# JAIN BROS. & OTHERS v. THE UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS

- **Citation:** [1970] 3 S.C.R. 253
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1969-11-18
- **Case number:** Civil Writ No. 1247 of 1967
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/jain-bros-others-v-the-union-of-india-others-4908
- **Pages:** 13

## Headnote

A
JAIN BROS. & OTHERS
v.
THE UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS
November 18, 1969
253
3
(M. HIDAYATULLAH, C.J., ]. M. SHELAT, C. A. VAIDIALINGAM,
A. N. GROVER AND A. N. RAY, JI.]
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Income Tax A.ct, 1922 s. 23(5) as amended by Finance A.ct· 1956Do~h!e Taxation-Taxation of income in the hands of firm and. fXlrfnersVaJid1ty-Jncome Tax A.ct, 1961-Sections 297(2) (g), 271(2)-1/ contravenes Constitlltion of India Article 14.
A notice under s. 22(2) of the Income Tax Act, 1922, was served on
the appellant, a registered firm, call(ng upon it to submit a return of the
mcome for the assessment year 1960-61.
A return was filed, but not
within time. The assessment was completed in November 1964. In view
of the amendment made by the Finance Act of 1956 in s. 23(5) of the
Act of 1922, the tax payable by the firm as also the amount to be included
in the income of each partnet was determined. The Income Tax Officer
also passed an order under Cl. (a) of s. 27l(i) of the Act of 1961 imposing a penalty for non-compliance with the notice under s. 22(2) of
the 1922 Act. The appellants challenged in a writ petition the validity
and constitutionality of s. 23(5) of the Act of 1922 and s. 297(2)(g) and
s. 271(2) of the Act of 1961. The High Court dismissed the petition. In
the appeal to this Court it was contended (i) section 23(5) was invalid
for the reason that the same income in the hands of po th the firm and
the partners could not be simultaneously subjected to tax; (ii) cl. (g) of s.
297(2) was violative of Article 14 inasmuch as in the matter of imposition of penalty it discriminated between two sets of assessees with reference to a particular date, namely completion of assessment plroceedings
on or after the first day of April 1962, the date of commencement of
the Act of 1961, the classification thus being arbitrary depending on the
accident of the date of completion of the assessment and (iii) s. 271 (2)
contravened Article 14, because, in the case of assessees other than registered firms the maximum penalty imposable unde'r s. 271 (!) (i) could not
exceed fifty per Cent of the tax payable by the assessee; whereas in the
case of a registered firm the maximum penalty was not made to depend
upon the tax assessed on or payable by such firm.
HELD : (i) After the Act of 1956 the firm did not cease to be an
assessee; on the contrary it was recognised as a separate entity and was
subjected to tax as such. There can be double taxation if the legislature
haS distinctly enacted it. It i$ only when there are general words of taxation and they have to be interpreted they cannot be so interpreted as to
tax the subject twice over to the same- tax.
The Constitution does not
contain any prohibition against double taxation even if it be assumed
that -such a taxation is involved in the case of a firm and its partners
after the amendment of s.
23(5) by the Act of 1956; nor is thelre any
other enactment which interdicts such taxation. Even ifs. 23(5) provides
for the machinery for collection and recovery of tax, once the legislature
has in clear terms indicated that the income of the firm can be taxed as
also the income i~ the hands of tl:ie partners, the distinction betwee.n a
charging and a machinery section is of no consequence.
Both sections
have to be read together and construed harmoniously. [258 B, E-G]
254
SUPR.EME COURT REPORTS
[f970] 3 S.C.R.
Commissioner of Income tax, Bombay South v. Murlidhar lliawar &
Puma Ginning & Pressing Factory, 60 I.T.R. 95 distinguished; .The Com1nissioner of Inland Revenue v. Frank Bernard· Senderson 8 T.C. 38 and
Stevens v. The Durban-Roddepoor; Gold Mining Co, Ltl., 5. T.C. 402
referred to.
(ii) The date, first day of April 1962, which has been elected by the
legislature for the purpose of els. (f) and (g) of s. 297(2) ·cannot be
characterised as arbitrary or fanciful.
It is the date on which the Act of
1961 actual1y came into force.
For the application and the implemeritation of the Act of 1961 it was necessary to fix a da

## Text

A
JAIN BROS. & OTHERS
v.
