# JAGDISH PANDEY v. THE CHANCELLOR UNIVERSITY OF BIBAR & ANR

- **Citation:** [1968] 1 S.C.R. 231
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1968
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/jagdish-pandey-v-the-chancellor-university-of-bibar-anr-4108
- **Pages:** 12

## Headnote

A
JAGDISH PANDEY
v.
THE CHANCELLOR UNIVERSITY OF BIBAR & ANR.
August 17, 1961
B
[K.
N.
WANCHOO, C. J., R. S. BACHAWAT, V. RAMASWAMI,
G. K. MITTER AND K. S. HEGDE, JJ.]
Bihar State Universities (University of Bihar, Bh~gatpv.; and
Ranchi) (Amendment) Act 13 of 1962, s. 4-Whether ,discriminatory
and violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution-Le.ct;irer s quahficat~on
of third c!ass masters degree deemed to be minimum qTM>hfication
as a second c!ass degree by University Statute-Whet~er ftLCh deeming continued to. entitle him to _be appointed to principaLs post atw
C requiring second c!ass degree.
The. appellant was appointed as a lect'!rer 1~n 1952 of a non-Gc;>Vernment College affiliated to the Bihar University and later as Pnncipal 'of another college, Both these appointments were approved by
the University.
The Bihar State Universities (University of Bihar, Bhagalpur
and Ranchi) (Amendment) Act 13 of 1962 came into force in Apr:!
D 19R2, s. 4 of which provi'ded that every appointment, dismissal, etc.,
of any teacher of a college not belonging to the State Government
affiliated to the University made after the 27th November, 1961 and
before 1st March, 1962 shall be subject to such order as the Chancellor of the University, on the recommendation of the University Service Commission, may pass. Thereafter, the appellant received an
order dated August 8, 1962, from the Chancellor to the effect that be
had been pleased to approve under s. 4 of the Act, on the recommenE daticm af the Commission, the appointment of the appellant as P~:n
cipal till November 30, 1962 or till the candidate recommended by
tho Comm:Ssion joined, whichever was earlier.
Subsequently, as it was realised that the order of August 18. 1962
might be successfully challenged on the ground that tlie aopellant
had not been given an opportunity for a hearmg, the Commission
gave the appellant a show-cause notice on November 8, 1962 and after
F
he was given a hearing the Chancellor passed another order on February 18, 196~ wh~ch purported to modify the order ..,f August 18,
1962; th emodificabon was to the effect that the appellant would be
g..ven a year or two to sit for an examination and obtain a second
class Mast~r·~ degree. which .was _the minimum qualification for the
post of Pnncipal, fa;lmg which his services would he terminated. ,.
.
The appellant filed a writ petition in the High Court challenging both ~he ord~rs of August 18, 1962 and February 18, 1963 on the
e grounds, inter aha; (i) that under sub-rule (6) oJ Rule (1) of Chap.
te~ 16 of ~he Statutes of the ,University, which provided that notwh-!,h~an.dmg any other requJ.rements the qualifications of a teacher
a
~ Y m service an~ confirmed befor~ the 1st July, 1962, shall be
considered to be equivalent to the minimum qualifications for the
post .he holds, the appellant must be deemed to have the minimum
quahfic~tcms fl:J! a lecturer i.e. a Second Class Master's degree and
B fthat t~is deem:ng w'!u!;d contin11e when he was appointed· Prl~ipa!
or which also the mirnmum qualification was a Second Clas M
t~r's ~egree with certain experienre; (ii) that s. 4 of the Aci ,:sviolat1ve of Art, 14 of the Constitut!on. and (iii) that the order ~
August 18, ~962 violated the prunciples of natural justice and it could
nL-~ be modified after November 30, 1962 as it had worked itself out
i• (N)ISC!-l7(a)
231
232
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1968] l s.c.R.
and there was no power of review given to the Chancellor under A
s. 4. The High Court dismissed the petition.
On appeal to this Court,
HELD : allowing the appeal,
(i) The Chancellor's order of February 18, 1963 givJng the appellant time to appear at an examination to enable him to obtain a second class Master.'s degree failing which his sel'vices would be terminated was invalid.
The appellant must be deemed to have the minimum qualification of a second class Master's degree by virtue of sub-rule (6) of
the Statutes and as such he was qualified for appointment as Principal. Sul>-r

## Text

A
JAGDISH PANDEY
v.
