# '- - J; DALMIA v. \ COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX. NEW DELHI

- **Citation:** [1964] 7 S.C.R. 579
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1961-03-06
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 505 of 1963
- **Bench:** K. SUB BA RAo. J. C. SHAH, S. M. Sikri
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/j-dalmia-v-commissioner-of-income-tax-new-delhi-3071
- **Pages:** 8

## Headnote

Company Law-Resolution of Board of Directors-Interim
dividend-If creates a debt enforceable against the comvanylncome Tax-Payable on the dividend in the year in which it
was actually paid, credited, or distributed OT deemed to be
:paid-"Paid"-Meaning of-Indian Companies Act, 1913 (7 of
1913), s. 17(2), Art. 95 Sch. I-Income-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922),
.s. 16(2).
The appellant held shares in a company the Board of
Directors of which by a resolution dated August 30, 1950 declared interim dividends. The appellant received a
dividend
warrant dated December 28, 1950 for a certain amount being
the interim dividend in respect of its share holdings in the company. The appellant's year of accounting had ended on September 30, 1950. The revenue authorities brought to tax the
.amount so received with other income of the appellant in the
assessment year 1952-53 after rejecting the objection of the
.appellant that it represented income for the assessment year
1951-52. In a reference made under s. 66(1) of the Indian Incometax Act, 1922, the High Court agreed with the Revenue authority that the dividend was in view of Art. 95 of the First Sche-
-dule to Indian Companies Act, 1913, liable to be included in the
cassessment year 1952-53.
Held: A declaration of dividend by a company in a general meeting gives rise to a debt.
In re Severn and Wye and Severn Bridge Railway Co.
(1896) 1 Ch. 559, referred to.
But a mere resolution of the Directors resolving to pay a
certain amount as interim dividend does not create a debt enforceable against the company for it is always open to the
Directors to rescind the resolution
before payment of the
dividend.
The Lagunas Nitrate
Schroeder and Company, 17
to.
Campany
(Ltd.) v.
J. Henry
Times Law Reports 625, referred
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Laxmidas Mulraj
Khatau, 16 I.T.R. 248, distinguished.
• (ii) The test applied by Chagla C. J. (in C.I.T., Bombay
v. Laxmidas Mulraj Khatau, 16 I.T.R. 248) that because the
dividend becomes due to the assessee who has the right to
deal \vith ·or dispose of the same in any manner he likes, it is
taxable in the year in which it is declared cannot be regarded
as correct.
(iii) Dividend may te said to be paid within the meaning
of s. 16(2} of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 when the company
discharges its liability and makes the amount thereof unconditionally available to the member entitled thereto.
Purshottamdas Thakurdas v. C.I.T., Bombay, 34 I.T.R, 204,
referred to.
LiP(D)l8CT-17(a\
1964
.April I
. I
I .
1964
J.Dalmia
-- T.
Commi8sioner of
Income.taz, ·
l!,,..ewDtlhi
Sooh,J.
' '
'
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-- >:;;;r-
/ \) -
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'
'
'580
· SUPRE)lE COURT REPORTS
(1964}
,
-
_(iv) The declaration of interim dividend capable of being
rescinded 'by the directors does not operate as a payment
under s. 16(2) of the Income-true Act before the company has
parted w<ith the amount of dividend or discharged its obligation by some other act.
·

## Text

'I
/
.:
1 S.C.R:,
SUPRE)!E COURT REPORTS
579
'-.... -
J; DALMIA
v.
\
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX. NEW DELHI
[K. SUB BA RAo. J. C. SHAH AND S. M. SIKRI, JJ.]
Company Law-Resolution of Board of Directors-Interim
dividend-If creates a debt enforceable against the comvanylncome Tax-Payable on the dividend in the year in which it
was actually paid, credited, or distributed OT deemed to be
:paid-"Paid"-Meaning of-Indian Companies Act, 1913 (7 of
1913), s. 17(2), Art. 95 Sch. I-Income-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922),
.s. 16(2).
The appellant held shares in a company the Board of
Directors of which by a resolution dated August 30, 1950 declared interim dividends. The appellant received a
dividend
warrant dated December 28, 1950 for a certain amount being
the interim dividend in respect of its share holdings in the company. The appellant's year of accounting had ended on September 30, 1950. The revenue authorities brought to tax the
.amount so received with other income of the appellant in the
assessment year 1952-53 after rejecting the objection of the
.appellant that it represented income for the assessment year
1951-52. In a reference made under s. 66(1) of the Indian Incometax Act, 1922, the High Court agreed with the Revenue authority that the dividend was in view of Art. 95 of the First Sche-
-dule to Indian Companies Act, 1913, liable to be included in the
cassessment year 1952-53.
