# GOVT. OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS & ORS v. TARAK NA'IH GHOSH - **Citation:** [1971] 3 S.C.R. 715 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1971-02-12 - **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 2338 of 1968 - **Bench:** G. K. Mitter, A. N. Ray - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/govt-of-india-ministry-of-home-affairs-ors-v-tarak-na-ih-ghosh-5236 - **Pages:** 11 ## Headnote AJl India Service (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1955, rr. 5(2) & 7Civll Servant-Suspension-If can be ordered in contemplation of discip/mary proceedings. Serious allegations of corruption and malpractices had been made against the respondent, a member of the Indian Police Service, serving in the State of Bihar. Inquiries made by the State Government revealed that there was a primc. facie. case made out against him. He was suspended by an order which stated that disciplinary proceedings were contemplated against the respondent. On the question whether the suspension of a member of the service can only be ordered after definite charges have been communicated to him in terms of r. 5(2) of the All India Se1"ices (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1955, or whether the Government is entitled to place him under suspension even before that stage has been reached after a preliminary jnvestigation, HELD : ( 1) The fact that in other rules of service there is specific provision for an order of suspension even when disciplinary proceedings were contemplated. does not mean that a member of the All India Service should be dealt with differently. It would not be proper to interpret the Rules, which form a self-contained Code, by reference to the provisions of other rules even if they were made by or under the authority of the President of India. [718 F-G] (2) Rule 7 expressly provides for suspension of a member 01 the service, having regard to the nature of the charges, for the purpose of disciplinary proceedings. The word 'charges' in the rule means accusations or imputations against a member of the service. If the disciplinary authority takes note of the allegation and is of the opinion after preliminary inquiries that the circumstances of the case justify further investigation to be made before definite charges can be framed it would not be improper to remove the officer from the sphere of his activity either by transfer or oy suspension inasmuch as it may be necessary to find out facts from people working under him or look into papers which are in his custody. ordinarily when serious imputations are made against the conduct of an officer, the disciplinary authorities cannot immediately draw up the charges and in some cases a considerable time may elapse before the superior authority can come to a conclusion that definite charges can be levelled against the officer. Merely because the order mentions, that the disciplinary proceedings were contemplated_ it cannot be held that the situation in the present '-ase had not reached the stage which called for an order of suspension. In substance, disciplinary proceedings can be said to have been started when complaints about the integrity of an officer are entertained, followed by a preliminary inquiry into them culminating 716 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971) 3 SC.R. in the satisfac.tion of the Government that a prima facie case h,;.; been made out agamst him for the framing of charges. When the order of ~usp~ns1on ~~self shows that ~he Government was of the ·view that such a pnnza fatie case f~r launching departmental proceedings has b~cn made out the fact that the i;>rder also mentions that such procecdin s were con· templated makes no difference. [721 B-F; 723 G; 724 G-H; 7~5 B-C] S. Gorinda Menon v. Union o} India, [ 1967] 2 S.C.R. 566, followed. ## Text A B c D E F G H 715 GOVT. OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS & ORS. v. TARAK NA'IH GHOSH February 12, 1971 [G. K. MITTER AND A. N. RAY, JJ.] AJl India Service (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1955, rr. 5(2) & 7Civll Servant-Suspension-If can be ordered in contemplation of discip/mary proceedings. Serious allegations of corruption and malpractices had been made against the respondent, a member of the Indian Police Service, serving in the State of Bihar. Inquiries made by the State Government revealed that there was a primc. facie. case made out against him. He was suspended by an order which stated that disciplinary proceedings were contemplated against the respondent. On the question whether the suspension of a member of the service can only be ordered after definite charges have been communicated to him in terms of r. 5(2) of the All India Se1"ices (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1955, or whether the Government is entitled to place him under suspension even before that stage has been reached after a preliminary jnvestigation, HELD : ( 1) The fact that in other rules of service there is specific provision for an order of suspension even when disciplinary proceedings were contemplated. does not mean that a member of the All India