THE CHANCELLOR UNIVERSITY OF BIBAR & ANR.
August 17, 1961
B
[K.
N.
WANCHOO, C. J., R. S. BACHAWAT, V. RAMASWAMI,
G. K. MITTER AND K. S. HEGDE, JJ.]
Bihar State Universities (University of Bihar, Bh~gatpv.; and
Ranchi) (Amendment) Act 13 of 1962, s. 4-Whether ,discriminatory
and violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution-Le.ct;irer s quahficat~on
of third c!ass masters degree deemed to be minimum qTM>hfication
as a second c!ass degree by University Statute-Whet~er ftLCh deeming continued to. entitle him to _be appointed to principaLs post atw
C requiring second c!ass degree.
The. appellant was appointed as a lect'!rer 1~n 1952 of a non-Gc;>Vernment College affiliated to the Bihar University and later as Pnncipal 'of another college, Both these appointments were approved by
the University.
The Bihar State Universities (University of Bihar, Bhagalpur
and Ranchi) (Amendment) Act 13 of 1962 came into force in Apr:!
D 19R2, s. 4 of which provi'ded that every appointment, dismissal, etc.,
of any teacher of a college not belonging to the State Government
affiliated to the University made after the 27th November, 1961 and
before 1st March, 1962 shall be subject to such order as the Chancellor of the University, on the recommendation of the University Service Commission, may pass. Thereafter, the appellant received an
order dated August 8, 1962, from the Chancellor to the effect that be
had been pleased to approve under s. 4 of the Act, on the recommenE daticm af the Commission, the appointment of the appellant as P~:n
cipal till November 30, 1962 or till the candidate recommended by
tho Comm:Ssion joined, whichever was earlier.
Subsequently, as it was realised that the order of August 18. 1962
might be successfully challenged on the ground that tlie aopellant
had not been given an opportunity for a hearmg, the Commission
gave the appellant a show-cause notice on November 8, 1962 and after
F
he was given a hearing the Chancellor passed another order on February 18, 196~ wh~ch purported to modify the order ..,f August 18,
1962; th emodificabon was to the effect that the appellant would be
g..ven a year or two to sit for an examination and obtain a second
class Mast~r·~ degree. which .was _the minimum qualification for the
post of Pnncipal, fa;lmg which his services would he terminated. ,.
.
The appellant filed a writ petition in the High Court challenging both ~he ord~rs of August 18, 1962 and February 18, 1963 on the
e grounds, inter aha; (i) that under sub-rule (6) oJ Rule (1) of Chap.
te~ 16 of ~he Statutes of the ,University, which provided that notwh-!,h~an.dmg any other requJ.rements the qualifications of a teacher
a
~ Y m service an~ confirmed befor~ the 1st July, 1962, shall be
considered to be equivalent to the minimum qualifications for the
post .he holds, the appellant must be deemed to have the minimum
quahfic~tcms fl:J! a lecturer i.e. a Second Class Master's degree and
B fthat t~is deem:ng w'!u!;d contin11e when he was appointed· Prl~ipa!
or which also the mirnmum qualification was a Second Clas M
t~r's ~egree with certain experienre; (ii) that s. 4 of the Aci ,:sviolat1ve of Art, 14 of the Constitut!on. and (iii) that the order ~
August 18, ~962 violated the prunciples of natural justice and it could
nL-~ be modified after November 30, 1962 as it had worked itself out
i• (N)ISC!-l7(a)
231
232
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1968] l s.c.R.
and there was no power of review given to the Chancellor under A
s. 4. The High Court dismissed the petition.
On appeal to this Court,
HELD : allowing the appeal,
(i) The Chancellor's order of February 18, 1963 givJng the appellant time to appear at an examination to enable him to obtain a second class Master.'s degree failing which his sel'vices would be terminated was invalid.
