are managed, the nature and extent of gifts receive;d by it, rights ex°"'ised by the devotees in regard to worship therein. the consciousness of the manager and the consciousness of the devotees them .. selves as to the public character of the temple ar~ factors that go to establish whether a temple is public temple or a private temple. [286,H-H] Tilkayat Shri Govindlalji Maharaj v. The State of Rajasthan and Ors., [1964] 1 S.C.R. 561; Lakshmana v. Subramania, (1923) A.I.R. 1924 P.C .. 44; Mundancheri Koman v. Achutan Nair (1934) 61 I.A. 405; Deokl Nandan v. Mur/idar, [1956] S.C.R. 756; Narayan Bhagwant Rab GosavJ Ba/ajiwale v. Gopal Vinayak Gosavi and Ors., [1960] I S.C.R. 773: referred to. ## Text _Characters 0–39,776 of 51,596. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39776 for what follows._ A B c 275 GOSWAMI SHIU MAHALAXMI V ABUD v. RANNCHHODDAS KALIDAS AND ORS. September 9, 1969 (V. BHARGAVA, K. S. HEGDE AND A. N. RAY, JJ:] Temples-Tests for determining whether the Temple is public or private-Vallabh Sampradayees-/f followers of the school must wor.rhip in a private Temple. In deciding whether a temple is private or public, Courts have to address themselves to various questions such as :- (!) Is the temple built in such imposing manner that it may prima facie appear to be a public temple ? (2) Are the members of the public entitled to worship in that temple as of right ? (3) Are the temple expenses met from the, contributions made by the public ? D (4) Whether the sevas and utsavas conducted in the temple are E F G H those usually conducted in public temples ? ( 5) Have the management as well as the devotees been treating the temple as a public temple. Though the appearance of a temple is a relevant circumstance. it is by no means a decisive one. The architecture of temples differs from place to place. The circumstance that the public or a section thereof have been regularly worshipping in the temple as a matter of course and they can take part in -the f~stivals and ceremonies conducted in that temple apparently as a matter of right is a strong piece of evidence to establish the public character of the temple. If votive offerings arc being made by the public in the usual course and if the expenses of the temple are met by public contribution, it is safe to presume that the temple in question is a public temple. In brief the origin of the temple, the manner in w.hich its affairs are managed, the nature and extent of gifts receive;d by it, rights ex°"'ised by the devotees in regard to worship therein. the consciousness of the manager and the consciousness of the devotees them .. selves as to the public character of the temple ar~ factors that go to establish whether a temple is public temple or a private temple. [286,H-H] Tilkayat Shri Govindlalji Maharaj v. The State of Rajasthan and Ors., [1964] 1 S.C.R. 561; Lakshmana v. Subramania, (1923) A.I.R. 1924 P.C .. 44; Mundancheri Koman v. Achutan Nair (1934) 61 I.A. 405; Deokl Nandan v. Mur/idar, [1956] S.C.R. 756; Narayan Bhagwant Rab GosavJ Ba/ajiwale v. Gopal Vinayak Gosavi and Ors., [1960] I S.C.R. 773: referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1784 of 1966. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated March 17, 1952 of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 385 of 1948 from original decree .. 276 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1970] 2 S.C.R. D. Narsaraju, A. K. Sen, Balkrishan Acharya wd S. S. Shukla, A for respondents Nos. 3 and 4. K. K. Jain, M. K. Garg and H. K. Puri, for respondents Nos. 13(a) to 13(f). The J udgme,nt oi the Court was delivered by Hegde J. The main question for decision in this appeal is whether the Haveli at Nadiad in which the idol of Shree Gokulnathji is installed as well as the other properties detailed in plaint schedules A & B are the properties of a public religious trust created by the followers of Vallabh cult, residing at Nadiad. The history of the suit institution and its management as also the various pleas rnken by the parties have be~ elaborately set out by the :ffigh Court in a well considered judgment. Hence we shall refer only to su~h pleas as are necessary to decide the contentions advanced before us. The plaintiffs are the residents of Na di ad. They are Vaishnavites. They belong to the Va!labh Sampradaya. They sued for a declaration that the properties me,ntioned in Schs. A & B of the plaint are properties oi the ownership of the trust mentioned earlier. They are suing on behalf of the Va!labha Sampradayees residing at Nadiad. According to their case as finally evolved that even during the last quarter of the 18th century, the Mandir of the Gokulnathji existed at Nagarwad in Nadiad Prant but in about 1821 a new Mandir was constructed by the followers of the Vallabha School at Santh Pipli, Nadiad and the idol of Gokulnathji which was previously worshipped at Nagarwad wa• ·.aken and consecrated there. In about 1831 they invited Goswami Mathuranathji, a direct descendant of Shree Vallabhacharya to come