THE UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS
November 18, 1969
253
3
(M. HIDAYATULLAH, C.J., ]. M. SHELAT, C. A. VAIDIALINGAM,
A. N. GROVER AND A. N. RAY, JI.]
c
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E
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G
Income Tax A.ct, 1922 s. 23(5) as amended by Finance A.ct· 1956Do~h!e Taxation-Taxation of income in the hands of firm and. fXlrfnersVaJid1ty-Jncome Tax A.ct, 1961-Sections 297(2) (g), 271(2)-1/ contravenes Constitlltion of India Article 14.
A notice under s. 22(2) of the Income Tax Act, 1922, was served on
the appellant, a registered firm, call(ng upon it to submit a return of the
mcome for the assessment year 1960-61.
A return was filed, but not
within time. The assessment was completed in November 1964. In view
of the amendment made by the Finance Act of 1956 in s. 23(5) of the
Act of 1922, the tax payable by the firm as also the amount to be included
in the income of each partnet was determined. The Income Tax Officer
also passed an order under Cl. (a) of s. 27l(i) of the Act of 1961 imposing a penalty for non-compliance with the notice under s. 22(2) of
the 1922 Act. The appellants challenged in a writ petition the validity
and constitutionality of s. 23(5) of the Act of 1922 and s. 297(2)(g) and
s. 271(2) of the Act of 1961. The High Court dismissed the petition. In
the appeal to this Court it was contended (i) section 23(5) was invalid
for the reason that the same income in the hands of po th the firm and
the partners could not be simultaneously subjected to tax; (ii) cl. (g) of s.
297(2) was violative of Article 14 inasmuch as in the matter of imposition of penalty it discriminated between two sets of assessees with reference to a particular date, namely completion of assessment plroceedings
on or after the first day of April 1962, the date of commencement of
the Act of 1961, the classification thus being arbitrary depending on the
accident of the date of completion of the assessment and (iii) s. 271 (2)
contravened Article 14, because, in the case of assessees other than registered firms the maximum penalty imposable unde'r s. 271 (!) (i) could not
exceed fifty per Cent of the tax payable by the assessee; whereas in the
case of a registered firm the maximum penalty was not made to depend
upon the tax assessed on or payable by such firm.
HELD : (i) After the Act of 1956 the firm did not cease to be an
assessee; on the contrary it was recognised as a separate entity and was
subjected to tax as such. There can be double taxation if the legislature
haS distinctly enacted it. It i$ only when there are general words of taxation and they have to be interpreted they cannot be so interpreted as to
tax the subject twice over to the same- tax.
The Constitution does not
contain any prohibition against double taxation even if it be assumed
that -such a taxation is involved in the case of a firm and its partners
after the amendment of s.
23(5) by the Act of 1956; nor is thelre any
other enactment which interdicts such taxation. Even ifs. 23(5) provides
for the machinery for collection and recovery of tax, once the legislature
has in clear terms indicated that the income of the firm can be taxed as
also the income i~ the hands of tl:ie partners, the distinction betwee.n a
charging and a machinery section is of no consequence.
Both sections
have to be read together and construed harmoniously. [258 B, E-G]
254
SUPR.EME COURT REPORTS
[f970] 3 S.C.R.
Commissioner of Income tax, Bombay South v. Murlidhar lliawar &
Puma Ginning & Pressing Factory, 60 I.T.R. 95 distinguished; .The Com1nissioner of Inland Revenue v. Frank Bernard· Senderson 8 T.C. 38 and
Stevens v. The Durban-Roddepoor; Gold Mining Co, Ltl., 5. T.C. 402
referred to.
(ii) The date, first day of April 1962, which has been elected by the
legislature for the purpose of els. (f) and (g) of s. 297(2) ·cannot be
characterised as arbitrary or fanciful.
It is the date on which the Act of
1961 actual1y came into force.
For the application and the implemeritation of the Act of 1961 it was necessary to fix a date and the stage of the
proceedings which were pending for providing by which enactment they
would be governed.
Pending proceedings can be treated by the legislature
as a class for the purpose of Art. 14.
There was every justification for
providing in els. (f) and (g) that the date of the completion of the
assessment would be determin;itive of the enactment undelr which the pro--
ceedings for penalty were to be held, for, the imposition of penalty can
take place only after assessment has 'been completed.
Although penalty
has been regarded as an additional tax in a certain sense and for certain
purposes, penalty proceedings are not a continuity of the proceediI1gs relating to assessment, where a return has been filed.
The scheme of Sr
274(1) and 275 of the Act of 1961 is that the order of imposing penalty
must be made after the completion of the assessment.