The appellant must be deemed to have the minimum qualification of a second class Master's degree by virtue of sub-rule (6) of
the Statutes and as such he was qualified for appointment as Principal. Sul>-r. (6) must be read as a protecoion-to the teachers who were
appointed and confirmed before July 1, 1952 and by fiction it gave
them the minimum qualification even though they may not actualB
ly have di!. That minimum qualification must therefore remain with
C
them always fot the future. for there was nothing to show that ;1
,vas taken away. [241G-242A],
(ii) Section 4 was not discriminatory and violative of Art. 14 of
IM Constitution on the ground that it fixed two arbitrary dates and
had visited teachers appointed, dismissed etc. between these two
dates with a differential treatment as compared to teachers appointed before November 27,
1961. The report of the JOint Select
Committee recommending the establishment of the University SerD
vice Commission which would have the effect of curtajljng the
powers of the governing bodies of affiliated colleges was published
on November 27, 1961 and after the passin<g of ·Act II of 1962, s. 48-A
with respect to the Commission was actually put into force from
March l, 1962. Many irregularities as to appointments, dismissals
etc., du.ring this period were brought to the notice of the government
and this led to the enactment of s. 4 of the Act. It cannot therefore be
said that teachers appointed etc. between these two dates did not E
form a class that would have a nexus wJth the object to be achieved.
[236B--F].
Furthermore, s. 4 only authorises the Chancellor to scrutinise appointments. dismissals etc. made between these two dates for the purpose of satisfying himself that these were in accordance with the UniVe'l'sLty Act and the Statutes, etc, Read this way, s. 4 cannot be
said to confer uncanaUsed power on the Chancellor. [237A-CJ.
p
Although s.•4 makes no provision for ,ai'Ving the teacher a hearing
before passing an order thereunder, it must be read as requJring that
the Commission must act according to principles of natural justice
and must hear the teacher concerned before making its recommendation. (237 D-E].
(Ui) The order of August 18, 1962 must be taken to have fallen
when action was taken to give notice to the appellant on N ovember 8, 1962 and a fresh order passed on February 18. 1963. The latter G
order must be treated as a fresh order which was passed after giving
the appellant a hearing and which was not therefore defective on the
round that principles of natural jus~ice had been violated. [238G].
QvlL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 29 of 1966.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated April 30. 1964
of the Patna High Court in M.J.C. No. 498 of 1963.
R
]J. C. Ghosh and K. K. Sinha, for the appellant.
s. Musta~ and A. K. Nag, for respondent No. 3
P. K. Chatterjee, for respondent No. 4.
JAGDISH PANDEY "• CHANCELLOR (Wanohoo, 0. J.)
233
A
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Wancboo, C. J.-This is an appeal on a certificate granted by
the Patna High Court and arises in the following circumstances.
11he appellant. Jagdish Pandey, joined as a lecturer in Ramakrishna College Madhubani in July 1948. His appointment was
·approved by the University in June 1949, and on September 23,
B 1951 he was confirmed as a lecturer in that College. In July
I 961 the post of the Principal of Pandaul College, Pandaul fell
vacant and was advertised. The appellant was one of the applicants and was appointed after interview as the Principal of the
college on January 22, 1962. On January 24, 1962, the appellant's appointment as Principal of the College was approved by
C the University. It appears that the appointment was challenged
by a writ petition before the Patna Court, but that challenge
failed on July 11. 1962, when the petition was dismissed.
In the meantime, the Bihar Legislature passed the Bihar State
Universities (University of Bihar, Bhagalpur and Ranchi) (Amendment) Act, No. 13 of 1962 (hereinafter referred to as the Act)
D which came into force on April 21, 1962. Section 4 thereof was
in the following terms: -
"Certain appointments, etc., of teachers of nonGovernment affiliated colleges to be subject to Chancellor's orders-Notwithstanding anything contained in the
said Act or the Magadh University Act, 1961 (Bihar Act
E
IV of 1962) or the statutes made thereunder. or the Bihar
State Universities (University of Bihar, Bhagalpur and
Ranchi) Ordinance, 1962, (Bihar Ordinance No.° l of
1962) every appointment, dismissal, removal, termination
of service or reduction in rank of any teacher of a college,
not belonging to the State Government, affiliated to the
University established under the said Act or the Magadh
J'
University Act, 1961 (Bihar Act IV of 1962) made on or
after the twenty-seventh day of November, 1961 and before the first day of March, 1962, shall be subject to such
order as the Chancellor of the University may, on the recommendation of the University Service Commission
established under section 48A of the said Act, pass with
G
respect thereto."