over to Na di ad and take up the management of the Mandir as its Maha Prabhu. According to the plaintiffs the Mandir in questicn was constructed by the Vallabha Sampradayees and the expenses of the sevas as well as the utsavas performed in the Mandir were contributed by them. They farther say that the properties belonging to the trust were purchased from the contributicns made by the devotees of that temple. ·They assert that the per sons belo,nging to the Vallabha Sampradaya have a right to have darshan of the deities in the Mandir, according to usage, as of right. In short their case is that the Mandir in question is a place of public religious worship by the persons belonging to Vallabh Sampradaya and the Maha Prabhuji is only a trustee. He has a right to reside in the upstair portion of the M8{ridir and further he can utilise a reasonable portion of the income; of the trust, after meeting the requirements of the trust for his maintenance as well as the maintenance of the members of his family. They contend that the suit properties were dedicated to Shri Goku1nathji B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H MAHALAXMI v. KALIDAS (H:,gde, J.) 277 and the Maha Prabhu has no independent right of his own in those properties. It is further said that the management of the temple was carried on efficiently by Mathuranathji and his descendants till about the time Attmirudhalalji became the Maha Prabhu in .Samv. 1955. Annirudhalalji under evil advice sought. to secure the J amnagar Gadi and for that purpose spent enormous sums of money from out of the funds belonging to the suit temple. He also incurred considerable debts in that connection. He died in Samv. 1992. Thereafter defendant No. 1, his widow took ove.r the management of the suit temple and its properties. During her management she began to assert that she was the absolute owner of the suit properties including the suit temple. She alienated several items out of the suit properties. Hemce they were constrained to bring the suit under appeal for the declaration mentioned earlier and also for a further declaration that the alienatiuns effected by her are illegal, improper and unauthorised and not binding on the deity. They also sought a mandatory injunction against defendants Nos. 2, 7 to 14 to restore lot No. 2 property in Sch. A to defendant No. 1 for the benefit of the deity Shree Gokulnathji after declaring that the sale deed dated 19th April 1953 passed by defendant No. 1 to defendaint No. 2 in respect of it is illegal, improper, unauthorised and without consideration and the same is not binding on the deity. They have also asked for a permanent injunctiOJDi against defendants 3, 4, 5 and 6 restraining them from enforcing the mortgages dated 4-3-1939, 27-1-1942, 12-1-1942 and 17-12-1941 passed by defendant No. 1 in their favour. The suit was mainly contested by defendant No. 1 Accordiing to her Goswami Mathuranathji Maharaj was the owner of the idol Shri Gokulnathji. It is he who established the Haveli at Nadiad and founded his Gadi there; he was not only the owner of the Haveli but he was also the owner of the deities that were being worshipped in that Haveli. She further pleaded that as per the tenets -and usages of the Vallabha school, it is not possible for the members of that cult ~o found a temple. They can only worship through the Acharya (Maha Prabhu) in his house known as Haveli. According to their cult the Goswami Maharaj otherwise known as Maha Prabhu is the emblem cf God head and the living representative of divinity. She went further anc! took up the plea that according to the Vallabha Sampradaya no deity can ow:n any property. She further averred that Mathuranathji Maharaj and his descendants received from time to time presents and gifts made by his followers. Those presents were made to them as a mark of reverence and respect to them and with a view to receive their grace. They were the absolute owners of the idols they worshipped, the presents and gifts made to them and of the properties acquired by them. She denllied that the Haveli in which Shree Gokulnath ji is worshipped is a public temple. She' also cl.enied that the Vallabh Sampradayees were entitled L2Sup.Cl/70-6 278 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1970] 2. S.C.R. to have the Darshana of that deity in that Haveli as of right. She denied the plaint averments that all or any portion of the swt properties were acquired from the funds raised by the devotees or that the sev:is or festivals were conducted from out of the contributions made by them. She justified the impugned alienations mainly on the ground that she had absolute right to deal with the suit properties as she pleased. The other defendants supported the defence taken by the 1st defendant. They further pleaded that. the alienations effected in their favour were supported by consideration and they were bona fide alienees and therefore those alienations they are not open to challenge. The trial court dismissed the plaintiffs' suit principally on the