Held: A declaration of dividend by a company in a general meeting gives rise to a debt.
In re Severn and Wye and Severn Bridge Railway Co.
(1896) 1 Ch. 559, referred to.
But a mere resolution of the Directors resolving to pay a
certain amount as interim dividend does not create a debt enforceable against the company for it is always open to the
Directors to rescind the resolution
before payment of the
dividend.
The Lagunas Nitrate
Schroeder and Company, 17
to.
Campany
(Ltd.) v.
J. Henry
Times Law Reports 625, referred
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Laxmidas Mulraj
Khatau, 16 I.T.R. 248, distinguished.
• (ii) The test applied by Chagla C. J. (in C.I.T., Bombay
v. Laxmidas Mulraj Khatau, 16 I.T.R. 248) that because the
dividend becomes due to the assessee who has the right to
deal \vith ·or dispose of the same in any manner he likes, it is
taxable in the year in which it is declared cannot be regarded
as correct.
(iii) Dividend may te said to be paid within the meaning
of s. 16(2} of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 when the company
discharges its liability and makes the amount thereof unconditionally available to the member entitled thereto.
Purshottamdas Thakurdas v. C.I.T., Bombay, 34 I.T.R, 204,
referred to.
LiP(D)l8CT-17(a\
1964
.April I
. I
I .
1964
J.Dalmia
-- T.
Commi8sioner of
Income.taz, ·
l!,,..ewDtlhi
Sooh,J.
' '
'
··,,-·.-:-f-,,'/- -~ ;\- '
-- >:;;;r-
/ \) -
;·,•,.....;.-
··'"-~-----~
'
'
'580
· SUPRE)lE COURT REPORTS
(1964}
,
-
_(iv) The declaration of interim dividend capable of being
rescinded 'by the directors does not operate as a payment
under s. 16(2) of the Income-true Act before the company has
parted w<ith the amount of dividend or discharged its obligation by some other act.
·
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION:
Civil Appeal No. 505
of 1963. Appeal from the judgment and order dated March
6, 1961 of the Punjab High Court (Circuit Bench) at Delhi
in I.T.R. No. 16 of 1959.
S. K. Kapur and B. P. M aheslnvari, for the appellant.
C. K. Daphtary, Attorney-Genera/, K. N. Rajagopal
Sastri and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondent.
April 1, 1964. The judgment of the Court was delivered
by.
SHAH, J.-The appellant which is a Hindu undivided
family was the registered holder of 1,500 shares of M / s
Govan Bros. (Rampurl Ltd. in the year of account October
1, 1950 to September 30, 1951.
Pursuant to a resolution
passed by the board of directors of M/ s Govan Bros.
(Rampur) Ltd.-hereinafter called 'Govan Bros.'-at a meeting held on August 30, 1950, the appellant received a dividend warrant dated December 28, 1950 for R.~. 4,12,500/-
being interim dividend in respect of its share-holding in
Govan Bros. This amount was brought to tax with the other
income of the appellant in the assessment year 1952-53 by
the Revenue authorities, after rejecting the objection of the
appellant that it represented income for the assessment year
1951-52.
At the instance of the appellant the Appellate Tribunal
drew up a statement of the case and referred the question
set out hereinbelow to the High Court of Punjab under s.
66(1) of the Indian Income-tax Act:
"Whether on a true interpretation of Article 95 of the
First Schedule to the Indian Companies Act,
1913, the dividend of Rs. 4,12,500/- was liable
to be included in the assessment year 1952-53."
The High Court recorded an answer to the question in the
affirmative.
Against the order of the High Court, this appeal -
is preferred by the appellant with certificate granted_ by the
High Court.
Even though the question was framed as if article 95 of
the First Schedule to the Indian Companies Act, 1913,-applies to Govan Bros, it i~ common ground that_ the company
7 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
581
was registered under the Companies Act of the former Rampur State, and it had adopted special Articles of Association
in supersession of Table A of the Companies Act. The
relevant articles of Govan Bros. dealing with declaration or
payment of final and interim dividends were articles 73 and
74. The High Court therefore proceeded to deal with the
question on the footing that it was, by the question referred,
called upon to interpret article 7 4 of the Articles of Association of Govan Bros. It is common ground between the appellant and the Revenue that the provisions of the Companies
Act of the former Rampur State were in terms identical with
the provisions of the Indian Companies Act, 1913.