Service should be dealt with differently. It would not be proper to interpret the Rules, which form a self-contained Code, by reference to the provisions of other rules even if they were made by or under the authority of the President of India. [718 F-G] (2) Rule 7 expressly provides for suspension of a member 01 the service, having regard to the nature of the charges, for the purpose of disciplinary proceedings. The word 'charges' in the rule means accusations or imputations against a member of the service. If the disciplinary authority takes note of the allegation and is of the opinion after preliminary inquiries that the circumstances of the case justify further investigation to be made before definite charges can be framed it would not be improper to remove the officer from the sphere of his activity either by transfer or oy suspension inasmuch as it may be necessary to find out facts from people working under him or look into papers which are in his custody. ordinarily when serious imputations are made against the conduct of an officer, the disciplinary authorities cannot immediately draw up the charges and in some cases a considerable time may elapse before the superior authority can come to a conclusion that definite charges can be levelled against the officer. Merely because the order mentions, that the disciplinary proceedings were contemplated_ it cannot be held that the situation in the present '-ase had not reached the stage which called for an order of suspension. In substance, disciplinary proceedings can be said to have been started when complaints about the integrity of an officer are entertained, followed by a preliminary inquiry into them culminating 716 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971) 3 SC.R. in the satisfac.tion of the Government that a prima facie case h,;.; been made out agamst him for the framing of charges. When the order of ~usp~ns1on ~~self shows that ~he Government was of the ·view that such a pnnza fatie case f~r launching departmental proceedings has b~cn made out the fact that the i;>rder also mentions that such procecdin s were con· templated makes no difference. [721 B-F; 723 G; 724 G-H; 7~5 B-C] S. Gorinda Menon v. Union o} India, [ 1967] 2 S.C.R. 566, followed. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2338 of 1968. Appeal from the judgment. and order dated March 31, 1965 of the j:>atna High Court in Misc. Judicial Case No. 1207 of 1964. Jagadish Swarup, Solicitor-General and B. K. P. Sinha, for the appellants. B, C. Ghosh, P. K. Chatterjee and Rathin Das, for the! respon- -Oent. The Judgment of the tourt was delivered by Mitter, J. The question in this appeal is, whether the ·order of suspension passed on the respondent on July 31, 1964 ·was properly struck down by the Patna High Court. The facts are as follows. The respondent is a member of the Indian Police Service appointed on 25th January, 1937 and at the material time he was holding the substantive railk of Deputy Superintendent of Police in Bihar. In June 1962 he was posted at Ranchi. He was transferred to Patna and appoint- .ed as Special Officer, Political, General and Transport Department on July 23, 1964. The order of which the validity is in question ran as follows :- "Whereas serious allegations of corruption and malpractices have been made against Shri T. N. Ghosh, I. P., Deputy Inspector General of Police, Southern Range, Ranchi; And whereas the said Shri T. N. Ghosh is also reported to 11ave contravened certain provisions of the All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1954; And whereas the enquiries made by the Government of Bihar into these al!egatiQns have revealed that there is a primit facie .case made out against him; And whereas disciplinary proceedings in respect of these mat- ·iers are contemplated against the said Shri T. N. Ghosh; A B c D E I G • II B c 0 c F G JI GOVT. OF INDIA v. T. N. GHOSH (Mitter, J.) 717 And whereas the Government of India, after carefully considering the available material, and having regard to the nature <>f the charges and circumstances of the case, are satisfied that it is necessary and desirable to place the said Shri T. N. Ghosh under suspension : Now, therefore, the Government of India hereby place the \aid. Shri T. N. Ghosh, under suspension with immediate effect, until further orders, and direct that the said Shri T. N. Ghosh 'hall, during the period of suspension be paid such subsistence allowance as is admissible under the rules. By order and in the name of the President of India. Sd./- K. Sivaraj Deputy Secretary to the Government of India." The respondent addressed a memorial to the Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs on 24th August 1964 complaining against the above order on the ground that it was not sanctioned by the rules i.e. All India Service (Conduct) Rules, 1954. In particular his grievance was that as there were only allegations against him which had not crystalliscJ into charges an order of suspension could not be made before departmental proceedings were actually started and while they were merely contemplated. He also asked for communication of the nature of the