ground that as per the tenets and usages of Vallabha School it is impermissible for Vallabh Sampradayees to found a public temple and therefore, it is tDOt possible to uphold the pleas advanced on behalf of the plair.tiifs. In appeal the High Court reversed the judgment and decree of the trial court. It accepted the 'plaintiffs case that suit properties were the properties of a public religious trust and the alienations impeached were not valid and binding on the trust. This appeal has been brought by the 1st defendant.. The alienees have not appealed against the decree of the High Court. In this Court they merely supported the pleas taken by the 1st de.fendant. A B c D In this case voluminous evidence both oral and documentary E has been led by the parties. Fiftyone wi~esses were exammed in court and two on commission. The oral evidence mainly relates to the tenets and beliefs of the devotees of the Y.allabh Cult and the usages that prevail in their places of worship. Before proceeding to examine the issues ll!!islng for decisicin in the case it is necessary to mention cert<.in circumstances which have a bearing on those issues. At the stage of plei...:ings it was common ground between the parties that Mathuranathji was the first persqn to be recognised as their Maharaj by the Val!abh Sampradayees of Nadiad. The plaintiffs' case as men'ficmed earlier, was that there was a temple of Sh'ree Gokulnathji at Nagarwad in Nadiad even before Mathuranathji arrived at that place and according to them Matlw.ranathji had in fact beer. invited by the Vallabh Sampradayees oJi Nadjad to take over the management of the temple ihat was alrea'tly existing. Jin her written statement defendant No. 1 admitted that Mathuraiuthji was the first descendant of Vallabha to settle down in Nadiad. According to her he brought with him the idol of Shtee Gokulnathji and started worshipping that idol in his Haveli. At a later stage the 1st defenda;nt changed her version and put forward the theory tliat the ancestors of Mathuranathji had brought the idol of Shtee F G H A B c D E F G H MAHALAXMI v. KALIDAS (Hegde, J.) 279 Gokulnathji to Nadiad and installed the same there long before Mathuranathji eame to that place. This significant deviation in theJst defendant's case has evidently been iintroduced to meet the evidence led on beha1f of the plaintiffs about the existence of Gokulnathji temple even before Mathuranathji was born in 1806. Yet another circumstance that has to be borne iin. mind in appreciating the evidence adduced by the parties is about the manner in which Mathuranathji and his descendants were managing the Haveli. They had maintained regujar at11d systematic accounts. It is obvious they were maintaining two sets of accounts, one relating to the income and expenses of the deity and a:nothe; relating to the per9q11al income and expenses of the Maharaj. But when the !st defendant was slililllloned to produce thos~ accounts, the accounts relating to certain important periods were not produced and no satisfactory explanation is forthcomiing for· their non-production. From this omission t)le High Court has drawn the inference that those account-books have been kept back as the eviden~e which those books would have afforded was not favourable to the 1st defendant's case. We agree with that conclusion. Similarly ct;rtain important documents have been kept back l:)y the 1st de>fehdant. Some of those documents were available at the time of the iinventory but when the !st defendant was summoned to produce them she failed to do so. This circumstance has again led the High Court to infer that those documents were deliberately kept back in order to suppress material evidence supporting the plaintiffs' case. Two of the important documents produced into court in:amely Exhs. 501 and 503 were found to have been tampered with. Exh. 501 appears to be a register o( the temple properties but the title page of that book has been mutilated. The top portion of that page bad been clearly cut and removed. It is reasonable to assume that the portion that has been removed contained the title of the register. Possibly it mentioned that it is the property registbr of Shroe Gokulnathji's temple. It is reasonable to draw this inference from the surrounding circumstances. Exh. 503 is the register relating to the expenses incurred for repairs of Shree Gokulnathji's temple. That register was also tamjiered with. The original hook was not made available to us for examination but the High Court which bad the opportunity of examining that book has made the following remarks in its judgment : "a new slip was affixed to this document, and the headinl( which showed that the properties belonged to Shree Gokulnathji's temple was torn out." The High Court has also held that Exh. 633, which evidences the sale of S. No. 1840, was tom in such a way as to justify the plaintiffs <;omplaint that in· the torn portion was the description 280 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1970] 2 S.C.R. of the Maharaj as the Vahiwatdar