# Ig6o February 32 THE BIHAR STATE CO-OPERATIVE BANK LTD v. THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX - **Citation:** [1960] 3 S.C.R. 58 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1957-07-02 - **Case number:** Civil Appeals Nos. 228 to 230 of 1958 - **Bench:** J. L. Kapur, A. K. Sarkar, M. Hidayatullah - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/ig6o-february-32-the-bihar-state-co-operative-bank-ltd-v-the-commissioner-of-1882 - **Pages:** 11 ## Headnote Income Tax-Co-operative Bank-Interest received on deposits with other banks-Exemption from taxation under NotificationIndian Income-tax Act, r922 (XI of r922) ss. IO, I2. The Appellant Bank which was registered under the Cooperative Societies 'Act, 1922, received, in the relevant account years, by way of interest on deposits with the Imperial Bank of India certain sums of money. The Income-tax Officer assessed the aforesaid sums under s. 12 of the Indian Income-tax Act 1922, as income from other sources, but the appellant claimed that the deposits were made not with the idea of making investments but for the purpose ·of carrying on its business as a bank and that as the interest received on the deposits was profit attributable to its business activities it was not subject to incometax because of the Notification issued by the Central Government under s. 60 of the Act. Under the Notification profits of any Co-operative Society are exempt from the tax payable under the Act but not income derived from "other sources" referred to in s. 12 ofthe Act. IIeld, that the interest from nd is deemed to be registered under the Bihar & Orissa Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 (Bihar Acb VI of 1935) which in Bihar has replaced the Cooperative Societies Act of 1912. It was carrying on banking business in the State of Bihar. One of the objects of the Bank is to carry on general business of banking not repugnant to the provisions of the Bihar Act and rules framed thereunder for the time being in force (Bye-Law 3(a)vi). In the calendar years 1945, 1946 and 1947, the appellant Bank received by way of interest on deposits with the Imperial Bank of India the sums of Rs. 7,192, R(l. 20,250 and Rs. 22,600 respectively. It is these sums which are the subject matter of dispute in these three appeals which relate to the respective assessment years 1946-47, 1947-48 and 1948-49. These sums were not assessed when assessment was made under s. 23(3) of the Income-tax Act, but subsequently under s. 34 they were assessed as being ' income ' under the head 'other sources'. This order was upheld by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal. A case was then stated to the High Court under s. 66(1) of the Act, but was decided against the appellant. The appella.nt brought three appeals in this Court in regard to the three assessment years. In each one of them the respondent is the Commissioner of Income-tax, Bihar & Orissa. As the appeals involve a common question of law they were consolidated and can conveniently be disposed of by one judgment: In its return the appellant showe\l these various sums as ' other sources ', but nothing turns on the manner in which the appellant chose to show this income in itlil return. The Income-tax Officer, however, assessed the interest for these three years 60 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960] r960' under s. 12 of the Income-tax Act, as income from . 'other sources'. The appellant took an appeal to the C Bihar1 51"8 1' ·k Appellate Assistant Commissioner where it was cono~opera ive an ddh hb" fh 11 Bk Ltd. ten e t at as t e usmess o t e appe ant an v. consisted oflending money and the deposits had been Commissioner of made not for the purpose of investment but for that Income Tax business and thereby fulfilling the purpose for which Kapur]. the Co-operative Bank was constituted, these various sums of interest were not subject to income-tax because of the Notification issued by the Central Government under s. 60 of the Income-tax Act. The relevant portion of that Notification, C.B.R. N otification No. 35 dated October 20, 1934, and No. 33 dated August 18, 1945, was:- "The following classes of income shall be exempt from the tax pa.yable under the said Act, but shall be taken into account in determining the total income of an assessee for the purpose of the said Act:- (2) The profits of any Co-operative Society other than the Sanikatta Salt Owners' Society in the Bombay Presidency for the time being registered ~ under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912 (Act II of 1912), the Bombay Co-operative Societies Act, 1925 (Bombay Act VII of 1925), or the Madras Cooperative Societies Act, 1932 (Madras Act VI of 1932), or the dividends or other payments received by the members of any such Society out of such profits. Explanation: For this purpose the profits of a· Co-operative Society shall not be deemed to include any income, profits or gains from :- (1) Investments in (a) securities of the nature referred to ins. 8 of the Indian Income-tax Act; or (b) property of the nature referred to in s. 9 of that Act; (2) dividends, or (3) the 'other sources' referred to in s. 12 of the Indian Income-tax Act". The Appellate Assistant Commissioner, however, repelled the contention of the appellant. He held that the business of the appellant consisted of 'lend- -· - 3 S.O.