departmental proceedings which had been started against him within 14 days with a request that the order of suspension be withdrawn in default thereof. It appears that there was no response to this. The respondent filed his writ petition on September 14, 1964 praying for the quashing of the order particularly on the above grounds raised in his memorandum. A counter affidavit to the petition was filed on behalf of the Chief ~retary to the Government of Bihar who was the third respondent in the pet!tion. The averments in the said affidavit were that a report had been made to the Central Government against the petitioner on July 6, 1964 and having regard to the activities of the petitioner it had become necClisary to remove him from the field of activities and as such he had been transferred to Patna after being relieved of his post on July 13, 1964. ft was said further that even before the receipt of the suspension order the petitioner had been actually questioned by S. P; Verma, the then Inspector-General of Police, Bihar as early as February 8, 1964 apprising the petitioner that his activities had attracted the attention of Government. It was admitted that departmental enquiry and investigation into the conduct of the petitioner were still going on and as such charges had not been framed against 718 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] 3 S.C.R. him. Finally, it was said that the order was not by way of punisll.- ~ent and had been passed pending departmental enquiry into his conduct. Another counter affidavit was filed on behalf of the Govemme1!-t of India and the Deputy Secretary to the Government of India, respondents l and 2 in the petition wherein substantially the same averments were made as in the counter affidavit on behalf of respondent No. 3. · A large number of points were canvassed before the High Court which examined thee provisions of different sets of rules and relying particularly on the difference in wording of rule 12 of the Central Civil Services Rules which empowered the appointing authority to place an officer under suspension inter alia, where a disciplinary proceeding against him was contemplated or was pending and rule 7 of the All India Services Rules (quoted in extenso hereinafter) it came to the conclusion that the order of suspension was not proper. Further, according to one of the Judges of that Court ~ · ''To allow a member of that (the All India) service to be placed under suspension without the formal proceeding being started may cause humiliation to an officer of such high rank without any justification whatsoever." According to the other learned Judge who took substantially the same view the order of suspensioin only indicated that disciplinary proceedings against the petitioner were in contemplation and this was not provided for in rule 7. In our view it would not be proper to interpret the provisions of the AH India Service (Discipline and Appeal) Rules 1955 by reference to the provisions of other rules even if they were made by or under the authority of the President of India. The All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules 1955 as they stood at the relevant time were a self-contained code--and we have to examine the provisions thereof to find out whether the order passed on the petitioner was justified. These rules were promulgated in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-s. ( 1) of s. 3 of the All lnd_ia Services Act 1951 by the Central Govelf!lment after consultation with the Governments of the States concerned. They were applicable to nlembers of the Indian Administrative Service and those of the Indian Police Service. Cl. . 3 of the Rules provided for penalties which might .for good and sufficient reasons be imposed on a member of the servic7. . Suspension is n bers of the Services. Cl. 5 which generally dealt with the procedure for imposing penalties provided by the first three sub-clause&· as follows :- " ( 1) Without prejudice to the provisions of the Public Servants Inquiry Act, 1850, no order shall be passed imposing any of the penalties specified in rufo 3 on a member of the Service unless he has been informed in writing of the grounds on which it is proposed to take action and has been afforded an adequate opportunity of defending himself. (2) The grounds on which it is proposed to take action shall be reduced· to the form of a definite charge or charges, which shall be communicated to the member of the Service charged together with a statement of the allegations on which each charge is based and of any . other circumstances which it is proposed to take into consideration in passing orders on the case. ( 3) The member of the Service shall be required within such time as may be considered by the Government reasonably adequate in the circumstances of the case, to put in a written statement of his defence and to state whether he desires to be heard in person. (4) 10 (10) It was only after the written statement was received from the member that the Government might, if it considered necessary, appoint a Board of Enquiry or an Enquiry Officer to ·enquire into the charges framed against him. Other sub-clauses of. this rule laid down generally the procedure which was to be adopted in the enquiry. Rule 7 provided as follows : f "Suspension during disciplinary proceedirtgs.