This Act was passed to amend the Bihar State Universities
lUniversity of Bihar, Bhagalpur and Ranchi) Act, No. 14 of 1960,
The reason for making the amendment as stated in the statement
of objects and reasons was this. The Bihar State Universities Act,
No. 14 of 1960, was amended by Bihar Act II of 1962 ands. 48-A
B was introduced therein. That section provided for the establishment of a University Service Commission (hereinafter referred to
as the Commission) for affiliated colleges not belonging to the
State Government. Su_b-section (6)
of s. 48-A provided that
"subject to the approval of the University, appointments, dismis-
234
SUPREME COUR1 REPORTS
(1968] l 8.C.R.
teachres of an affiliated college not belonging to the State GovernA
.nent shall be made by the governing body of the college on the
recommendation of the
Commission." In effect thereafter no
.appointment, dismissal, etc., could be made afters. 48-A came into
force without the recommendation of the
Commission. This
section came into force on March I. 1962, but the report of the·
Joint Select Committee, which resulted in the enactment of s. 48-A, B
was made on November 27, 1961. The statement of objects and
reasons of the Act stated that several reports had been received
·by Government that the Governing Bodies of affiliated colleges
had made a very large number of unnecessary appointments and
unwarranted removals from service in order to avoid scrutiny of
~uch cases by the Commission. It was to meet this situation that C
an Ordinance was first promulgated which made obligatory for
the Governing Bodies to submit for the scrutiny of the Commission, the cases of appointments, dismissals, removals etc. of teachers which occurred between November 27, 1961 and March I.
1962. The Act replaced that Ordinance.
After the Act came into force, the appellant received an order D
Jated August 18, 1962 from the Chancellor of the University to
the effect that the Chancellor had been pleased to approve, under
s. 4 of the Act, on the recommendation of the Commission the
Jppointment of the appellant as Principal of the Pandaul College
till November 30, 1962 or till the candidate recommended by the
l:ommission joined, whichever was earlier.
B
It seems that before this, a similar order had been passed with
respect to ~nother teacher of Ramakrishna College Madhubani
on May 31, 1962, and that order was challenged in the Patna High
Court on the ground that the teacher in question had not been
heard before the order was made and therefore the order was bad
as it violated the principles of natural justice. That case was decided by the High Court on April 23, 1963 and the order in question
was struck down on the ground that it violated principles of na·
tural justice. Further in that case the validity of s. 4 of the Act
was also challenged but that question was not decided. (See Ram
Kripalu Mi~hra v. University of Patna)(').
It seems that it was realised sometime in October or November, 1962 that the order of August !"8, 1962 in the case of the appellant might be similarly challenged; so on November 8. 1962 the
Commission gave notice to the appellant to show cause why the
Commission should not recommend to the Chancellor that there
was no adequate justification or reason for the Chancellor
F
G
to modify the order already passed on August 18, 1962. This was H
a composite notice to the appellant and several other teachers with
whose cases we are not concerned. The body of the notice shows
various grounds on which the notice was issued, but it did not
(') A.I.R. 1994 Patn•, 41.
JAGDISH PANDEY v. CHANCELLOR (Wanchoo, c. J.)
235
& indicate which particuiar ground applied to the appellant.
We
must say that we should have expected a better notice than this
from the Commission. The notice should have been addressed
to each teacher separately indicating the particular ground on
which the notice was given as against him.
However, the appelB lant replied to the notice and controverted all the grounds m~n
tioned therein, though it now appears from the final order which
wa1 passed on February 18. 1963 ihat the only ground that concerned him was that he was
not academically qualified for
appointment as Principal of the College on the date of the selection by the governing body. The appellant seems to have been
given a hearing by the Commission and eventually on February
0 18, 1963 the Chancellor passed another order which purported to
modify the order of August 18, 1962 insofar as it related to the
appellant. The modification was that. the appellant would be
given a year or two to appear at the examination to enable him
to obtain a second class Master's Degree; otherwise his services
would be terminated. Thereupon the appellant filed a writ petition in the High Court challenging both the orders of August 18.
D 1962 and February 18, 1963.