The appellant contends that the directors of Govan Bros.
had in exercise of authority expressly conferred upon them
by article 74 declared dividend in their meeting dated August
30, 1950 and on such declaration the dividend became a
debt due to the appellant and under the Indian Income-tax
Act it became taxable in the year of assessment 1951-52, for
the previous year of tlie appellant had ended on September
30, 1951. The Commissioner of Income-tax says that the
directors of Govan Bros. had paid by warrant issued on
December 28, 1950 pursuant to a resolution dated August
30, 1950, interim dividend and it was only on payment the
dividend became taxable under s. 16(2) of the Indian Incometax Act. It is said by the Commissioner that dividend final
or interim is taxable not in the year in which it is declared
but only in the year in which it is paid, credited or distributed,
or deemed to be paid, credited or distributed, and that in any
event a resolution by the Board of Directors to pay interim
dividend does not create an enforceable obligation. for it is
always open to the directors to rescind
the resolution for
payment of dividend even if it is one in form declaring dividend.
The Indian Companies Act, 1913 contains no provision
for declaration of dividend either interim or final: it does
not say as to who shall declare the dividend, nor does it say
that dividend may be declared in a general meeting of the
company. But s. 17(2) provides that the company may adopt
all or any of the regulations contained in Table A in the
First Schedule to the Companies Act as its articles of association. and shall in any event be deem~d to contain regulations
identical with or to the same effect, amongst others, as regulation 95 and regulation 97 contained in that T.able.
Regulation 95 of Table A provides that the company in general
meeting may declare dividends, but no dividends shall exeed
the amount recommended by the directors, and regulation 97
states that no dividends shall be paid otherwise than out of
profits of the year or any other undistributed profits. Regulation 96, which is not an obligatory article, provides that the
1964
J, Dalmia
v.
Commiasionef'of
Income-tax,
New Delhi
Shah,J.
1964
J.Dalmia
v.
Oommi...wn.rof
lntomt-tM,
New Delhi
Shah,J.
582
SUPREl\IE COURT HEPORTS
[196iJ
directors may from time to time pay to the members such
interim dividends as appear to the directors to be justified by
the profits of the company. Govan Bros. had in their Articles of Association made the following provision with regard
to dividends:
"Art. 73. The Company in general meeting may declare
a dividend to be paid to the members according
to their rights and interests in the profits.
Art. 74. When in their opinion the profits of the company permit, the directors may declare an interim
dividend.
Art. 77. No dividend shall be payable, except out of
the net profits arising from the business of the
cempany, and no larger dividends shall be declared than is recommended by the directors."
By Art. 80 it was provided that unless otherwise direded
by the company in general meeting any dividends may be
paid by cheque or warrant sent through the post to the registered address of the member entitled to the same.
In Art. 74
relating to payment of interim dividend, there was a slight
departure from the regulation under Table A of the First
Schedule to the Companies Act. Whereas under regulation
96 Table A the flirectors are authorised to pay to the members interim dividends, by Art. 74 of the Articles of Association of Govan Bros. the directors are authorised to deClare
interim dividend. It may be noticed that under s. 17, adoption of an article in form identical with, or to the same effect
as regulation 96 of Table A, is not made obligatory.
The material part of s. 16(2) of the Income-ta)\ Act as it
stood before it was deleted by s. 7 of the Finance Act, 1959
with effect from April 1, 1960, read as follows:
"For the purposes of inclusion in the total income of
an assessee any dividend shall be deemed to be
income of the previous year in which it is paid,
credited or distributed or deemed to have been
paid, credited or distributed to him
•
•
*"
The clause in terms made dividend the income of the year
in which it was paid, credited or distributed or was deemed
to have been paid, credited or distributed.
In the present
case dividend was paid to the appellant on December 28,
1950. It is not the case of the appellant that thj! amount was
either credited in the books of account of Govan Bros. to the
appellant or was distributed or deemed to have been paid,
credited or distributed to the appellant before the close of the
appellant's year of account ending September 30, 1950. But
Mr. Kapur contends that under the law governing companies
/
~ -
' 7 _s.c.R:\ -,~UPRE~[E COURT REPORTS
583
'
'.
• - "<
.-
--
-
-;·-
-··---_---
on declaration, dividend- interim or final becomes due, and
it must fie regarded for the purpose of the Income-tax Act as
paid to the member on the date on which -it is declared.