- ( 1) If having regard to the natl!re of the charges and the circumstances in any case the Government which initiates any disciplinary proceedings is satisfied it is necessary or desirable to place under suspension the member of the Service against whom such proceedings are started that Government may-· (a) if the member of the Service is serving under it pass an order placing him under suspension, or ( b) if the member of the Service is serving under H another Government, request that Government to place him under suspension, pending the cqnclusion of the inquiry and the passing of the final order in the case ~ 2-llOOSupCl/71 .. '720 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1971] 3 S.C.R. Provided that in cases where there is a difference of opinion A between two State Governments, the mater shall be referred to the Central Government whose decision theroon shall be final. ( 2) A member of the Service who is detained in ' official custody whether on a criminal charge .Jr other- • wise, for a period longer than forty-eight hours, shall be . . ,. deemed to have been suspended by the Government B concerned under this rule. ( 3) A member of the Service in respect of or against whom an investigation, inquiry or trial relating to a criminal charge is pending may, at the discretion of the Government under which he is serving, be placed c under suspension until the termination of all proceedings relating to that charge, if the charge is connected with his position as a Govt. servant or is likely to embarrass him in the discharge of his duties or invo Ives moral turpitude. Under rule 8 a member of a Service who was placed under susD pension was to be entitled to receive payment from the Govern- :ment suspending his subsistence allowance as specified therein. The crucial question in this case is, whether suspension of a member of the Service can only be ordered after definite charges .have been communicated to him in terms of sub-cl. (2) of rule . 5 or whether the Government is entitled to place an officer under E :suspension even before that stage has been reached after·a preli- " ·minary inves~gation has been made into the conduct of the ·officer concerned following allegations of corr.ipt or mal-practice :1evelled against him. To determine this it is necessary. to find ·out the object of placing a Government officer under "suspension" in terms of the said .'rule. F <-- 'Suspension' according to the Oitford Dictionary means "the ;action of suspending or condition of being suspended; ~e action of debarring or state of being debarred, esp. for a time, from a function ·or privilege; temporary deprivation of one's office or position". A master can, subject to the contract of senice, ask 'his servant not to render any service without assigning any reason G but this would not be by way of punishment and the~aster would :have to pay the servant his full wages or remuneration in such an .eventuality. As Halsbury puts it : · "Whether or not the master has power to suspend a servant during the duration of the contract of service H depends uponcthe construction of the particular.contract. ' In the absence of any express or implied term to the contrary, the master cannot punish a servant for alleg- ... GOVT. OF INDIA v. T. N. GHOSH (Mitter, J.) 721 .A ed misconduct by suspending him from. employment and stopping his wag11s for thei period of the SUStJCDSion." (See Halsbury's Laws of England, Third Ediuon, Vol. 25, Art. 989 page 518). .B Rule 7 of the Service Rules expressly provides for suspending of a member of the .Service for the purpose of disciplinary proceedings. When serious allegations of misconduct are imputed against a member of a Seirvice normally it would not be desirable to allow him to continue in the post where he was functioning. It the disciplinary authority takes note of such allegations and is of opinion after some preliminary enquiries that the circumstances of the case justify further investigation to be made before definite ·C .charges can be framed, it would ~ot be improper Lo remove the officer concerned from the sphere of his activity inasmuch as it may be necessary to find out facts from people working ·under him or look into papers which are in his custody and it would be embarrassing and inopportune both for the officer concerneo as D B F G H well as to those whose duty it was to make the enquiry to do so while the officer was present at the spot. Such a situation can be avoided either by transferring the officer to some other place or by temporarily putti~g him out of action by making an order of suspension. Government may rightly take the view that an officer against whom serious imputations are made should not be allo_wed to function anywhere before the matter has been finally set at rest after proper scrutiny and holding of departmental proceedings. Rule 7 is aimed at taking the latter course of conduct. Ordinarily when serious imputations are made aginst the conduct of an officer the .disciplinary authority cannot immediately draw up the charge,s : it may be that the imputations are false or concocted or , gross exaggerations of trivial irregularities. A considerable time may elapse between the receipt of imputations against an "Officer and a definite conclusion by a superior authority that the circumstances are such that definite charges can be levelled against the officer. Whether it is necessary or desirable to place the officer under suspension even before definite charges have been framed would depend upon the circumstances of the case .and the view which is taken by the Government concerned. ~ere would be. nothing improper per se if the rules \\·ere to proVIde for suspension even before definite charges of misconduct .had. been communicated to the officer concerned. The question 1s whether, the language of rule 7 is so correlated to that of rule 5 as to lead us to hold th~t the word "charges"·in sub-cl. ( 1) of rule 7 must mean a defirute charge as mentioned in subcl. (2) of r. ~· It m~y be that even a case where definite charges have ~n raised agamst an officer he may satisfactonly explain the circumstances· and the grounds alleged against him in his 722 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] 3 S.C.R. written statement. It is also possible that after . the enquiry is conducted it is found that the charges are all baseless. In principle we can see no difference between the position of an o!Jicer against whom definite charges have been framed to which he is required to put in his written statement and a .'>ituation where on receipt of al,legations of grave misconduct against him the Government is of opinion that it would not be proper to allow the officer concerned to function in the ordinary way. The matter is however not res integra and there is a series of decisions of. this Court which throw considerable -light on the power of, a master including a Government to suspend a servant or an officer under rules of service or even de hors su-.h rules. The law of master and servant .including Government servants with regard to suspension of an employee was discussed at some length in The Managemen; of Hotel Imperial v. Hotel Workers' Union('). However rules of service of Government officers did not fall for consideration there. Champak Lal Chimanlal Shah v. The Union of India( 2 ) was a case where a temporary Government serv~nt's services were terminated. The case shows, as is well known, that even before a formal departmental enquiry is launched a prelimi:nary enquiry is usually held to find out whether a prima facie case is made out against a Government servant. T!iis preliminary enquiry is directed to the collection of facts in regard to the work and conduct of a Government servant in which he. may or may not be associated so that the authority concerned may decide whether or not to subject the seryant concerned to the enquiry under Art. 311 for inflicting one of the thtee major punishments mentioned therein and such a preliminary enquiry may even be held ex parte. In R. P. Kapur v. Union of India & another(") the general principles governing a master and servant were discussed in some detail and .it was said : A B c D F "If there is no express term in the contract relating to suspension and payment ,during such suspension or if there is no statutory provision in any law or rule, the employee is entitled to his . full remuneration for the period of his interim suspension; on the other hand if there is a term in this respect in the contract or there G is a provision in--the" statute or the rules framed thereunder providing for the scale of payment during suspension, the payment would be in accordance therewith . On general principles therefore the authority entitled to appoint a public servant would be entitled to suspend him pending a departmental enquiry H (l) [19601 l S.C.R. 476, 482. (2) [1964] 5 S.C.R. 190. (3) [1964] 5 S.C.R. 4Jl, 445. A B c D E F G GOVT. OF INDIA V. T. N, GHOSH (Mitter, J.) 723 into his conduct or pending a criminal proceeding, which may eventually ,result in a departmental enquiry against him." . There is however a direct authority of this Court in S. Govinda Menon v. The Union of India('). The appellant before this Court was a member of the Indian Administrative Service. He was the First Member of the Board of Revenue, Kerala State and was holding the post· of Commissioner of Hindu Religious _ and Charitable .Endowments. On the basis of certain complaints containing allegations of misconduct against the appellant in the discharge of his duties as such Commissioner the Kerala Government instituted certain preliminary enquiries and thereafter ·started disciplinary proceedings against him and also placed him under suspension under rule 7 of the All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules. One of the grounds urged by the appellant was that the order of suspension which was dated March 8, 1963 was not in compliance with rule 7 inasmuch as definite charges were framed ag~inst him only on 6th June, 1963. On the basis of rule 5(2) it was argued that the word "charges" which occurred in this rule and in rule 7 