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 61 ing money, and selling agricultural and other products ' I960 to its constituents' which could be planned ahead and n·ia state required no provision for extraordinary claims. He c0•0;.~:iive Bank remarked that it appeared from the balance-sheets Ltd. that in the accounting year 1945 the Bank invested v. Rs. 13,50,000 as fixed deposits, which_, in the following Commissioner 01 d 1 Income Tax year was raised to Rs. · 15,00,000 an it was on y in -< the, accounting year 1947 that the fixed deposits Kapur J. 'were realised on maturity with interest'. He was also of the opinion that the length of the period during which this money 'was kept locked in this way ' showed clearly that ' not the exigencies of pressing necessities, but the motives of investment of surplus fund had actuated the deposits'. He there- >\' fore held that the fixed deposits with the Imperial Bank were held as an investment quite apart from the business of the appellant and the interest from these deposits was not exempt from income-tax. He further held that the exemption as to the profit of a Co-operative Society extended to its sphere of cooperative activities and therefore interest from investments was no part of the appellan.t's business i. profits exempt from taxation. Against this order an appeal was taken to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal and it was there contended that the Bank did not make the deposits as investments, but in order that cash might be available to the appellant ' continuously ' for the carrying on of the purposes of its business, and that the deposits were intimately connected with the business of the appellant and " therefore the interest should have been held to be profits arising from the business activities of the Bank, and that the finding tb'at the short-term deposits in the Imperial Bank were separate from the appellant's banking business was erroneous. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, by its order dated April 11, 1955, held :- " (1) That the interest was an income rightly to ...;_ be included under the head of 'other sources' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) The profits of a Co-operative Society indicates the profit derived from the business which can be truly called the business of the Co-operative zg6o Bihar State Co-operative Bank Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax Kapu• J. 62 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960] Society. Investments by the society either in securities or in shares or in bank fixed deposits are made out of surplus funds. The interest or dividend derived from such investment cannot be regarded as part of the profits of the business (sic) qua such bank and therefore, it is not exempt from income.tax (Vide Hoshiarpur Central Co-operative Bank v. Commissioner of Income-tax (1),)" Against this order a case was stated at the instance of the appellant under s. 66(1) of the Act, and the following two questions of law were referred for the opinion of the High Court ; (1) Whether, in the facts and circumstances of this case, the receipt of interest on fixed deposits was an income under the head of 'other sources' : and (2) Whether in the facts and circumstances of this case, the receipt of interest from the fixed deposits was an income not exempt from taxation under the C. B. R. Notification No. 35 dated 20th October, 1934 and No. 33 dated the 18th August, 1945. In the High Court the appellant's contention was that the fixed deposits were made with the Imperial Bank of India not with the idea of making investments, but for the reason that cash should be available to the appellant as and when it was needed for the purposes of its business. It was also contended that the deposits were short-term deposits and that the Bank could not ca.rry on its business without such short-term deposits. In other words, the contention was that making deposits with the Imperi:i.l Bank was intimately connected with the business activities of the appellant Bank and that the interest received on the deposits was profit attributable to its bus"iness activities. But the