# HAZARI & ORS v. NEKI & ORS

- **Citation:** [1968] 2 S.C.R. 833
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1968-01-25
- **Bench:** J. C. Shah, V. Ramaswami, V. Bhargava
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/hazari-ors-v-neki-ors-4245
- **Pages:** 9

## Headnote

Punjab Pre-emption Act (Punj. 1 of 1913), ss. 14 tl1ld 15(1)(a)-
Statutory right of Pre-emption-Whether heritable.
Puni<'b Pre-emption Act as amended by Punjab Act 10 of 1960, s.
31-Whether bar to decree-Code of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1905),
0. 22, rr. 1 and 11-Legal representatives of statutory preemptor-If
right to sue survives.
By s. 4 of the Amending Act (Punj. Act 10 of 1960) s. 15 of the
Punjffb Pre-emption Act, 1913 was repealed and in its place was substituted
a new provision which omitted to confer a right of pre-emption in the
case of persons 'owning land in the estate' as the originals. IS(c) 'thirdly'
had done.
Retrospective effect was given to the provisions by the insertion of new s. 31 in the parent Act. Jn respect of sales effected after the
promulgation of the Amending Act, one N filed suits and obtained decrees
for pre-emption in all suits against the appellants under s. 15(1){a) of
the Punjab Pre-emption Act.
These decrees were confirmed by the first
appellate court. While the second appeals were pending in the High Court,
N died, and his legal representatives were brouilbt on record. The High
Court dismissed the appeals. In appeals to t.his Court, it was contended
that (i) tho statutory right
df pre-emption under the Punjab Preemption Act, was not a 'heritable right' and no decree for pre-emption
should have been passed by the lower court in favour of the legal representatives; and (ii) s. 31 of the Act as amended retrospectively by Punjab
Act 10 of 1960, stood as a bar to the granting of a decree in favour of
substituted legal representatives.
HELD : The appeals must be dismissed.
(i) The statutory right of pre-emption though not amounting to an
interest in the land is a right which attaches to the land and which can
be enforced against a purchaser by the persons entitled to•pre-empt. The
right of pre-emption under s. 15(1) (a) of the Punjab Act of 1913 is a
personal right in the sense that the claim of the pre-emptor depends upon
the nature of his relationship with the vendor.
But under s. !4 of the
Act, the pre-emptor must be a member o.f an agricultural tribe· in the same
group of agricultural tribes, as the vendor and the land of which preemption is sought must be in respect of agricultural land sold to ~ member
of the agricultural tribe.
If an involuntary transfer takes plaoe by inheritance the successor to the land takes the whole bundle JJf the rights which
go with the land including the right of pre-emption.
This view is supported by the language of s. 306 of the Indian Succession Act and therefore, the clalm of N for pre-emption did not ab!ll!e upon his death and
his legal representatives were properly brought on -record of the second
appeals under the provisions of 0. 22, r. 1 read with 0. 22, r. JO di the
Code of Civil Procedure. [836 G; 837 B-D]
Faqir Ali Shah v. Ram Kishan d: Ors. 133 P.R. 1907 and Wa;id All
d: Ors. v. Shaban d: Ors. I.LR. 31 All 623. approved .
Muhammud Husain v. Niamat-un•nissa d: Ors. l.L.R. 20 All.
88,
referred to.
834
SUPREME COURT Rl!PORTS
[1968] 2 S.C.R.
(ii) The Amending Act came inlo foree long before N in•tituted the
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present suib. Even the sales of land were -cffcc1ed after the promulgation
of the Amcndlag A.ct.
In RanJ Sarup's case, the right of the plaintiff to
pre.empt 1,1,·as extinguished retrospec1ivcly; in the present case N's right to
sue has not been extinguished.
N had lhc righl of pre-emption under the
Amended Act at the time he ins1i1u1ed the suit and N's right was not
extinguished on his dealh but paS>ed to his legal representatives. 1839 G]
Ram Sarup v. Muns/ii & Ors. [1963] 3 S.C.R. 858, distinguished,
B
CIVIL APPELLATE JURiso1cnoN: Civil Appeals Nos. 1148,
1656 and 2341 of 1966.
Appeals by special leave from the judgment and decree dated
July' 27, 1965 of the Punjab High Court in Letters Patent Ap·
peals Nos. 13 to 15 of 1965.