The crucial date
therefore for the purpo:.e of penalty is the date of such compJetion. The
mere possibility that some officer may intentionally delay the disposal of
the case can hardly be a ground for st'riking down cl. (g) as discriminato'ry under Art. 14. There .is no pre·sumption that officers and authorities
who are entrusted with responsible duties under the taxation laws would
not discharge them properly and in a bona fide manner. [262 B,F; 263 D-G]
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Mis. Hatisingh Mfg. Co. Ltd. & Another v. Union of India & Others,
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[1960) 3 S.C.R. 528, la/an Trading Co. (P} Ltd. v. Mill Mazdoor Union,
[1967]
I S.C.R. 15,
Gopi Chand Sarjuprasad v.
Union of India,
73
l.T.R. 263, Income tax Officer A-Ward, Agra & Ors.
V.
Firm Madr,:n
Mohan Damma Mal & Anr.; 70 l.T.R. 293 and Third Income tax Officer,
Ma1!galore v. Da1nodar Bhr..t, 71 I.T.R. 806 referred to.
(iii) After the Act of 1956 a registered firm has to pay tax at special
reduced rates.
If the,fiTm got itself registered the partners would be enF
titled to certain benefits and advantages.
It was, however, open to the
legislature to say that once· a registered firm committed a default attracting:
penalty it should be deemed or considered to be an unregistered firm for·
the purpose of its imposition.
No question of diScfimination under Art ..
14 can arise in such a situation. [265 B]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1593 of
G
1969.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated February 25, 1969
of the Delhi High Court in Civil Writ No. 1247 of 1967.
N. D. Karkhanis, Champat Rai, Nand Gopal, A. T. M. Sampat
and E. C. Agarwa/a, for the appellants.
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S. T. Desai,. S. K. Aiyar, R. N. Sachthey, B. D. Sharma and
S.P. Nayar, for the respondents.
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JAIN BROS, v. UNION (Grover, J.)
255
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ·
Gro;ver, J.
This is an appeal by certificate from a judgment
of the Delhi High Court dismissing a petition under Arts. 226and 227 of the Constitution.
Appellant No. l which carries on business in Delhi was registered as a firm under s. 26f>. of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922.
Appellants 2 to 5 are its partners.
On May 26, 1960, a ndtice
under s. 2-2(2) of that Act was served on the firm calling upon it
to submit a return of its income for the assessment year 1960-61
(accounting year ending October 31, 1959).
The return had
to be filed within 35 days of the service of the notice.
It was
not filed.
Further notices were served on two occasions.
It filed
a return on November 18, 1961, showing income of Rs. 3,55,566.
The Income tax Officer completed the asse~sment on November 23,
1964, computing the total income of the firm.at Rs. 4,75,368.
In view of the amendment made by the Finance Act of 1956 in
s. 23(5) of the Act of 1922 the tax payable by the firm as also
the amount to be included in the incoll'._le of each partner was
determined. On the same date i.e. November 23, 1964, the
Income tax Officer issued a notice under s. 271 read.withs. 274
of the Income tax Act 1961 calling upon the firm to show cause
why an order imposing a penalty should. not be passed on account
of its failure to furnish the return within time.
After considering
the explanation submitted by the assessee the Income tax Officer
made an order on November 19, 1966 under cl. (a) of s. 271(1)
of the Act of 1961 imposing a penalty of Rs. 1,03,434 for noncompliance with the notice under s. 22(2) of the 1922 Act.
The
appellants took the matter in appeal before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner challenging the imposition of penalty.
Although those proceedings were still pending a writ petition was
filed. on· August 26, 1966 in the High Court challenging,
inter
alia, the validiiy and the constitutionality of s. 23(5) of the Act
of 1922 and ss. 297(2)(g) ands. 271(2) of the Act of 1961 respectively.
The High Court did not accede to any of the contentions of the present appellants and the petition was dismissed.
We may first deal with the attack against s. 23(5) of the 1922
Act.
It is based on the general principle that you cannot tax the
subject twice over to the same tax. · The validity of this provision arises only in this way that it is the assessment made under it
which can form the basis for imposing the penalty.
The High.
Court declined to examine the matter on the ground that the
assessment order dated November 23, 1964 could not be assailed
in the writ petition and that the appellants had debarred themselves from getting any relief on account of !aches and delay. In
our opinion the point sought to be raised is directly connected:
256
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1970] 3 S.C.R.
with the Imposition of penalty. If the question of penalty was
at large and open to examination the validity of s. 23(5) of the
1922 Act, the assessment under which would form the ])asis f<ir
determining the amount of penalty, could certainly be canvas5ed.