Three main grounds were urged by the appellant in this con·
nection. It was first urged that s. 4 of the Act was ultra vires,
as it violated Art. 14 of the
Constitution. Secondly, it was
urged that the order of August 18, 1962 violated the principles of
natural justice and it could not be modified after November 30,
E 1962 as it had worked itself out and there was no power of review given to the Chancellor under s. 4 and further that proceedings based on the notice issued on November 8, 1962 by the
Commission were a mala fide device to get over the infirmity in
the order of August 18,
1962. Thirdly, it was urged that in
view of ch. 16 r. (!)of the Statutes of the University, the appellant
F
must be deemed to have the minimum qualification for the post
of the Principal and therefore the order of February 18, 1963
requiring him to appear at an examination to obtain a Second
9ass Master'.s degree or in the alternative requiring that his services be terminated was bad. The petition was resisted on behalf
of the Chancellor an.d the University. The High Court rejected
G all th~ th.ree contenllons and· dismissed the petition, but granted
a cerUficate to appeal to this Court; and that is how the matter has
come before us.
'
The t~ree pointS raised in the High Court have been urged
before us m support of the . appellant's contention that the two
orders dated August 18, 1962 and February 18, 1963 are liable
B to be quashed., We shall first consider whether s. 4 ·is ultra vires
Art. 14 of the Constitution. The first ground in that behalf is
that the dates mentioned -in s. 4 were completely arbitrary· and
therefore t~ere was .no valid classification to uphold the validity
of the secUon.
There is no doubt that if the dates are arbitrary,
236
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1968] 1 S.0.B.
s. 4 would be violative of Art. I 4, for then there would be no A
justification for singling out a class of teachers who were appointed or dismissed etc. between these dates and applying s. 4
to them while the rest would be out of the purview of that section.
But we are of opinion that the dates in s. 4 cannot be said to be
arbitrary.
We have already referred to the statement of objects
and reasons which gives the reasons for the enactment of s. 4.
We are entitled to look into those reasons to see what ·was the
state of affairs when s. 4. came to be passed and whether that B
state of affairs would justify making a special provision for teachers appointed, dismissed etc. between the two dates specified
therein.
The reason for these two dates appears to be that a bill
for the establishment of the Commission which would have the
effect of curtailing the powers of the governing bodies of affiliated
colleges was on the anvil of the legislature. The report of the C
Joint Select Committee in that connection was made on November 27, I 961. Act II of I 962 was passed after the report of the
Joint Select Committee on January 19, 1962 and s. 48-A with respect to the Commission was actually put into force from March
I, .1962.
The statement of objects and reasons also shows that
irregularities had been brought to the notice of the Government D
as to appointments, dismissals etc. during this period and that led
to the enactment of s. 4 of the Act by the legislature. In these
circumstances it cannot be said that these dates in s, 4 are arbitrary.
Taking the circumstances as they were when s. 4 came
to be enacted and enforced, it cannot be said that teachers apE
pointed etc. between these two dates did not form a class that
would have nexus with the object to be achieved. In these circumstances we must hold that s. 4. cannot be struck down on the
ground that it has fixed two arbitrary dates and has visited teachers
appointed, dismissed etc. between these two dates with a differential treatment as compared to teachers appointed before November 27, 1961.
F
The next attack on the validity of s. 4 is that it confers uncanalised powers on the Chancellor without indicating any criterion on the basis of which the power under s. 4 can be exercised.
There is no doubt that if one reads s. 4 literally it does appear to
give uncanalised powers to the Chancellor to do what he likes
on the recommendation of the Commission with respect to teaG
chers covered by it . We do not however think that the Legislature
intended to give such an arbitrary power to the Chancellor. We
are of opinion that s. 4 must be read down and if we read it
down there is no reason to hold that the legislature was conferring a naked arbitrary power on the Chancellor. It see!Ils to us
that the intention of the legislature
was that all appomtments, B
dismissals etc. made between the two dates should be scrutinised
and the scrutiny must be for the purpose qf seei_ng that the. appointments, dismissals etc., were in accordance with the Umver·
sity Act and the Statutes.
Ordinances, Regulations and Rules
/
.
'
..
JAGDISH PANDEY t'. CHANCELLOR (Wanc/wo, 0. J.)
237
A .. .tamed thereunder, both in the matter of qualifications, and
in the matter of procedure prescribed for these purposes. We do
not think that the legislature intended more than that when it
gave power to the Chancellor to scrutinise the appointments, dismissals, etc. made between these two dates.