Prem Chand Jain and Janardan Sharma, for the appellants
(in all the appeals).
D. D. Sharma, for respondents Nos. 1 (iv to

## Text

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HAZARI & ORS.
v.
NEKI & ORS.
January 25, 1968
[J. C. SHAH, V. RAMASWAMI AND V. BHARGAVA, JJ.)
Punjab Pre-emption Act (Punj. 1 of 1913), ss. 14 tl1ld 15(1)(a)-
Statutory right of Pre-emption-Whether heritable.
Puni<'b Pre-emption Act as amended by Punjab Act 10 of 1960, s.
31-Whether bar to decree-Code of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1905),
0. 22, rr. 1 and 11-Legal representatives of statutory preemptor-If
right to sue survives.
By s. 4 of the Amending Act (Punj. Act 10 of 1960) s. 15 of the
Punjffb Pre-emption Act, 1913 was repealed and in its place was substituted
a new provision which omitted to confer a right of pre-emption in the
case of persons 'owning land in the estate' as the originals. IS(c) 'thirdly'
had done.
Retrospective effect was given to the provisions by the insertion of new s. 31 in the parent Act. Jn respect of sales effected after the
promulgation of the Amending Act, one N filed suits and obtained decrees
for pre-emption in all suits against the appellants under s. 15(1){a) of
the Punjab Pre-emption Act.
These decrees were confirmed by the first
appellate court. While the second appeals were pending in the High Court,
N died, and his legal representatives were brouilbt on record. The High
Court dismissed the appeals. In appeals to t.his Court, it was contended
that (i) tho statutory right
df pre-emption under the Punjab Preemption Act, was not a 'heritable right' and no decree for pre-emption
should have been passed by the lower court in favour of the legal representatives; and (ii) s. 31 of the Act as amended retrospectively by Punjab
Act 10 of 1960, stood as a bar to the granting of a decree in favour of
substituted legal representatives.
HELD : The appeals must be dismissed.
(i) The statutory right of pre-emption though not amounting to an
interest in the land is a right which attaches to the land and which can
be enforced against a purchaser by the persons entitled to•pre-empt. The
right of pre-emption under s. 15(1) (a) of the Punjab Act of 1913 is a
personal right in the sense that the claim of the pre-emptor depends upon
the nature of his relationship with the vendor.
But under s. !4 of the
Act, the pre-emptor must be a member o.f an agricultural tribe· in the same
group of agricultural tribes, as the vendor and the land of which preemption is sought must be in respect of agricultural land sold to ~ member
of the agricultural tribe.
If an involuntary transfer takes plaoe by inheritance the successor to the land takes the whole bundle JJf the rights which
go with the land including the right of pre-emption.
This view is supported by the language of s. 306 of the Indian Succession Act and therefore, the clalm of N for pre-emption did not ab!ll!e upon his death and
his legal representatives were properly brought on -record of the second
appeals under the provisions of 0. 22, r. 1 read with 0. 22, r. JO di the
Code of Civil Procedure. [836 G; 837 B-D]
Faqir Ali Shah v. Ram Kishan d: Ors. 133 P.R. 1907 and Wa;id All
d: Ors. v. Shaban d: Ors. I.LR. 31 All 623. approved .
Muhammud Husain v. Niamat-un•nissa d: Ors. l.L.R. 20 All.
88,
referred to.
834
SUPREME COURT Rl!PORTS
[1968] 2 S.C.R.
(ii) The Amending Act came inlo foree long before N in•tituted the
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present suib. Even the sales of land were -cffcc1ed after the promulgation
of the Amcndlag A.ct.
In RanJ Sarup's case, the right of the plaintiff to
pre.empt 1,1,·as extinguished retrospec1ivcly; in the present case N's right to
sue has not been extinguished.
N had lhc righl of pre-emption under the
Amended Act at the time he ins1i1u1ed the suit and N's right was not
extinguished on his dealh but paS>ed to his legal representatives. 1839 G]
Ram Sarup v. Muns/ii & Ors. [1963] 3 S.C.R. 858, distinguished,
B
CIVIL APPELLATE JURiso1cnoN: Civil Appeals Nos. 1148,
1656 and 2341 of 1966.