Section 23(5) stood as follows after the amendment made by
:s. 14 of the Finance Act 1956:
"Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing sub-sections, when the assessee is a firm and the
total income of the firm has been assessed under sub'
section(!), sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) as the case
may be,"
(a) in t)J.e case of a registered firm,
(i) the income tax payable by the firm itself shall be
determined; and
(ii) the total income of each partner of the firm,
including therein his share of its income, profits and gains
of the previous year shall be assessed and the sum payable by him on the basis of such assessment shall be
determined : "
In clause (a), clauses (i) and (ii) were submitted for the following
words:
"the sum payable by' the firm itself shall not be
determined but the total income of each partner of the
firm, including therein his share of its income, profits
and gains of the previous year, shall be assessed and
the sum payable by him on the basis of such assessment
shall be determined;"
After the amendment a registered firm was liable to pay income
tax independently of the tax payable by the individual partners
of the firm on their share of profits.
Prior to the amendment of
1956 where the firm was unregistered the tax payable by the firm
was computed as in the case of any other entity and the firm itself
had to pay the tax, If the firm was registered under s. 26A it
did not pay the tax and there was no assessment of its liability.
Each partner's share in the firm's profits was added to his income
and after determination of the total income of each partner the
levy was made on him individually.
After 1956 tax at low rate
become assessable on a registered firm though it was not liable
to pay super tax.
The partners of the registered firm remained
liable for being charged on their individual assessment to both
income tax and super tax in respect of their share in. the profits
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JAIN BROS, v. UNION (Grover, I.)
257
of the firm.
The partner, however, was entitled to certain rebate
under s. 14(2)(aa).
The position of the appellants is that the firm and its partners
do not constitute a separate entity.
Either the firm or the partners can be taxed but the same income in the hands of both cannot
be simultaneously subjected to tax.
It is well known that under
the common law of England a firm is not a jurisitic person. The
firm name is only a compendious expression to designate the
various partners constituting it.
Section 3 of the Act of 1922
which is the charging section treats the firm a distinct entity. This
Court has laid down in Commissioner of Income tax, Bombay
South v. Murlidhar Jhawar &Puma Ginning & Pressing Factory(')
that partners of an unregistered firm might be assessed individually
or they might be assessed collectively in the status of an unregistered firm.
But the same income cannot be assessed twice, once
in the hands of the partners and again in the hands of the unregistered firm.
It follows that even in the case of a registered firm
the same income, namely, of the firm and the partners arising
out of their share in the firm cannot be subjected to tax
twice.
The classic distum of Rowlatt J., in The Commissioner
of Inland Revenue v. Frank Bernard Sanderson(') illustrating the
two stages of passage of money has been invoked.
This is w!Jal
the learned judge said in his inimitable words :
"It is often said, but not always understood, that
in Income tax the same income is not taxed twice.
That
means that you cannot tax it more than once on one
passage of money in the form of one sort of income. If
a man earns £ 100 by his profession and gives it to his
son to clothe himself, or to his daughter, for the year,
the son or the daughter does not pay income tax; there
is only one passage of the money in the form of that
income. If a man earns £ 100 and pays it to somebody
else for services rendered in a trade or profession by
that other person, the sum of £ 100 enters upon another passage in another form of income, and therefore
attracts Income Tax again."
There is a good deal of fallacy in the argument raised on behalf
of the appellants. In the first place, according to the scheme of
the Income tax Acts a firm and its partners are distinct entities.
So far as the Act of 1922 is concerned s. 2(2) which defines the
assessee would obviously include a firm under s. 3( 42) of the
General Clauses Act which provides that a person includes "any
company or association or body of individuals whether incorporated or not".
For the purpose of assessment at all crucial stage5
(I) 60 J.T.R. 95.
(2)) 8 T.C. 38.
258
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[l 970] 3 S.C.R.
under ss. 22 and 23 it is the firm which is treated as an assessee.
Thus even before the amendment of s. 23(5) in 1956 the character
of the firm as a separate entity was well established.
The firm,
however, did not pay any tax itself and the assessment was made
on· the individual partners in accordance with the provisions of
that section.