We have therefore
no hesitation in reading down the section and hold that it only
B authorises the Chancellor to scrutinise appointments, dismissals
etc. made between these two dates for the purpose of satisfying
himself that these appointments, dismissals etc., were in accordance with the University Act and the Statutes, Ordinances,
Regulations or Rules made thereunder, both as to the substantive
and procedural aspects thereof. If the appointments etc. were
h accordance with the University Act etc., the Chancellor would
C uphold them, and if they were not,
the Chancellor would pass
such orders as he deemed fit.
Read down this way, s. 4 does
not confer uncanalised power on the Chancellor; as such it is not
uable to be struck down as discriminatory under Art. 14.
It is then urged that no provision was made in s. 4 for hearing of the teacher before passing an order thereunder. Now s. 4
D provides that the Chancellor will pa~$ an order on the recommendation of the Commission. It seems to us reasonable to hold
that the Commission before making the recommendation would
hear the teacher concerned_, according to the rules of natural
justice. · This to our mind is implicit in the section when it provides that the Commission has to make a recommendation, to
E the Chancellor on which the Chancellor will pass necessary orders.
If an order is passed under s. 4 even though on the recommendation of the Commission but without complying with the principles
of natural justice, that order would be bad and liable to be struck
do:wn as was ~one. by the . Panta High Court in Ram Kripalu
Mzs~ra v. Umvets1tY_ ?f Bzhar('). 'But w_e . have no ~ifficulty in
F readmg s. 4 as requmng that the Comm1ss1on before 1t makes its
re~on_imendation must . he~r the teac~er concerned according to
pr~nc1ples of natural. JUstlce.
Readmg the section therefore in
this way-and that is the only way in which it can be read-we
are o~ opinion that it cannot be struck down under Art. 14 of the
Constitution as discriminatory.
G
T~en i! is urg~ that s. 4 does oot provide for approval by
the l!n~vers1ty of the. C~a'?cellor's order while s. 48-A(6) · !loes,
and it is therefore d1scnmmatory.
We are of opinion that s. 4
wa~ enacted to meet a particular situation as we have already·
md1~ated above, and in that situation the approval by the Uni-
~ers~ty of the Chancellor's order would be quite out of place.
H .:section 4 cannot be struck _down as discriminatory on this ground.
th
1'!'~ thfr~ore reads. 4 m the manner indicated above both as to
~ 1m1t o
e Chancellor'.s power while passing an. order thereun er and as to the necessity of the Commission giving a hearing
(') A.I.R. 1964 Pat. 41.·
238
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1968) l 8.0·R·
to the teacher concerned before making the reco111mendation, and A
so read we are of opinion that s. 4 cannot be held to be discriminatory and as such liable to be struck down under Art. 14 of the
Constitution.
This brings us to the next point, namely, that the order of
August 18, 1962, violated the principles of natural justice and B
was therefore bad. It is not the case of the respondents that the
appellant was heard before the said order was passed, and if that
order stood by itself it would be bad as the appellant was not
given a hearing before it was passed and the decision of the
Patna High Court in Ram Kripalu Mishra(') would apply. What
happened in this case was that at some stage it was realised that
the appellant should be given a hearing before an order was 0
passed against him under s. 4. Therefore the appellant was given
a hearing by the Commission on a notice issued on November 8,
1962 to show cause. It is true that the subsequent proceedings
were in form as if they were for the review or modification of the
order of August 18, 1962-and it is doubtful whether s. 4 pro·
vides for review of an order once passed. Jt seems to us that in D
substance what happened was that the order of August 18, 1962
was not given effect to when it was realised that it might be illegal
and thereafter action was taken to give notice to the appellant
and a hearing before passing an order under s. 4. Here again the
ordi:r of February 18, 1963 is in form an order modifying the
order of August 18, 1962, but in substance it should be taken as
a fresh. order under s. 4 after gi0ng opportunity to the appellant B
to represent his case before the Commission. The order made on
February 18, 1963 therefore cannot be said to suffer from the
defect that it was passed without observing the principles of na·
tural justice. As for the order of August· 18, (962, it must be
taken to have fallen when action was taken to give notice to the
appellant on November 8, 1962 and pass a fresh order on Febru- r
ary 18, 1963 after giving a proper hearing. In the circumstances
it is not necessary to quash the order of August 18, 1962, for it
fell when further proceedings were taken after notice to the appel·
!ant. Further as to the order of February 18, 1963 it must b~
treated to be a fresh order and as it is not defective on the ground
that the principles of natural justice had been violated, it cannot G
be struck down on that ground.