Appeals by special leave from the judgment and decree dated
July' 27, 1965 of the Punjab High Court in Letters Patent Ap·
peals Nos. 13 to 15 of 1965.
Prem Chand Jain and Janardan Sharma, for the appellants
(in all the appeals).
D. D. Sharma, for respondents Nos. 1 (iv to xiii) in all the
appeals).
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Ramaswami, J. These appeals arc brooght by special leave
on behalf of the defendants against the judgment of the Punjab
High Court dated 27th July, 1965 in Letters
Patent Appeals
Nos. 13 and 14 of 1965.
Dbara Sin~h. respondent No. 2, executed three sale deeds with
regard to lands at village Bhadani, Tchsil Jhaijar, Rohtak in
favour of the appeilants in all the three appeals.
The first sale
was of land measu;ing 27 kanals and 4 marlas dated Sept~ber
20, 1960, the second was of land measuring 36 kanals and 19
mar!as dated November 23, 1960 and the third was
of land
measuring 33 kanals and 18 marlas dated March 6, 1961. Neki
deceased, who was the father's brother of Dhara Singh, vendor,
instituted three suits in the court of Subordinate Judge at Jhajjar
for possession of the aforesaid lands covered by the three sales
on the ground that he had a superior right of pre- eruption on the
basis of his relationship with the vendor as against the appellants
under section 15(1 )(a) of the Punjab Pre-emption Act,
1913
(Punjab Act 1 of 1913). These suits were contested by the
appellants.
After hearing the contentions of the rival parties,
the Subordinate Judge granted decrees in ail the three suits in
favour of the plaintiffs. In suit No. 311 of 1961
the decree
stipulated that the plaintiff should deposit the amount of Rs.
3.500/- in court on or before 15-1-1963.
In suit Nos. 368 and
369 of 196 I 1he condition was that the plaintiffs should make
the deposit of Rs. 5,000/- and Rs. 7,000/- respectively in court on
or before 15-1-1963. The appellants took the malter in appeal
before the Senior Subordinate Judge who by his .iudgment dated
30th January, 1963 dismissed the appeals against the decrees in
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HAZARI v. NEKI (Ramaswami, ].)
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suits Nos. 313 and 369 of 1961 and modified tbe decree in suit
No. 368 of 1961 to the extent that the plaintiff was called upon to
deposit a further sum of Rs. 2,000/- on or before 1-3-1963.
The appellants preferred regular Second Appeals Nos. 280, 281
and 282 of 1963 in the High Court against the
decre~s and
judgment of the Senior Subordinate Judge, Rohtak. The plaintiffs also preferred in the High Court appeal No. 830 of 1963
against the increase m~de in the price of the land by the Senior
Subordinate Jud.;:· '.'.0;,c;:k in the appeal arising out of decree in
suit No. 368 of 1961. While tbe appeals were pending in the High
Court, Neid plaintiff died on April 7, 1963. After his death, the
appellants vendors in the three regular appeals moved applications
under 0.22, r. 1 of the Civil Procedure Code to bring on record
of the appeals the legal representatives of Neki, deceased plaintiff, namely, Dhara Singh, Ramkishan and Balbir Singh.
All
the four appeals were heard and dismissed by Mr. Justice
Khanna by his judgment dated
17th September,
1964. The
appellants preferred appeals under the Letters Patent which were
dismissed by a Division Bench of the Punjab High Court by a
common judgment dated 27th July, 1965i
The claim of Neki for pre-emption .was based on &s. 14 and
lS(l)(a) of the Punjab Pre-emption Act 1913 (Punjab Act 1
of 1913). Section 14 states :-
"No person other than a person who was at the
date of sale a member of an agricultural tribe in the
the same group of agricultural tribes as the vendor shall
have a right of pre-emption in respect of agricultural
land sold by a member of an agricultural tribe".
Section lS(l)(a) reads as follows:-
"The right of pre-emption in respect of agricultural
land and village immovable property shall vest-
( a) where the sale is by a sole owner:
FIRST, in the son or daughter or son's son or daughter's
son of the vendor;
SECONDLY, in the brother or brother's son of the
vendor;
THIRDLY, in the father's brother or father's brother's
sen of the vendor;
FOURTHLY, in the tenant who holds under tenancy
of the vendor the land or property sold or a part thereof.''