of the temple. The High Court observed: "We have looked at all these three documents (Exhs. 501, 503 and 633) and we are satisfied that the complaint made by the plaintiffs against the advisers of defendant No. 1 cannot be said to be without substance. It seems to us clear, on examining these documents that the advisers of defendant No. 1 have unscrupulously tampered with the documents. This conduct naturally raises suspicion against the defence, and we would be jusillied in drawing an inference against defendant No. 1 by holding that, if the books of account whlch have been kept back by her had been produced they would have supported the plaintiffs' case. We agree with •hese observations. We may now proceed to examine the material on record for finding out the true character of the suit properties viz. whether they are propertks of a public trust arising from their dedication of those properties in favour of the deity Shree Gokulnathji or whether the deity as well as the suit properties are the private properties of Goswami Maharaj. In her written statement as noticed, earlier, the 1st defendant took up the specific plea that the idol of Shree Gokulnathji is the private property of the Maharaj: the Va!labh Cult does not permit any dedication in favour of an idol and in fact there was no dedication in favour of that idol. She emphatically denied that the suit properties were the properties of the deity Gokulnathji but in this Court evillent!y because of the enormity of evidence adduced by the plaintiffs, a totally new plea was taken namely that several items of the suit properties had been dedicated to Gokulnathji but the deity being the family deity of the Maharaj, the resulting trust is only a private trust. In other words the plea taken in the written statement is that the suit properties were the private properties of the Maharaj and that there was no trust, private or public. But the case argued before this Court is a wholly different one viz. the suit properties were partly the properties of a private trust and partly the private properties of the Maharaj. The 1st defendant cannot be permitted to take up a case which is wholly inconsistent with that pleaded. This belated attempt to bypass the evidence adduced appears to be more a manoeuvre than a genuine explanation of the documentary evidence adduced. It. is amply proved that ever since Mathuranathji took over the management ,of the shrint-, two sets of account books have been maintained, one relating to the income and exoenses of the shrine and the other relating to that of the Maharaj. These account books and other documents show that A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H MAHALAXMI v. KALIDAS (Hegde, !.) 281 presents and gifts used to be made to the deity as well as to the Maharaj. The two were quite separate and distinct. Maharaj himself has been making gifts to the deity. He has been, at times utilising the funds belonging to the deity and thereafter reimbursing the same. The account books which have been produced clearly go to show that the deity and the Maharaj were treated as two different and distinct legal entities. The evidence afforded by the account books is tell-title. In the trial court it was contended on behalf of the 1st defendant that none of the account books produced relate exclusively to the affairs of the temple. They all record the transactions of the Maharaj, whether pertaining to his personal dealings or dealings in connection with the deity. This is an obviously untenable contention. That contention was given up in the High Court. In the High Court it was urged that two sets of account books were kept, one relating to the income and .~xpenditure of the deity and the other of the Maharaj, so that the Maharaj could easily find out his financial commitments relating to the affairs of the deity. But in this Court Mr. Narasaraju, learned Counsel for the appellant realising the untenability of the contention advanced in the courts below pre- 'Sented for our consideration a totally new case and that is that Gokulnathji undoubtly is a legal personality; in th~ past the properties had been dedicated in favour of that deity; those properties are the properties of a private trust of which the Maharaj was the trustee. On the basis of this newly evolved theory he wanted to explain away the effect of the evidence afforded by the account books and the documents. We are unable to accept this i:iew plea. It runs counter to the case pleaded in the written statement. This is not a purely legal contention. The 1st defondant must have known whether there was any dedication in favour of Shri Gokulnathji and whether any portion of the suit properties were the properties of a private trust. She and her advisers must have known at all rdevant times the true nature of the accounts maintained. Mr. Narasaraju is not right in his contention that the plea taken by him in this Court is a purely legal plea. It essentially relates to questions of fact. Hence we informed Mr. Narasaraju that we will