This brings us to the last contention raised on behalf of the
appellant. The order of February 18, 1963 shows that the only
defect that was found in the appointment of the appellant as
Principal of the Pandaul College was that he was 'not a second
class M.A. It appears that according to chapter 16, r. (!) of t~e B
Statutes, the minimum qualification for the appointment of Principal is a second class Master's degree and at least ten years
(') A.J.R. !964 P•t. 4J.
JAGDISH PANDEY''· CHANCELLOR (Wanchoo, 0. J.)
2;,9
A teaching experience in a college of which at least seven Yc:ar8
must be in a degree college orl five years' experience as Principal
of an Intermediate College. It is not disputed that !be appellant
had ten years' teaching experience in a college of which sever.
years were in a degree college. But it appears !bat .the appell.ant
had a third class Master's degree and therefore did not satisfy
B the qualification !bat a Principal should have a second class Master's degree. The appellant relies on sub-r. (6) of r. (!)which is
in these terms :
a
"Notwithstanding anything in tlie Article, !be qualifications of a teacher already in service and confirmed
before the !st July 1952 shall be considered to be equivalent to the minimum qualifications for the post he
holds."
The appellant was confirmed before July l, 1952. It is therefore
contended on his behalf that in view of sub-r. (6). he must be
deemed to have the minimum qualification for a lecturer, which,
according to sub-r. (1) is a second class Master's degree. Once
D therefore it is deemed under sub-r. (6) that he had a second class
Master's degree, it follows that that deeming must continue when
he is appointed Principal for which also the minimum qualification is second class Master's degree with certain experience. The
High Court has however held that sub-r. (6) would only mean this
that the appellant had a second class Master's degree for !be
purpose of the post of a lecturer in Ramakrishna College and that
B sub-rule could not mean that for !be purpose of appointment as
a Principal of the Pandaul College, the appellant would be deemed
to have a second class Master's degree. The High Court therefore held that as the appellant did not fulfil the minimum quali-.
tication for the post of a Principal, his appointment was irregular
under the Statutes and the Chancellor would have the power to
r p:1ss such order as he thought fit under s. 4.
We are unable to accept this construction of sub-r. (6). Rule
(I) of chapter 16 of the Statutes provides for the grades, pay
scales and qualifications of teachers. This sub-rule is prospective in operation meaning thereby that the minimum qualifications
thereunder would be required for future appointments. Further
G nothing has been brought to our notice in the Statutes to show
that teachers appointed before July I, 1952 would be liable. to
removal on the ground that they did not possess !be minimum
qualifications. This means !bat sub-r. (6) was not necessary in
order that teachers appointed and confirmed before July I, 1952
who did not fulfil the minimum qualifications tben being presB cribed should continue in service. Ol>viously those teachers would
have continued in service even without sub-r. (6). Therefore -th~
view of the High Court that sub-r. (6) was made for the PurPose
of allowing teachers with less than the minimum qualifications
to continue in !be post which they actually. held at the time the
240
SUI'RBMB COURT IlEP011TS
[1968] 1 s.0.11.
Statutes were passed cannot be accepted. If that was the intenA
tion of sub-r. (6), we would have found its language very different
It would then have provided that teachers already in service and
confirmed before July 1, 1952 would continue in their present
posts even though they did nor fulfil the minimum qualifications.
But the language of sub-r. (6) is very different. It begins with a
non obstante clause and says in effect that whatever may be the B
actual qualification of the teacher appointed and conthmed b&
fore July 1, 1952 that qualification· will be considered to be equal
to the minimum qualification for the post he holds. The words
"for the post he holds" are only descriptive and mean that if a
person holds the post of a lecturer, his actual qualification will be
considered to be equal to the minimum qualification of the lecturer; if he happens to hold the post of a Principal, his actual
C
qualification will be considered to be
equal to the minimum
qualification required for the post of the Principal, even though
in either of these cases the actual qualification is less than the
minimum qualification. The obvious intention behind sub-r. (6)
was to safeguard the interest of teachers already appointed and
confirmed before July 1, 1952, and that is why we find language D
which lays down that even though the actual qualification may be
less than the minimum, that will be considered equivalent to the
minimum. Once that
equivalence is established by sub-r. (6),
and it is held that even though the actual qualification was less,
it was equal to the minimum qualification as provided by sub-r.