The Punjab Pre-emption Act, 1913 was amended by Punjab Act
10 of 1960 and s. 6 of the amending Act inserted a new s. 31
in the Principal which states as follows : -
836
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1968) 2 S.C.R,
"No court ~hall pass a decree in a suit for pre-emption whether instituted before or after the commencement of the Punjab Pre-emption (Amendment) Act,
1960, which is inconsistent with the provisions of the
said Act".
It is necessary also to refer at this stage to the provisions of 0.22.
r. I and 0.22, r. 11 which are to the following effect :-
"0.22, r. I : The death of a plaintiff or defendant
shall not cause the suit to abate if the right to sue sur-
··ives".
"0.22, r. 11 : In the application of this Order to
appeals, so far as may be, the word 'plaintiff' shall be
held to include an appellant the word 'defendant' a respondent, and the word 'suit an appeal".
In support of these appeals, learned counsel put forward the
argument that the right of pre-emption claimed by Neki deceased
plaintiff was a personal right which died with
him
upon
his
death and the legal representatives of Neki were not entitled to
be granted a decree for pre-emption.
The argument was that
the statutory right of pre-emption under the Punjab Act was not
a heritable right and no decree for pre-emption should have been
passed by the lower court in favour of :he legal representatives
as representing the estate of Neki.
We are unable to accept the
argument put forward hy the appellants. It iS' not correct to say
that the right of pre-emption is a personal right on the part of the
pre-emptor to get the re-transfer of the property from the vendee
who has already become the owner of the same. It is true that
the right of pre-emption becomes enforceable only when there is
a sale but the right exists antecedently to the sale, the foundation
of the right being the avoidance of the inconveniences and disturbances which would arise from the introduction of a stranger
into the land. The correct legal position is that the statutory
law of pre-emption imposes a limitation or disability upon the
ownership of a property to the extent that rt restricts the owner's
right of sale and compels him to sell the property to the person
entitled to pre-emption under the statute.
Jn other words, the
statutory right of pre-emption though not amounting to an
interest
in
the land is a
right which
attaches to the land
and
which
can be enforced against a purchaser by the
person entitled to pre-empt.
Jn the present case, Neki
obtained decrees for pre-emption in all the three suits against the
appellants and these decrees were confirmed by the first appellate
Court. While the second appeals were pending in the High Court.
Neki died and the question is whether under the provisions of
0.22. r. 1 and 0.22. r. 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure. the
right to sue survived after the death of Neki. Jn this context, it
is necessary to consider the provisions of s. 306 of the Indian
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HAZARJ v. NEKI (Ramaswami, J.)
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Succession Act XXIX of 1925. This section expresses a qualification of the maxim actio persona/is mortiur cum persona to the
extent that the section indicates that, amongst ·causes of action
which survive, are included some actions of a personal nature.
that is to say personal actions other than those expressly excluded
by the section itself. It is true that the right of pre-emption under
s. 15 (1 )(a) of the Punjab Act of 1913 ·is a personal right in
the sense that the claim of the pre-emptor depends upon the nature
of his relationship with tl)e vendor. But under s. 14 of the Act,
the pre-emptor must be a member of an agricultural tribe in the
same group of agricultural tribes as the vendor and the land of
which pre-emption is sought must be in respect of agricultural land
sold to a member of the agricultural tribe.
We are of opinion
that if an involuntary transfer takes place by inheritance the
successor to the land takes the whole bundle of the rights which
go with the land including the right of pre-emption.
The view
which we have taken is supp9rted by the language of s. 306 of
the Indian Succession Act and it follows therefore that the claim
of Neki for pre-emption did not abate upon hi,s death and that the
legal representatives of Neki were properly brought on record of
the second appeals under the provisions of 0.22, r. 1 read with
0.22, r. 1 O of the Code of Civil Procedure.
The view that we
have expressed is borne out by a decision of the Punjab High
Court in Faqir Ali Shah v. Ram Kishan & Ors.('). The question
that arose for determination in that case was whether the right to
sue for pre-emption under s.12 of the Punjab Laws Act upon a
cause of action which accrued to a person in his life-time passed at
his death to his successor who inherited the 1 property through
which the right had accrued.