should be given the same meaniag and no order of suspension could be passed under rule 7 before the charges in terms of r. 5 (2) were tramed against him. This was turned down by this Court observing (at p. 582) :· "Rule 5 (2) prescribes that the grounds on which it is proposed to take action shall be reduced to the form of a definite charge or charges. The framing of the charge under Rule 5 ( 2) is necessary to enable' the member, of the Service to meet the case against him. The language of rule 7 ( 1} is _however different, and that rule provides that the Government may place a member , of the Service under suspension "having regard to the nature of the charge/charges and the circumstances in any case" if the Government is satisfied that it is necessary to place him under suspension. In view of the difference of language in rule 5 ( 2) and rule 7 we are of the opinion that the worq 'charges' in rule 7 (1) should be giv'en a wider meaning as denoting the accusation or imoutation against the member of the Service." It is worthy of note that in the order of suspension it was stated as follows :- H "The Government have received several petitions containing serious allegations of official misconduct (I) [1967] 2 S.C.R. 565! - 724 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] 3 S.C.R. against Shri S. Govinda Menon . . Preliminary enquiries caused to be conducted into the allegations have shown prima facie that the officer is guilty of corruption. The Kerala High Court has also occasion to cornment on the conduct of the officet in their judgment -in O.P. 2306 of 1962 delivered on 12th February 1963 .... , ...... . The judgment in the above case and the preliminary report of the X-Branch police have disclosed the following grave charges of serious irregularity and official misconduct on the p,art of the accused officer ....... . The detailed enquiry into the charges by the XBranch is in progress. The evidence in the case has to be collected from a large number of officers who are subordinate to the accused officer jn his capacity a,s First Member of the ·Bodrd of Revenue. In the interest of the proper conduct of the enquiry it is necessary that the officer should 111ot be allowed to continue in that post. Having regard to the nature of the charges against the officer and the circumstances the proper course would be to place him under suspension. Shri S. Govinda Menon J.A.S. . . . is therefore placed under suspension under Rule 7 of the All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules 1955 till the disciplinary proceedings initiated against him are completed." It was urged before us that the order of suspension there was different from the one be.fore us. While there is no doubt that thei order against the appellant in the above case was far more detailed both with regard to the nature of the charges and to the necessity of placing him under suspension, in substance there is little difference for the purpose of rule 7 of the Service Rules. The order in this case dated 31st July 1964 shows that serious allegations of corruption and malpractice~ had been made against theJ fespondent and he was also reported to have contravened thl' provisions of the All India Service Conduct Ruit.~ and enquiries mad@ by thll G9vemment of Bihar into the g))egations had revealed that there was a prima facie case made out ag:tlllBt him. Merely because the order mentioned that disciplinary proceedings were contemplated against the respondent, as compared to rule 7 which ot:ontains phrase1dike "the initiation of disciplinary proceedings" and the "starting of such proceedings" we cannot hold that the situation in the present case had not reached a stage which called for an order of suspension. In su?stance disciplinary proceedings can be said to be started agamst an A B c D E F G H A B c D GOVT. OF INDIA v. T. N. GHOSH (Mitter, J.) 725' officer when complaints abqut his integrity or honesty are entertained and followed by a preliminary enquiry into them culminating in the satisfaction of the Government that a prima facie case has been made out against him for the framing of charges. When the order of suspension itself shows that Government was of the view that such a prima facie case for departmental proceedings had been made out the fact that the order also mentions that such proceedini;;; were contemplated makes no difference. Again the fact that in other rules of service an order of sus· pension may be made when "disciplinary proceeding; were contemplated" should not lead us to take the view that a membe; of an All India Service should be dealt with differently. Tht reputation of an officer is equally valuable no matter whether he belongs to the All India Service or to one of a humbler carlre. It is the exigency of the conditions of service which requires or calls for an order of suspension and there can be no difference in regard to this matter as between a member of . an All India Service and a member of a State Service or a Railway Service. Jn the result the appeal is allowed but in the circurnsta!!·~es of the case we direct the parties to pay and bear their own costs. V.P.S. Appeal allowed. ..