After 1956 the firm did not cause to be an assessee;
on the contrary it was recognised as a separate entity and was
subjected to tax as such. Murlidhar Jhawar's( 1 ) case can hardly
be of much assistance as it related to an unregistered firm and to
an assessment of accounting year ending November 6, 1953.
The provisions which came up for consideration had no p'arallel
to those made in respect of registered firm by an express amendment of s. 23(5) by the Finance Act of 1956.
The facile analogy
of passage of money given by Rowlatt J., will not carry the matter further where the statute has made an express provision for
the income of the firm and the income in the hands of the partners
being both liable to tax.
It is not disputed that there can be double taxation if the
legislature has distinctly enacted it.
It is only when there are
general words of taxation and they have to be interpreted they
Cannot be so interpreted as to tax the subject twice over to the
same tax ( vide Channell J. in Stevens v. The Durban-Roddepoort
Gold Mining Co. Ltd.('). The Constitution does not contain
any prohibition against double taxation even if it be assumed that
such a taxation is involved in the case of a firm and its partners
after the amendment of s. 23 ( 5) by the Act of 1956. Nor is there
any other enactment which interdicts such taxation.
It is true
that s. 3 is .the general charging section. Even if s. 23 ( 5) provides for the machinery for collection and recovery of the tax,
once the legislature has, in clear terms, indicated that the income
of the firm can be taxed in accordance with the Finance Act ot
1956 as also the income in the hands of the partners, the distinction between a charging and a machinery section is of no
consequenCP..
Both the sections have to be read together and
construed harmoniously.
It is significant that similar provisions
have also been enacted in the Act of 1961.
Sections 182 and
183 correspond substantially to s. 23(5) except that the old section
did not 'have a provision similar to sub-section ( 4) of s: 182.
After 1956, therefore, so far as registered firms are concerned
the iax payable by the firm itself as to be as'essed and the share
of each partner in the income of the firm has to oo included
in his total income and assessed to tax accordingly. If any double
taxation is involved the legislature. itself has, in express words,
sanctioned it. It is not open to any one thereafter to invoke the
general principles that the subject cannot be taxed twice over.
(I) 60 I.T.R. 95.
(2) 5 T.c: 402.
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JAIN BROS. v. UNION (Grover, J.)
259
We may now deal with the challenge to the constitutionality
and validity of s. 297(2)(g) of the Act of 1961. That provision
appears in Chapter XXIIl and is a part of s. 297 which deals
with repeals and savings. Sub-section ( 1) provides that the Act
of 1922 is repealed. Clause (a) of sub-s. (•2) says that notwithstanding the repeal where a return of income has been filed before
the commencement of the Act of 1961 by any person for any
assessment year proceedings for the assessment of that person for
that year may be taken and continued as if the Act of 1961 had
not been passed.
According to clause (b) where a return
of
income is filed after the commencement of the Act of 1961 the
assessment has to be made in accordance with the procedure specified in the Act of 1961. Clauses ( f)
and
( g) are in these
words :
(f) "any proceeding for the imposition of a penalty
in respect of any assessment completed before the 1st
day of April 1962, may
be initiated and any such
penalty may be imposed as if this Act had not been
passed;
(g) any proceeding for the imposition of a penalty
in respect of any assessment for the year ending on the
31st day of March 1962, or any earlier year, which is
completed on or after the !st day of April, 1962, may
be initiated and any such penalty may be imposed under
this Act".
The submission on behalf of the appellants has been that cl. (g)
of s. 297(2) is violative of Art. 14 inasmuch as it creat~s a discrimination between two sets of assessees with reference to a
particular date, namely, completion of assessment proceedings
on or after the first day of April 1962. In other words the
assessees have been classified into two groups for imposition of
penalty; the first group is of those assessees whose assessments
have been completed before first April 1962. In their case, the
proceedings for imposition of penalty have to be initiated and the
penalty imposed under the Act of 1922 [vide clause (f)]. The
second group of assessees whose assessment is completed on or
after the first day of April 1962 have to be proceeded with for
the imposition of penalty in respect of any assessment for the year
endini; on 31st day of March 1962·or any earlier year under the
Act of 1961.
The penalty has also to be imposed in their case
under the latter Act. It all depends, therefore, on the sweet
will of the Income tax Officer to complete the assessment before
the first. day of April 1962 or to complete it thereafter in .order
to make the provisions of the Act of 1922 or the Act of 1961
applicable in the matter of initiation of proceedings for and imposition of a penalty.