The view of the Full Bench as
regards the transfer by inheritance was that the general principle
applied and that the right of pre-emption passed with the land
and the learned Judges distinguished the transfer by inheritance
from the transfer of property by some voluntary act of the parties.
At p. 641 of the Report, Clark, C.J. observed :
"While, therefore, there is good reason why voluntary transfers should not pass a right of pre-emption as
regards properties previously sold, those reasons do not
apply to transfers by inheritance.
As regards transfers
by inheritance, the general principle should apply that
the right of pre-emption passes with the land.
Mr. Grey laid great stress on sections 13 and 16 of
the Punjab Laws Act urging that the father was the
person on whom the notice had to be served, and that
it was he who had the right to sue and that
the right was thus
a personal one that could not
(I) 133 P. R. 1907.
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838
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1968] 2 S.C.R.
be inherited by the son. The right was no doubt a personal one in the father based on his land, but I can
see no reason why such right cannot be inherited by
the son. If the father had waived or otherwise disposed
of his right this would no doulit be binding on the son,
as the father was representing the whole estate.
Where, however, the father has done nothing of the
kind, but has simply taken no steps in the matters, there
seems to me no reason why the son should not step into
th' shoes of his father and take the same action as the
father could have done. The son inherits the other causes of action belonging to his father and why not this
one ? Nor do I sec why the son cannot come in under
Section 16, simply alleging that no notice as required by
section 13 was served on his father".
A similar view was expressed by the Full Bench of the Allahabad
High Court in Wajid Ali & Ors. v. Shaban & Ors.('). It was held
that where a right of pre-emption exists by custom as recor<led
in the village wajib-ul-arl, the right fiaving once accrued did not
of necessity lapse by the death of the pre-emptor before making a
claim, but descended alon3 \\ ith the property in virtue of which
it subsisted to the heir of the pre-emptor.
It is necessary to emphasize that we arc dealing in this case
with the statutory right of pre-emption under Punjab Act I of 1913
and its subsequent amendment and not with the right
of
preemption under the Mohammedan Law.
In re~ard to the latter
right it has been held that accordin~ to the Mohammadan law
applicable to the Sunni sect if a plaintiff in a suit for pre-emption
has not obtained his decree for pre-emption in his life-time the
right to sue does not survive to his heirs.-(See Muhammad
Husain v. Niamet-un-nissa and Ors.)('). It is not necessary for
us to express any opinion on this point in the present case.
On behalf of the respondent it was also pointed out that after
the passing of the decree by the trial court, Ncki complied with
the terms of the decree and made payments within the time given.
It was said that under the terms of s. 14 and s. 15 (I )(a) the title
to the land in the pre-emption suits must be deemed to have accrued to Neki from the dale of such payment.
It was argued
that before his. death, Ncki became the owner of the lands which
were the subject matter of pre-emption and the legal representatives of Neki were substituted in his place as representing the
estate of Ncki.
In support of this proposition counsel relied upon
the language of 0.20 r. 14( I) which states :
"Where the court decrees a claim to pre-emption in
respect of a particular sale of property and
the pur-
(t)
L. R. 31 AIL 6~3.
(2) I. L. R. WAIL ~8.
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HAZARI v. NEKI (Ramaswami, J.)
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( a) specify a day on or before which the purchasemoney shall be so paid, and
( b) direct that on payment into Court of such purchase-money, together with the costs (if any) decreed
against the plaintiff, on or before the day referred to
in clause (a) the defendant shall deliver possession of
the property to the plaintiff, whose title thereto shall be
deemed to have accrued from the date of such payment,
but that, if the purchase-money and the costs (if any)
are not so paid, the suit shall be dismissed with costs."
In this connection counsel referred to the decision of the Punjab
High Court in Ganga Ram & Ors. v. Shiv Lal ( 1 ) where it was held
that the title to the pre-empted property passes to the pre-emptor
under a pre-emption decree on deposit of the purchase-money in
terms of the decree and was deemed to pass to him from the
date of the deposit. So far suit No. 368 is concerned, there is a
dispute as to whether or not Neki deposited the amount under the
decree within the time prescnbed but as regards suits Nos. 311
and 369 of 1961, it is admitted that the dectased Neki made
the payment of the amount un"ler the two decrees within the time
prescribed.