not entertain the plea in question. We shall now proceed to assess the evidence adduced in this case to find whether the plaintiffs have succeeded in establishing that the suit temple and the properties annexed thereto constitute a public trust. Before doing so, it is neces~ary to examine certain basic contentions advanced on behalf of the appellant. It is the case of the appellant that Vallabh Sampardaees cannot worship in a public temple; according to their cult they can have the Darshan of one or the other swaroops of Lord Krishna in the house of their Maharaj. In other words their cult prohibits public 282 SUPREME :::OURT REPORTS [1970] 2 s.c.R. worship. . They can only worship through their Maharaj and that too in his Haveli. In support of this contention great deal of reliance was plac.~d in the High Court and the trial court on the views expressed by Dr. Bhandarkar in his Works on 'Vaishnavism, S'aivism and Minor Religous systems'. The views expressed by Dr. Bhandarkar had greatly weighed with the trial court and it is mainly on the basis of those views, the trial court rejected the plaintiff's suit. The High Court after examining the doctrines of Vallabha School, its tenants and usages as well as the views ex- . pressed by eminent writers like Dr. Radhakrishanan and Dasgupta came to the conclusion that it would not be correct to say that worship in public temple is prohibited by the V allabh cult though in the absence of any positive evidence it may be taken that the place where the V allabha Sampardaees worship is a private temple. It is not necessary for us to go into that controversy in view of the decision of this Court in Tilkavat Shri Govindlalji Maharaj v. The State of Rajasthan and ors. (1) In that case this Court was called upon to consider whether Nathdwara Temple in Udaipur, a temple founded by the Va!labha Sampardaees is a public temple or not. After examining the various treatises on the subject including Dr. Bhandarkar's book on 'Vaishnavism, S'aivism and Minor Religious Systems', this Court observed (i.t p.585): "Therefore, we are satisfied that neither the tenets nor the religious practices of the Vallabha school necessarily postulate that the followers of the school must worship in a private temple. Some temples of this cult may have been private even today. Whether or not a particular temple is a public temple must necessarily be considered in the light of the relevant facts relating to it. There can be no general rule that a public temple is prohibited in Vallabha School." In view of this decision Mr. Narasaraju, learned Counsel for the appellant did not press forward the contention that the Vallabha School prohibits worship in public temple. Yet another contention taken on behalf of the appe!la11t is that the architecture of the building in which Gokulnathji is housed and the nature of that building is such as to show that it is not a public temple. It was urged that that building does not possess any of the characteristics of a Hindu temple. It has not even a dome. This contention again has lost much of its force in view of the decision of this Court referred to earlier. Evidence establishes that Ballabha's son and his immediate successor Vithaleshwar had laid down a plan for the construction of temples (I) [!964J I $,C.R. 561. A B c D E F G H A B c MAHALAXMI 11. KALIDAS (Hegde, J.) 283 by the Vallabha Sampardaees. He did not approve the idea of constructing rich and costly buildini1s for temples. Evidently he realised that religious temple buildmgs were not safe under the Mohommedan rule. For this reason he advised his followers to construct temples of exiremely simple type. The external view of those temples gave the appearance of dwelling houses. It appears to be a common feature of the temples belonging to the Vallabha Sampardaees that the ground-floor is used as the place of worship and the first floor as the residence of Goswami Maharaj, therefore the fact that Gokulnathji temple at Narliad had the appearance of a residential house does not in any manner militate against the contention that the temple in question is a public temple. It was said that according to the usage prevailing in that temple, the public are asked to enter the temple only after the Maharaj had finished his worship. This circumstance again is of no consequence. Each sect nay each temple has its own customs. The usage "pleaded by the appellant is not inconsistent D with that 'temple being a public temple. The appellant attempted to prove tha~ on two occasions certain individuals were forbidden from entering the temple. In the first place this plea has not been satisfactorily established. Further according to the evidence ... adduced on behalf of the appellant those individuals were kept out of the temple because of scme act of indiscipline on their E part. The power to manage a temple includes within itself the power to maintain discipline within the precincts of that temple. F G H The only other circumstance relied on by the appellant to establish that the temple