(I), we fail to see how that deemed qualification can be given a E
go-by in the case of further promotion or appointment. The
appellant was a lecturer in Ramakrishna College, and though he
had only a third class Master's degree, sub-r. (6) provided that
that third class Master's degree must be treated as· equivalent to
the minimum qualification necessary for the lecturer's post i.e.,
a second class Master's degree. Therefore, it must be held that
from the date the sub-rule came into force, the appellant, though F
he actually had a third class Master's degree, must be deemed
to have a second class Master's degree, which was the minimum
qualification for the lecturer's grade. Nothing has been pointed
out to us in the Statutes which would take away this deemed
qualification thereafter. We cannot therefore agree with the
High Court that when sub-r. (6) says that a teacher appointed and
G
confirmed before July 1, 1952 would be deemed to have the
minimum qualification-though in fact he does not have it-if
only provides for this deeming so long as he held the particular
post he was holding on the date the Statutes came into force.
That in our opinion is not the effect of the words "the post he
holds", for these words are only descriptive and have to be there B
because the provision in r. (I) (!) referred to three categories,
namely, lecturers, professors . arid principals. We may in this
connection refer to sub-r. (5)· which shows that even if in future
candidates with minimum
qualification are not available, the
••
,AGD!BB PANDICY V. OllANCICLLOll
{W anohoo, a. J,)
241
A Syndicate can relax the minimum qualification, thus indicating
that the minimum qualifications arc not absolutely rigid.
But
apart from this it appears to us that sub-r. (6) was made for the
protection of teachers who were appointed and confirmed before
July 1. 1952 and by this deeming provision gave them the minimum qualifications and if ·that was so that must be for all purB poses in future. .·If this were not the interpretation of sub-r. (6)
<mother curious result would follow inasmuch as a lecturer could
be appointed a college professor for which a second class Master's degree was not made the minimu.m qualification under sub-r.
(I) but he .could not be appointed a Principal on the interpretation pressed before us on behalf of the respondents. We should
· have.!lwught that a good degree would be more necessary in the
0 case oI a professor whose main work is teachin~ than in the case
of a principal wliose main work is administrative. However that
may be, we are of opinion that sub-r. (6) is meant for the protection of teachers who were appointed and confirmed before July
I, 1952 and it confers on them a qualif.ication by its deeming provision and that must enure to their benefit for all time in future
D for the purpose of promotion or appointment to a higher grade
in another college.
Another curious result would follow if the interpretation accepted by the High Court is correct. The High Court as we have
pointed out above has held that sub-r. (6) give equivalence only
B for the particular post held bY, a teacher appointed and confirm·
ed before July 1, 1952. Suppose that a lecturer in one college
who holds a third class Master's degree and is entitled to remain
as lecturer in that college, for some reason is appointed to another college after the Statutes came into force. This would be
a new appointment and such a lecturer could not be appointed
• in a new college because he would not have a second class Master's degree for the new appointment. It seems to us therefore
that. the intention of sub-r. (6) was not. that for the purpose of the
particular post actually held the equivalence would prevail bat
no more. We are .of opinion that sub-r. (6) must be read as a
protection to the teachers who were appointed and confirmed beG f?re July I, 1952 and by fiction it gave the minimum qualification even though !hey may not actually have. it. That minimum
qualification mu.st 'therefore remain with them always for the
future, for nothing has been brought to our notice which takes
away that minimum qualification deemed to be conferred on the
teachers by sub-rule (6). We are therefore of opinion that the order
dated ~ebruaeyl HI, 1963 passed by the Chancellor requiring the
JI governing body of the Pandaul College to give the appellant a
year or two to appear at an examination to enable him to obtain
a ~d
cl!15s Mastc;r's degt:ee. otherwise his services mi ht be
tcrmm~~· is not ".8-lid., ~or the appellant must be deemed t~ have
tbt m1mmum quahlicat1on: of a; second class Master's degree by
242
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1968) I S.C.R.
virtue of sub.rule (6) of the Statutes and as such he was qualifietl A
for appointment as Principal of Pandaul College.
We therefore allow the appeal, set aside the order of the
High Court and allowing the writ petition quash the order of the
Chancellor dated February 18, 1963 in respect of the appellant.
The appellant will get his costs from the respondent University:
R.K.P.S.
B
Appeal allowed.