High Court did not accept this contention. It held that if the income derived by a Co-operative Society was from the business of the Co-operative Society as such, it fell within the exemption, but if it arose out of the business with third parties as in the case of investment of surplus assets, the exemption was inapplicable because the (1) (1953] 24 l.T.R. 346, 350. ·- - - 3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 63 investment of fluid assets was not a part of the busix960 ness of the Co-operative Bank and the reason for the Bihar state Notification was to exempt profits accruing to a Co- Co-operative Bank operative Society from 'carrying-on business of a Ltd. mutual co-operative society and upon the ground . ~· that a man cannot make profit or loss out of Commissioner 01 h. If' Income Ta;>; 1mse . The ground of mutuality was not relied upon Kapur J. before us by the learned Solicitor-General who appeared for the respondent. So the sole question for determination is whether the investment by a Cooperative Bank of its assets in fixed deposits in the manner that the appellant Bank had deposited its moneys falls within the term ' business' and ~s therefore assessable under s. IO of the Income-tax Act, or it is an investment the interest from which would fall under the term 'other sources ' and therefore within s. 12 of the Income-tax Act. It was contended by the learned Solicitor-General that the finding of the Appellate Tribunal as to the nature of these deposits was one of fact. This contention is not sustainable. It has not been treated as a. finding of fact either by the Appellate Tribunal or by the High. Court. They have both treated it as a question of law and it is on that basis that the reference was made. The decision of the question depends on what'is comprised within the ordinary business of a bank and whether the business of the appellant bank is in any way different. Relying upon the decision of the Privy Council in The Punjab Go-operative Bank Ltd v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, Punjab (1), counsel for the appellant submitted that the business of a bank is one of dealing in money and credit and that laying. out moneys in deposit with other banks is just as much a mode of conducting business as lending moneys to borrnwers whether members of the society or to other co-operative societies, and is therefore a part of the appellant's business. Therefore, where out of moneys in deposit with a bank a portion is put away or laid out in securities or in deposits with another banker, two objects are served: (I) the moneys which are not immediately required do not remain idle but (x) (x940) ll I.T.R, 635 64 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960] earn interest; and (2) if and when money is required to meet any demand, the investment i. e. the deposits Bihar State 11 th •t• ·d f h. h C t . B k as we as e secun ies prov1 e a source rom w 1c a-apem we an • • ·1 b Th h Ltd. tnese reqmrements can eas1 y e met. us t e v. credit of the bank remains unimpaired and its moneys Commissioner af continue to earn interest. Income Tox Counsel for the respondent argued that where Kapur]. moneys are so laid out they cannot be termed ' carrying on business of the bank ' and therefore any sums coming in from such investments cannot be termed profits arising from business, but they are income from ' others sources'. In support of this argument reliance was placed by counsel on The Madras Central. Urban Bank Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax (1); The Madras Provincial Co-operative Bank Ltd., Madras v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras (2); Commissioner of Income Tax, Burma v. Bengalee Urban Co-operative Credit Society Ltd. ('); Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras v. Madras Provincial Co-operative Bank Ltd. ('); Hoshiarpur Central Co-operative Bank Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Simla (5); Cochin Cottage Industries Cooperative Marketing Society Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Mysore &c. (6). But none of these cases supports the argum.(lnt raised on behalf of the respondent. In the Madras Central Urban Bank case (1 ) the society was required to invest 40 per cent. of its total liability under call deposits in a liquid or fluid form and the society invested it in Government securities which produced intere3t. It was held that interest from securities was not part of the profits of the business of the society as it was not obliged to invest in such securities. Similarly in the Madras Provincial Co-operative Bank Case (2 ) also the income which was the subject matter of dispute was interest received by the bank from its investments in Government securities and it was held that it was not part of the income derived from its business. The Rangoon case, Commissioner of Income-tax, Burma v. Bengalee Urban Go-operative Credit Society (') was also a case relating (1) I.L.R. 52 Mad. 640 F.B. (2) I.L.R. 56 Mad. 837 F.B. (3) [l9J4] 2 I.T.R. 121. (4) l.L.R. 1943 Mad. 390. (5) [1953] 24 I.T.R. 346. (6) [1956] 30 l.T.R, 356. - - -+ • 3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 65 to income derived from interest on capital invested in r960 Government securities. At p. 128, Page, C. J., said:- . " d · £ · th f 'th Bihar State . t .... t ... f ........ , an . prima ~Cle erde o.re dne1f er Co-operative Bank m eres rom securities nor mcome erive rom Ltd. property are ' profits ' within the meaning of that v. term as used in the notification ..... , .................. It Commissioner of may be that investment of ca pita! in properties or Income Tax sec11rities is part of the business of an assessee, and in such a case, in my opinion, the net income accruing from such investm'ents would be, and be chargeable as, profits of the business". (As the matter had not been considered from this point of view the. case was sent back for doing so). These cases before the amendment of the Notification show that the income which was exempted was profit from business and not income from sources which fell under ss. 8 and 9 of the Income-tax Act. The. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras v. The Madras Provincial Go-operative Bank Ltd. (1) was a case where moneys ha~ been invested in debentures and for reasons similar to the ones given in the cases abovementioned, it was held that interest derived therefrom was not profits of the business. Counsel for the respondent relied on a judgment of the Punjab High Court in Hoshiarpur Central Cooperative Bank v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Simla (2). In that case the Government authorised the Bank to deal in sugar, oil and standard cloth and it made profit thereform. Those activities were neither its business under the bye-laws nor within its objects. The question was whether this profit was exempt from income-tax on account of its being profits of a co-operative society and it was held that the decided cases showed that where income was derived by a co-operative society, the profits were within the exemption, but not if the business was of the nature not covered by the objects of the society. This line of reasoning has not formed part of the. respondent's argument in this Court and the case therefore has no application to the facts of the present case. The decision in Cochin Cottage Industries Go-operative (1) I.L.R. [1943] Mad. 390 9 (2) [1953) 24 I.T.R. 346 Kapur]. 66 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960] z96o Marketing Society Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Mysore &c. (1) proceeded on the same ground. In Bihar State that case the profit which was held not to be exempt Co-operat~ve Bank under .the Notification was the apportioned profit of L~. · the society from its dealings with non-members. Commiooioner of In the Surat Peoples' Co-operative Banlc Ltd. v. The Income Tax Commissioner of Income-tax, Ahmedabad (2 ) the profit arose duting the course of banking business out of Kapur 1 · the sale of Government securities which formed part of the stock-in-trade and as it was a co-operative bank the profits made from such sales were held to be exempt from taxation under the Notification. In the instant case the co-operative society (the appellant) is a Bank. One of its objects is to carry on the general business of banking. Like other banks money is its stock-in-trade or circulating capital and its normal business is to deal in money and credit . . It cannot be said that the business of such a Bank consists only in receiving deposits and lending money to its members or such other societies as are mentioned in the objects and that when it lays ou~ its moneys so that they may be readily available to meet the demand of its depositors if and when they arise, it is not a legitimate mode of carrying on of its banking business. The Privy Council in The Punjab Cooperative Bank Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Incometax, Lahore (3) where the profits arose from the sale of Government securities pointed out at p. 645 that in the ordinary cases the business of a Bank essentially consists of dealing with money and credit. Depositors put their money in the Bank at a small rate of interest and in order to meet their demands if and "when they arise the Bank has always to keep sufficient cash or easily realisable securities. That is a normal step in the carrying on of the banking business. In other words 'that is an act done in what is truly the carrying on or carrying out of a business '. It may be added that another mode of conducting business of a Bank is to place its funds in deposit with other banks and that also is to meet demands which may be made on it. It was however argued (1) [1956] 30 I.T.R. 356 (2) [1958] 33 I.T.R. 396. (3) [1940] 8 l.T.R. 635 - -+ ' 3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 67 that in the instant case the moneys had been x96o deposited with the Imperial Bank on long term d 't · h th d •t d £ Bihar State epos1 s masmuc as ey .were epos1 e or one year Co-operative Bank . and were renewed from time to time also for a year ; Ltd. but as is shown by the accounts these deposits fell due v. at short intervals and would have been available to Commissioner of the appellant had any need arisen. Stress was laid on the use of the word ' surplus ' both by the tribunal as well as by the High Uourt and it was alflo con,tended before us that in the byelaws under the heading 'business of the bank' it was provided that the bank could 'invest surplus funds when not required for the business of the bank in one or more ways specified in s. 19 of the Bihar Act (Cl. 4 III(i) of the Bye-Laws). Whether funds invested as provided in s. 19 of the Bihar Act would be surplus or not does not arise for decision in this case, but it has not been shown that the moneys which were in deposit with other banks were 'surplus ' within that bye-law so as to take it out of banking business. As we have pointed out above, it is a normal mode of carrying on banking business to invest moneys in a manner that they are readily available and that is just as much a part of the mode of conducting a Bank's business as receiving deposits or lending moneys or discounting hundies or issuing demand drafts. That is how the circulating capital is employed and that is the normal course of business of a bank. The moneys laid out in the form- of deposits as in the instant case would n,ot cease to be a part of the circulating capital of the appellant nor would they cease to form part of its banking business. The returns flowing from them would form part of its profits from its business. In a commercial sense the directors of the company owe it to the bank to make investments which earn them interest instead of letting moneys lie idle. It cannot be said that the funds of the Bank which were not lent to borrowers but were laid out in the form of deposits in another bank to add to the profit instead of lying .idle necessarily ceased to be a part of the stock-in-trade of the bank, or that the interest arising therefrom did not form part of its business profits. Under the bye-laws Income Tax Kapur]. ' f 68 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960] one of the objects of the appellant bank is to carry on the general business of banking and therefore subject Bihar State h C · S · t' A t 't h t C P t . B k to t e o-operat1ve ome ies c , I as o carry on o-o era ive an • • b k Lrd. its business in the manner that ordmary an s do. v. It may be added that the various heads under s. 6 of Commissioner of the Income Tax Act and the provisions of that Act Income Tax applicable to these various heads are mutually excluKapur]. z960 February 22 sive. Section 12 is a residuary section and does not come into operation until the preceding heads are excluded. Commissioner of Income-tax v. Basant Rai Tak hat Singh (1 ). In our opinion, the High Court was in error in treating interest derived from deposits as not arising from the business of the Bank and therefore not falling within the income exempted under the Notification. The appeal must therefore be allowed and the judgment and order of the High Court set aside. The appellant will have its costs in this Court and in the Court below. Appeal allowed. THE TINNEVELLY-TUTICORIN ELECTltIC SUPPLY CO. LTD., v. ITS WORKMEN (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. SUBBA RAO AND K. c. DAS GUPTA, JJ.) Industrial Dispute-Bonus~Full Bench formula-If applicable to workmen in electricity undcrtaking--Elcctric Supply Act. r948 (54 of r948). s. 57. Sixth Schedule, para, r7(2)(b)(xi). Can the Full Bench •formula for calculation of bonus apply to a claim of bonus made by \.vorkmen engaged in electricity concerns and undertakings? That ¥.'as the question raised for decision in this appeal. A Special Bench of the Labour Appellate Tribunal held in the affirmative and the correctness of its decision was challenged in this appeal. It was contended on behalf of the appellant company that the Electricity Supply Act, 1948 (54 of 1948) was a self-contained code intended to regulate the business and affairs of electricity concerns and that Act and not the formula applied to a claim of bonus by the workmen in an electricity concern. (r) (1933] I J.T.R, 197, 20I, .. . ' ... -- I