in question is not a public temple is that the sale proceeds of Nagarwad Haveli were credited to the account of the Maharaj. The learned judges of the High Court have carefully looked into that aspect. After examining the relevant evidence on record they arrived at the conclusion tllat though initially the amount in question was credited to the account of the Maharaj, at a subsequent stage it was transferred to the account of the temple by means of adjustment entries. The learned Counsel for the appellant was unable to satisfy us that this conclusion of the High CoHrt was incorrect. We shall now see how far the plaintiffs have succeeded in establishing that Gokulnathji Mandir is a public Mandir. The burden of establishing that fact is undoubtedly on them. Though most of the present day Hindu public temples have been found as public temples, there are instances of private te~ ples becoming public temples in course of time. Some of the pnvate temples have acquired great deal of religious reputation 284 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1970] 2 S.C.R. either because of the eminence of its founder or because of other circumstances. They have attracted large number of devotees. Gradually in course of time they have become public temples. Public temples are generally built or raised by the public and the deity install.~d to enable the members of the public or a section thereof to offer worship. In such a case the temple would clearly be a public temple. If a temple is proved to have originated as a public temple, nJthing more is necessary to be proved to show that it is a public temple but if a temple is proved to !:ave originated as a private temple or its origin is unknown or lost in antiquity then there must be proof to show that it is being used as a public temple. In such cases the true character of the particular temple is decided on the basis of various circumstances. In those cases the courts have to address themselves to various questions such as :- ( 1) Is the temple built in such imposing manner that it may prima facie appear to be a public temple0 (2) Are the members of the public entitled to worship in that temple as of right ? (3) Are the temple expenses met from the contributions made by the public ? ( 4) Whether the sevas and utsavas conducted in the A B c D temple are those :isually conducted in public E temples? ( 5) Have the management as well as the devotees been treating that temple as a public temple ? Though the appearance of a tePlple is a relevant circumstance, it is by no means a decisive one. The architecture of te)llples differs from place to place. The circumstance that the public or a section thereof have been regularly worshipping in the temple as a matter of course and they can take part in the festivals and ceremonies conducted in that temple apparently as a matter of right is a strong piece of evidence to establish the public character of the temple. If votive offerings are being made by the public in the usual course and if the expenses of the temple are met by public contribution, it is safe to presume that the temple in question is a public temple. In brief the origin of the temple, the manner in which its affairs are managed. the nature and extent of gifts received by it, rights exercised by the devotees in re.1wrd to worship therein, the consciousness of the mana,11;er and the consciousness of the devotees themselves as to the public character of the temple are factors that go to establish whether a temple is a public temple or a private iemple. In F G H A B MAHALAXMI v. KALIDAS (Hegde, J.) 285 Lakshmana v. Subramania(') the Judicial Committee was dealing with a temple which was initially a private temple. The Mahant of this temple opened it on certain days in each week to the Hindu public free to worship in the greater part of the temple, and on payment of fees in one part only. The income thus received by the Mahant was utilised by him primarily to meet the expenses of the temple and the balance went to support the Mahan! and his family. The Privy Council held that the conduct of the Mahant showed that he had held out and represented to the Hindu public that the temple was a public temple at which all Hindus might worship and the inference was, therefore, that he had dedicated it to the public. In Mundancheri Koman v. Achutan Nair,(') the Judicial Committee again C observed that the decision of the case woul~ depend on the inferences to be derived from the evidence as to the way in which the temple endowments had been dealt with and from the evidence as to the public user of the temples. Their Lordships were satisfied that the documentry evidence in the case conclusively D E showed that the properties standing in the name of the temples belonged to the temples and that the position of the manager of the temples was that of a trustee. Their Lordships further, added that if it had been shown that the temples had originally been private temples they would have been slow to hold thai the admission of the public in