There is no doubt that a declaration of dividend by a
company in general meeting gives rise to a debt. "When a
company declares a dividend on its shares, a debt imme·
diately becomes payable to each shareholder in respect of his
dividend for which he can sue at law, and the Statute of
limitation immediately begins to run":
In re Severn and
Wye and Severn Bridge Railway Company('). But this rule
applies only in case of dividend declared by the company ill
general meeting. A final dividend in general may be sanctioned at an annual meeting when the accounts are presented to
the members. But power to pay interim dividend is usually
vested, by the articles of association, in the directors.
For
paying interim dividend.a resolution of the company-is not
required: if the directors are authorised by the articles of
association they may pay such amount as they think proper,
having regard to their estimate of the profits made by the
company. Interim dividend is therefore paid pursuant to
the resolution of the directors on some day between the ordinary general meetings of the company. On payment, undoubtedly interim' dividend
becomes the property of the
shareholder. But a mere resolution of the directors re:>olving to pay a certain amount as interim dividend does not create
a debt enforceable against the company, for it is always open
to the directors to rescind the resolution before payment of
the dividend. In The Lagunas Nitrate Company (Limited)
v. J. Henry Schroeder and Company (') the directors of a
company passed a resolution declaring interim dividend payable on a future date, and reque:>ted the company's bankers
to set apart, out of the money of the company in their hand,
into a special account entitled "interim Dividend Account",
a sum sufficient to cover the dividend, pending the company's
instructions. But before the date fixed for payment. the
directors resolved that pending certain litigation to which
the company was a party, payment of dividend be postponed.
It was held by the Court that the directors had the right even
after resolving to pay interim dividend to rescind the resolution and no . enforceable right arose in favour of the members of the company by the declaration of interim dividend.
In Halsbury's Laws of England, III Edn., Vol. 6 p. 402,
Art. 778, it has been stated:
"A directors' declaration of an interim dividend may
be rescinded before payment has been made."
(') (1896) 1 Ch. 559.
(') 17 Time_s Law Reports 625.
1964
J.Dalmia
...
Commiuioner of
lncome-taz,
}ttwDelhi
Shah,J.
196l
J.Dalmia
v.
CommiaaiO'Ut' of
111.come-taz~
Ne111 Delhi
Shah, J.
"
584
. SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1964]
'
Therefore a declaration by a company ·in· general meeting
gives rise to an enforceable obligation, but a resolution of
the Board of Directors resolving to pay interim dividend or
even resolving to declare interim dividend pursuant to the
authority conferred. upon them by. the articles of association
gives rise to no enforceable obligation against the company,
because the resolution is always capable of being rescinded.
Therefore departure in the text of Art. 7 4 of the Articles of
Association of Govan Bros. from the statutory version under
Table A of the power in respect of interim dividend which
may be entrusted to the directors, makes no real difference
in the tnie character of the right arising in favour of the
members of the company on execution of the power. The
directors by the Articles of Association are entrusted with the
administration of the affairs of a company; it is open to them
if so authorised to declare interim dividend. They may, but
are not bound to, pay interim dividend, even if the finances
of the company justify such payment, even if the directors
have resolved to pay interim dividend, they may before payment rescind the resolution.
Counsel for the appellant does not rely upon any evidence of actual payment or upon any credit given to the
appellant in the books of account of the company nor upon
any distribution. Even the resolution of the directors of
August 30, 1950 is not on the record, and there is no evidence
that it was resolved to pay the dividend on any date before it
was actually paid, and the company had taken any step to
implement the. resolution within the year of account corresponding to the assessment year 1951-52. There is no statutory provision which gives rise to a fiction that on declaration of interim dividend, it should be deemend to be paid, credited or distributed.
In support of the plea that interim dividend was taxable
in the year of assessment 1951-52, the appellant relies upon
two facts only-the power vested in the directors to declare
interim dividend, and the passing of a resolution by the directors relating to interim dividend on August 30, 1950 followed by the drawing of dividend warrants dated December 28,
1950. But for reasons already stated a resolution of the
board of directors declaring interim dividend, until it is implemented by some step taken by the company, creates no enforceable right in the shareholders. The judgment of the
Bombay High Court in Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay
v. Laxmidas Mu/raj Khatau(') on which counsel for the
appellant relies, does not assist him either. In that case the
company declared a dividend out of its profits, and made it
payable a few days later. The dividend was paid on the
('.) 16 I.TR. 248.