A fortuitous event of the assessment being
260
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1970] 3 S.C.R.
made on or after first April 1961 has no reasonable relation with
the object of legislation. It is further pointed that under cl. (a)
of s. 297(2) where a return has been filed before the commencement of Act of 1961 i.e. first April 1962 the proceedings for
assessment have to be taken under the Act of 1922. If the
assessment has to be made under the Act of 1922 there seems
to be no rationale behind the provisions contained in clauses ( f)
and (g) which introduce an apparent inconsistency and contradition with what is provided by clause (a). Logically, it is claimed,
the proceedings for imposition of penalty should have followed the same course as the assessment where the return of
income has been filed.
Penalty partakes of the character of an
additional tax and therefore its imposition should not have been
completed, particularly, when under clauses (a) and (b) it is the
date of filing of the return which governs the procedure relating
to assessment under one Act or the other.
Under s. 22(2) of the Act of 1922 the Income tax Officer
could serve a notice requiring any person whose total income was
of such amount as to render him liable to income tax to furnish
within a specified period a return in the prescribed form setting
forth his total income during the previous year.
Under s. 28 if
the Income tax Officer, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner or
the Appellate Tribunal in the course of any proceedings,
was
satisfied that any person bad, without reasonable cause, failed to
furnish the return of his total income which be was required to.
furnish by notice given uncler s. 22 it could be directed that such
person shall pay by way of penally, in addition to the amount of
income tax and super tax payable by him, a sum not exceeding
1 ! times that amount.
Sub-section ( 4) provided that no ·prosecution for an offence could be instituted in respect of the same
facts on which penalty had been imposed under the section. Subs.~ction ( 6) made it obligatory for the Income tax Officer to obtain
the previous approval of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner
before imposing any penalty.
In the Act of 1961 the provisions
relating to penalties are contained in Chapter XXL
Section
271 ( 1) (a~ deals with the failure to furnish a return. If the Income
tax Officer or the Appellate Assistant Commissioner in the course
of any proceedings under the Act is satisfied that such a default
has been committed without reasonable cause he may direct that
such person shall pay by way of penalty, in addition to the amount
of tax payable by him, a sum equal to 2 3 of the tax for every
month during which the default continues, but not exceeding in
the aggregate 50% of the tax.
Section 275(1) provides that no
order imposing a penalty shall be made unless the assessee has
been heard or has been given a reasonable opportunity of being
heard.
Section 275 lays down the period of limitation for imposing a penalty.
Such an order cannot be passed after the
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JAIN BROS, v. UNION (Grover, !.)
261
expiration of two years from the date of the completion of proceedings in the course of which the proceedings for imposition
of a penalty have been commenced. It may be mentioned tha.
in Chapter XXII dealing with offences and prosecutions a provision has been made in s. 276 for punishment with fine in case
of failure without reasonable cause or excuse to furnish in due
time a return under s. 139(2) which was equivalent to s. 22(2)
of the Act of 1922.
As the present case relates only to a
penalty having been imposed on account of the failure to furnish
a return we may notice the main changes made in the Act
of 1961 in the matter of imposition of penalty for such a default.
The first depa,rture from the Act of 1922 is that no prosecution
could b1t instituted under the Act of 1922 in respect of the same
facts on which a penalty had been imposed.
Under the Act of
1961 a penalty can be imposed and a prosecution launched on
the same facts.
The second change is that under the Act of
1922 the Income tax Officer could not impose any penalty without the previous approval of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner.
Uμder the 1961 Act no such previous approval is necessary.
Thirdly the Act of 1922 did not prescribe any minimum
amount of penalty. According to the Act of 1961 the penalty
cannot be less than the minimum prescribed.
This is of course
subject to the Commissioner's power of reduction.
Fourthly the
maximum penalty imposable in a case where there has been a
failure to file a return in compliance with a notice issued by the
Income tax Officer has been reduced under the Act of 1961.
Lastly there was no time limit in the Act of 1922 for passing of a
penalty order but under ihe Act of 1961 a period of two years
has been prescribed by s. 275 as stated above.
Thus whereas
under the Act of 1922 a defaulting assessee had certain protection in the matter of prosecution no such protection has been
afforded under the Act of 1961; but the maximum amount of
penalty which can be imposed has been reduced and a period of
limitation has been prescribed for passing a penalty order which
is of ·distinct advantage to a defaulting assessee. It is not possible
to accept the suggestion on behalf of the appellants that the substantive and the procedural provisions relating to penalty contained
in the Act of 1961 are altogether onerous.