later times pvssibly owing to altered condition~ would affect the private character of ihe trusts. In Deoki Nandan v. Murlidar( 3 ), this Court observed that the issue whether a religious endowment is a public or a private one is a mixed question of law and fact, ihe decision of which must depend on the application of legal concepts of a public and private endowment to the facts found. Therein it was further observed that the disiinction betwen a oublic and private endowment is that whereas in the former the beneficiaries, which means F lhe worshippers are specific individuals and in the later the general public or class thereof. In that case the plaintiff sought to establish the true scope of the dedication from the user of the temple by the public. In Narayan Bhafl:Want Rao GJsavi G H · Balajiwale v. Gopal Vinayak Gosavi and Ors.('), this Court held that the vastness of the temple, the mode of its, construction. the Joni!; user of the public as of right, grant of land and cash by the Rulers taken alonj! with other relevant factors in that case were consistent only with the public nature of the temple. In examining the evidence pcltl•1~ed by th1.i plaintiffs in proof of the fact that the temple in question is a public temple we have to bear in mind the tests laid down by the courts for detennining whether a given temple is a public temple or not. (I) [19231A.l.R.1924 PC. 44 (3) [1956) S.C.R. 756. 12) [1934] 61 G. A. 405 14) [196rj I S.C.R. 773. 286 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1970] 2 S.C.R. The case for the plaintiffs is that this temple originated as a public temple. According to them it was founded long before Mathuranathji was born; the idol of Gokulnathji was originally worshipped at Nagarwad and later on the suit temple was built and that idol installed therein. We have earlier seen that the case of the lsi defendant on this point was that the idol of Gokulnathji was the private property of Mathuranathiji. Mathuranathji brought that idol alongwith him when he came to Nadiad and worshipped the same as his private deity. This part of her case was given up at a later sl.oge, and she put forward a new case to the effect that the idol Gokulnathji was brought by the ancesfors of Mathuranathji to Nadiad and it is they who started worshipping that idol at Nadiad. From this it is clear that the appellant has no consistent case as to the origin of the worship of Gokulnathji at Nadiad. The new plea put forward by her was evidently intended to meet the evidence adduced to show that the idol of Gokulnathji was being worshipped at Nadiad even before Mathuranath ii was born. In order to show that the idol of Gokulnathji was being worshipped in Nadiad even in the 18th century, oral evidence of local repute has been adduced by the plaintiffs. In the very nature of things that evidence cannot but be inco.nclusive. In this col)nection the plaintiffs have also placed reliance on Exh.791, an extract showing the list of Devasthans in the Pargana of Nadiad to which the former Baroda State was making contributions, one of such Devasthan is the "Shree Gokulnathji". This extract relates to Fasli Samvat 1833 (i.e. 1781-82 A.D.). On the basis of this exhibit, we are asked to conclude that the suit temple was in existence even before 1781-82 A.D. The evidence afforded by this docume>:t undoubtedly probabilises the version of the plaintiffs but it cannot be said \·1ith any definiteness that the entry in question relates to the suit temple. Therefore it is not possible fo come to a positive conclusion that the suit temple originated as a public temple nor there is any conclusive evidence before us to determine the date of its origin. All that we can say is that the origin of this temple is lost in antiquity. Therefore for determining whether it is a public temple or not we must depend on other circumstances. It is establised by the evidence on record that Gokulnathji is neither the Nidhi Swaroop nor Seva Swaroop of Mathuranathji's branch. Therefore it is unlikely that Mathuranathji branch would have installed the idol o{ Shree Goku1nathji for their private worship though the idol of Shree Gokulnathji is one of the Swaroops of Lord Krishna. The plea taken by the appellant that Gokulnath11 was one of the Nidhi Swaroop given to the branch of Matnuranathii by Yallabha is opposed to the documeniary evidence produced by herself. That plea has not been pressed before us for our acceptance. A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H MAHALAXMI v. KALIDAS (Hegde, J.) 287 From the, account books produced in this case, it is clear that ever since 1965 two sets of accounts had been maintained by the Maharaj, one relating to the temple and anoiher relating to him. The temple accounts are referred to as "Nichena Khata" and Maharaj's accuunts as "Uparna Khata''. At this stage we may emphasize that the evidence discloses that the entire ground fh:ior is being used as the piace of worship of Gokulnathji and upstairs portion as the residence of the Maharaj. For the years 187'1 