7 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
585
date on which it was made payable by the resolution of the
company. The Income-tax Officer treated the amount received
by the member as dividend income for the asessment year
in which it was actually received. The High Court of Bombay
in a reference under s. 66 observed that as soon as the dividend was declared it became the income of the assessee which
income the assessee could deal with or dispose of in any manner he liked. Chagla C. J ., speaking for the Court enunciated the law as follows:
"It L> impossible to give a literal construction to the
expression "paid" used in this sub-section (sub-s.
(2) of s. 16). If a literal corntruction were to be
given, then it would amount to this that "until the
dividend warrant was actually cashed and the
dividend amount was actually realised it cannot
be stated that the dividend was paid to the shareholder.
•
•
•
•
•
I
think the proper construction to give to that
word is when the dividend is declared then a
liability arises on the part of the company to
make that payment to the shareholder and with
·regard to the shareholder when the income represented by that dividend accrues or arfr;es to him.
The mere fact that the actual payment of the
income is deferred is immaterial and irrelevant."
But whether dividend-interim or fixed-is income taxable
in a particular year of assessment must be determined in the
light of s. 16(2) of the Indian Income-tax Act. The Legislature had not made dividend income taxable in the year in
which it becomes due: by express words of the statute, it is
taxable only in the year in which it is paid, credited or di;;tributed or is d~med to be paid, credited or distributed. The
Legislature has made distinct provisions relating to the year
in which different heads of income become iaxable. Salary
becomes taxable by s. 7 when it is allowed to the employee
or becomes due to him. whether it is actually paid to him or
not.
Interest on securities under s. 8 iB taxable when it is
received by the asses see. Under s. 9 tax on property becomes
payable not on any actual receipt of income from the
property but on a purely national computation in the year
of account of a bona fide annual value of the property, subject to the adjustments provided in that section. Profits and
gains of busines.>, profession or vocation carried on by an
assessee are computed in accordance with the method of
accounting regularly employed by the assessee, unless the
Income-tax Officer being of the opinion that profits or gains
cannot properly be deduced therefrom, directs otherwise.
Other sourcei; of income-and dividends are included in this
residuary class-become taxable in the year in which they
196~
J. Dalmia.
v.
Oommisaicmer of
Jncqm,e,.tax,
New Delk~
Shah, J.
1964
J. Dalmia
v.
Commissioner of
lnconie-tax,
'-Yew Delhi
Shah, J.
586
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1964]
are received or accrue or arise or are deemed to be received,
accrued or arise, according to the nature of the particular
income. The year in which a particular class of income becomes taxable must therefore be determined, in the light of
its true character, and subject to the special provision, if any,
applicable thereto. The Legislature has enacted an express
provfaion making dividend income taxable in the year in
which it is paid, credited or distributed or is to be deemed,
so paid, credited or distributed. The test applied by Chagla
C. J., that because the dividend becomes d11e to the assessee
who has the right to deal with or dispose of the same .in any
manner he likes, it is taxable in the year in which it t>
declared, cannot be resarded
as correct. The expression
"paid" in s. 16(2) it is true does not contemplate actual
receipt of the dividend by the member. In general, dividend
may be said to be paid within the meaning of s. 16(2) when
the company discharges its liability and makes the amount
of dividend unconditionally available to the member entitled
thereto. Chagla C. J., has himself in Purshotamdas Thakurdas v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay City /(') expressed a different view.
The learned Chief Justice in delivering
the judgment of the court referred to Laxmidas M ulraj
Khatau's case (3) and observed that the principle of that case
applied only to those cases where in facts the djvidend was
paid to the shareholder and not to cases where a contingent
liability was undertaken and no payment was made.
He
,observed:
" * * • one thing is clear from the language
used by the Leg1~lature that it did not intend to
equate "paid" with "declared" in every case.
Therefore, it is open to us to consider, notwithstanding the Khatau Mills' case, whether on the
facts "of this case, it could be said that dividend
has been paid, which although it may have been
declared may never be payable and in fact has
not been paid."
If the mere declaration of dividend in general meeting
of the company is not to be.regarded as payment within the
meaning of s. 16(2), much less can it be said that a resolution
declaring interim dividend-which is capable of being rescinded by directors-operates as payment before the company has actually parted with the amount of dividend or discharged obligation by some other act. The High Court was
therefore right ·in recording an affirmative answer to the question propounded for the consideration of the Court.
The appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.
Appeal dismissed.
(') 34 I.T.R. 204.