Now the Act of 1961 came into force on first April 1962.
It repealed the prior Act of 1922. Whenever a prior enactment
is repealed and new provisions are enacted the legislature invari·
ably lays down under which enactment pending proceedings shall
H
be continued and concluded.
Section 6 of the General Clauses
Act 1897 deals with the effect of repeal of an enactment and its
provisions apply unless a different intention appears in the statute.
It is for the legislature to decide from which date a particular
L'S.1pCI(NP)70-2
262
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[l970J 3 S.C.R.
law should come into operation. It is not disputed and no reason
has been suggested why pending proceedings cannot be treated
by the legislature as a class for the purpose of Art. 14.
The date,
A
first April 1962 which has been selected by ~he legislature for the
purpose of els. (f) & (g) of s. 297(2) cannot be characterised as arbitrary or fanciful. It is the date on which the Act of 1961 actually
came into force.
For the application and the implementation of
B
the Act of 1961 it was necessary to fix a date and the stage of the
proceedings which were pending for providing by which enactment they would be
governed.
According to M/s. Hatisingh
Mfg. Cu. Ltd. & Another v. Union of India & Others('), the
State is undoubtedly prohibited from denying to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws but by
C
enacting a law which applies generally to all persons who come
within its ambit as from the date on which it becomes operative
no discrimination is practiced.
In that case although a distinction had been made with reference to s. 25FFF(l) of the Industrial
Disputes Act 1947 as inserted by Act 18 of 1957 between employers who bad closed their undertakings on or before November 27, 1956 and those who had done so after that date, it was
held that Art. 14 bad not been violated.
According to the arguments on behalf of the appellants Art.
D
14 is attracted because the classification which bas been made is
purely arbitrary depending on the accident of the date of the
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completion of the assessment.
There can be no manner of doubt
that penalty bas to be calculated and imposed according to· the
tax assessed.
It follows that imposition of penalty can take place
only after assessment has been completed.
For this reason there
was every justification for providing in els. (f) and (g) that the date
of the completion of the assessment would be determined of the
e11.ac1ment under which the proceedings for penalty were to be
held.
Jt may be that the legislature considered that a separate
treatment should be given in the matter of assessment itself and
under els. (a) and (b) of s. 297(2) the point of time when a return of
income had been filed was made decisive for the purpose of
applicatiOJl of the Act of 1922 or the Act of 1961.
But merely
because the legislature in its wisdom decided to give a different
treattnent to proceedings relating to penalty it is difficult to find
discrimination with regard to the classification which has been
made in els. (f) and (g) which are independent in els. (a) and (b)
Although penalty has been regarded as an additional tax in a
certain sense and for certain purposes it is nor possible to hold
that penalty proceedings are essentially a continuation of the
proceedings relating to assessment where a return has been filed.
----··---··
[1][1%0] 3 S.C.R. 528.
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JAIN BROS. v. UNION (Grover, J.)
The majority decision in Jalan Trading Co. (P) Ltd. v. Mill ·
Mazdoor Union('} hardly affords any parallel. There are retrospective operation of the Payment of Bonus Act 1965 which came
into force in May 29, 1965 was made by s. 33, the provisions
of which were held to be violative of Art. 14, to depend on the
pendency on that date of any dispute regarding payment of bonus
relating to any accounting year from 1962 onwards.
The year
1962 had apparently no connection with the date on which the
Act came into operation which was May 29, 1965.
It is well settled that in fiscal enactments the legislature has a
larger discretion in the matter of classification so long as there is
no departure from the rule that persons included in a class are
not singled out for special treatment.
It is not possible to say
that while applying the penalty provisions contained in the Act
of 1961 to cases of persons whose assessments are completed after
first April 1962 any class has been singled out for special treatment.
It is obvious that for the imposition of penalty it is not
the assessment year or the date of the filing of the return which
is important but it. is the satisfaction of the income tax
authorities
that
a
default has
been
committed
by
the
assessee which would attract the provisions relating to penalty.
Whatever the stage at which the satisfaction is reached, the scheme
of ss. 274(1) and 275 of the Act of 1961 is that the order imposing penalty must be made after the completion of the assessment.
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The crucial date, therefore, for purposes of penalty is the date
of such completion.
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It is equally difficult to understand the argument that because
it rests with the Income tax Officer to complete the assessment
by a particular date it will depend on his fiat whether the penalty
should be imposed under the Act of 1922 or under the Act of
1961.