to 1892, no booKs of account have been produced. The app~llant has stated· that these books are not with her. But this is not a satisfactory explanation for their disappearance. The temple accounts !or the years 1892 to 1894 have been produced but the personal accounts or the Maharaj for those years have not been produced. Agam for the years 1900 to 1907, only the temple accounts have been produced but for the period from 1908 anJ 1934 both the sets have been produced. Again for the period 1935 to 1943, only the temple account books have been produced and not the personal account books of the Maharaj. This pick and choose method adopted in the matter of producing account books unmistakably indicate that the appellant was deliberately keeping back unfavourable evidence. Evidence on record establishes that some of the es to negative the contention of the appellant that the deity was· owned by the Maharaj and therefore the deity as well as the suit properties are his private properties. Right back in 1861 under a gift deed executed by a devotee by name Bai J asubai, two fields· and a house were gifted in favour of the temple of Gokulnathji Maharaj at Nadiac!. The properties gifted by Jasubai were sold in 1865 and the sale proceeds credited in the 'Nichen Khata'. In 1865 when Sri Vrajratna Maharaj left Nadiad he.made a present of Rs. 5 to the idol of Shree Gokulnathji. This was also credited in the 'Nichen Kha ta'. Then we come to Exh. 593, an arplication made by several merchants and other residents of N adiad to the Collector of Kaira in the year 1866. That application recites that the ancestors of the applicants had voluntarily levied a cess known as LaJ?a on several articles for the benefit of the suit temple. Originally this. Laga \'{as separately recovered from the devotees by the Maharaj but later on at the request of the merchants the same 288 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1970] 2 S.C.R. used to be recovered by the Gov.errunent alongwith the custom duty and made over to Maharaj for the benefit of the temple. Therein it was prayed that the· newly established municipality should be directed to collect the Laga alongwith its dues and make up over to the Maharaj. That application was signed by a large number of persons. That application inter alia states :- "There is a temple of Shree Gokulnathji at Nadiad. A son of our preceptor, Shree Goswami Mathuranathji performs the seva in the said temple. Our ancestors have granted for his expenses from the town a laga on several articles which may be received, a list whereof is enclosed herewith." The signatori.es to that application must have been familiar witb the history of the suit temple. We can reasonably assume that the facts stated therein are correct. Those facts support the case of the plaintiffs. We next go to the entries _in the account books. In the temple accounts for the year 1870, there is a credit entry of Rs. 27/4/- It is in respect of the fine imposed by the Mahajan ·on three persons who appear to have played mischief at the time of darshan. This entry clearly shows that "the supervision of the temple, in a general sense. vested in the Mahajan of the place. It appears from the accounts that in 1874, the Mahajan examined the account baoks of the temple-see Exh. 308. This conduct on the part of the Mahajan would be inconsistent with tb appellant's claim that Gokulnath's shrine is her private property. In 18 81 one Bai Harkore under her will made certain bequests in the name of the Gokulnathji Maharaj at Nadiad for prcv1ding Samagri for Shree Gokulnathji. This is a bequest to the idol. Therein there is no reference to the Maharaj. Then we come to Exh. 534, under which a substantial portion of lot No. 1 of the suit properties wherein the temple is situated was purchased on April 4, 1885. The sale deed was taken in the name of Pari Pranval!abh Vrajla! and others on behalf of Shree Gokulnathji of Nadiad. This is a clear indication that the deity of Gokulnathji was treated by the devotees as an independent legal entity. Further the importance of this document is that it is taken in the name of the representatives of the public and not in the name of the Maharaj. Under Exh. 691, a gift was mad.e. in 1888 in the name of Vrajratnalalji for and on behalf of Shree Gokulnathji temole. The donor oaid Rs. 1.200 and desired that a meal of six breads every day should be given till. the temple exists to the person whom the Maharaj would name and if the person named .by the Maharaj does not come io take the meal the same should be given to any visitor to the temple. · Still more significant is the bequest contained in Exh. 512, the will executed by one Bai A B c D F G H A B c D E F G H MAHALAXM! v. KAL!DAS (Hegde, l.) 289 \'asant. Under this will two bequests were made, one in favour of the temple of Shree Gokulnathji and the other in favour of the Maharani Vahuji who was then the Maharani of the temple. This will was executed on September 20, 1897. Under a prior will executed by the same devotee (Exh.