So far as these two decrees are concerned, the deposit of the purchase money is an additional reason for holdinJ!
that the legal representatives of Neki were properly substituteG
in his place in the proceedings of the second appeals.
It was finally urged on behalf of the appellants that, in any
event, s. 31 of the Punjab Act 1 of 1913 as amended by Punjab
Act 10 of 1960 stood as a bar to the granting of a decree in favour
of the substituted respondents. The argument was stressed that
s. 31 of the Punjab Act 1 of 1913 was in plain words retrospective
in character and Dhara Singr and his two sons as legal representatives of Neki could not be granted a decree for pre-emption. In
our opinion, this argument is wholly irrelevant. The reason is that
the Amending Act came into force on February 4, 1960 anu Neki
instituted the present suits for pre-emption long after th .• s date.
Even the three sales or land were effected after the promulgation
of the Amending Act. Reliance was placed on behalf of !he appellants on the decision of this Court in Ram Sarup v. Munshi &
Ors. (1 )· but the material facts of that case are quite different. It
appears that the claim of pre-emption in that case was based upon
s. 15(c) 'thirdly' of the Punjab Pre-emption Act 1913 which
states:
(1) 66 P. L. R. (1964), 251.
(2) [1963
S.C. R. 858.
840
SUPREJll! c:ouKT REPORTS
[1968) 2 s.c.R.
"Subject to the provisions of s. 14 the right of preemption in respect of llficultural land and village immoveable property shall val-
(a) where the sale is by a sole owner or occupancy
tenant or, in the case of land or property jointly
owned or held, is by all the co-sharers joint! y,
in the persons in order of succession, who but for
such sale would be entitled, on the death of the
vendor or vendors, to inherit the land or property
sold;
(b) where the sale is of a share out of joint land or
property, and is not made by all the co-sharers
jointly,-firstly, in the lineal descendants of the
vendor in order of succession; secondly, in the
co-sharers, if any, who are agnates, in order of
succession;
( c) If no person having a right of pre-emption under
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By s. 4 of the amending Act (Act I 0 of I 960) s. I 5 of the parent
Act was repealed and in its place was subs:itutcd a new provision
which omitted to confer a right of pre-emption in the case of
pusons 'C'wning land in the estate' as the original s. 15 ( ~) 'thirdly'
had done.
Retrospective effect was given to the provision by the
inserticn of a new s. 3 I in the parent Act.
The question for consideration was that whether by reason of this amendment in the Jaw
the respondent was entitled to the benefit of the decree which he
obtained under the previously existing enactment. It was the case
of the plaintiff that he owned land in the 'estate' whereas the vendee did not own land there. The defendant while not disputing
that the plaintiff owned land in the village or the correctness of
the allegation that the land was in an 'estate', sought to prove that
he too owned land in the same village and 'estate' but in this he
failed.
As the case of the plaintiff was directly covered by the
terms of the statute his suit was decreed by the trial court en Novber 8, 1951, and an appeal and second appeal therefrom were
also dismissed.
The question was whether the respondent was
entitled to a decree in view of s. 31 of the Punjab Pre-emption
Act I 913 as amended by Punjab Act I 0 of 1960 which came
into force on February 4, 1960. It wa, l;cld '"' :his Coun that
in view of the plain language of s. 31, the substantive law enacted by the legislature in the amended s. 15 of the Pre-emption
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HAZARI v. NEKl (Ramaswami, J.)
841
Act should be applied and the d:cree for pre-emption in favour
of the first respondent should bi; set aside.
ft is manifest that
the material facts of the present c,ase are different and the ratio
of the decision of this Court in Ram Sarup ~·. Munshi & Ors. ( 1)
has no application to the present case.
In RGm Sari:p's case(')
the right of the plaintiff to pre-empt was extinguished retiospectively; in the present case !lleki'3 right tci sue has not been extinguishec.
N~ki had the right of pre-emption under the Amended Act at the tin1e he instituted the suit and Neki's right was not
ext'.nguished on his death but passed to his legal represer.tatives.
For the reasons expressed above, we hold that these appeals
have no merit and must be dismissed with costs. There will be
one set of hearing fee.
Y.P.
Appeals dismissed.
/
(1) [1963] 3 S.C.R. 858.