There is no presumption that officer or authorities who
are entrusted with responsible duties under the . taxation laws
would not discharge them properly and in a bona fide
manner.
If in a particular case any ma/a fide action is taken that can always
be challenged by an assessee in appropriate proceedings but the
mere possibility that some officer may intentionally delay the disposal of a case can hardly be a ground for striking down clause
(g) as discriminatory under Art. 14-:-
We are clearly of the view,
in concurrence with the decisions in Gopi Chand Sarjuprasad v.
Union of lndia( 2 ) and lncome tax Officer A-Ward, Agra & Ors.
v. Firm Madan Mohan Damma Mal & Anr.(3 ), that no discrimination was practised in enacting that clause which would
attract the application of Art. 14.
The classification made is
(I) (1967] I. S.C.R. IS.
(2) 73 1.T.R. 263.
(3) 70 1.T.R. 293.
264
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1970] 3 s.c.R.
based on intelligible differentia having reasonable relation
to
A
the object intended to be achieved.
The object essentially was
to prevent the evasion of tax.
We are further unable to agree that the language of s. 27 l
does not warrant the taking of proceedings under that section
when a default has been committed by failure to comply with a
notice issued under s. 22(2) of the Act of 1922. It is true that
cl. (a) of sub.-s. (1) of s. 271 mentions the corresponding provisions of the Act of 1961 but that will not make the part
relating to payment of penalty inapplicable once it is held that
s. 297(2)(g) governs the case.
Both ss. 271(1) and 297(2)(g)
have to be read together and in harmony and so read the only
conclusion possible is that for the imposition of a penalty in res·
pect of any assessment for the year ending on March 31, 1962
or any earlier year which is completed after first day of April
1962 the proceedings have to be initiated and the penalty imposed
in accordance with the provisions of s. 271 of the Act of 1961.
Thus the assessee would be liable to a penalty as provided by
s. 271(1) for the default mentioned ins. 28(1) of the Act of 1922
if his case falls within the terms of s. 297(2)(g).
We may usefully refer to this Court's decision in Third Income tax Officer,
Manga/ore v. Damodar Bhat(') with reference to s. 297(2)(j) of
the Act of 1961. According to it in a case falling within that
section in a proceeding for recovery of tax and penalty imposed
under the Act of 1922 it is not required that all the sections of the
new Act relating to recovery or collection should be literally
applied but only such of the sections will apply as are appropriate
in the particular case and subject, if necessary, to suitable modi·
fications. In other words, the ,procedure of the new Act will
apply to cases contemplated by s. 297(2)(j) of the new Act
mutatis mutandis. Similarly to the provision of s. 271 of the Act
of 1961 will apply mutatis mutandis to proceedings relating to
penalty initiated in accordance with s. 297 (2 )(g) of that Act.
Lastly the challenge to s. 271(2) of the Act of 1961 on the
ground of contravention of Art. 14 may be considered.
Accord-
. ing to that provision when the person liable to penalty is a registered firm then notwithstanding anything contained in the other
provisions of the Act of 1961 the penalty imposable under subs. ( 1) shall be the same amount as would be imposable on that firm
if that firm were an unregistered firm. It is pointed out that in
the case of assessees other than registered firms the maximum
penalty impossable under s. 271(1)(i) cannot exceed in aggregate
50% of the tax payable by the assessee; whereas in the case of a
registered firm the maximum penalty is not made to depend
(1) 71 I.T.R. 806.
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JAIN BROS. I'. UNION (Grover, I.)
265
upon the tax assessed on or payable by such firm.
On the contrary the registered firm will have to pay the same penalty as an
unregistered firm which may far exceed the maximum limit of 50%
prescribed by the above provision. This, according to the appellants, constitutes discrimination under Art. 14 of the Constitution.
Now a firm when registered is treated as a separate entity liable to
tax.
After 1956 it has to pay tax at a special reduced rate. U
a firm got itself registered the partners were entitled to certain
benefits and advantages.
It was, however, open to the legislature
to say that once a registered firm committed a default attracting
penalty it should be deemed or considered to be an unregistere<l
firm for the purpose of its imposition.
No question of discrimination under Art. 14 can arise in such a situation.
We fully share
the view of the High Court that there was nothing to prevent the
legislature from giving the benefit of a reduced rate to a registere<l
firm for the purpose of tax but withhold the same when it committed a default and became liable to imposition of penalty.
The appeal fails and it is dismissed with costs.
R.K.P.S.
Appeal dismissed.