# K iRUNAKARAN v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU I\' ovember 12, 197 5 - **Citation:** [1976] 2 S.C.R. 708 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1976 - **Case number:** CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTIO'I : Criminal Appeal No. 425 of 1974 - **Bench:** P. K. Goswami, N. L. Untwalia - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/k-irunakaran-v-state-of-tamil-nadu-i-ovember-12-197-5-6871 - **Pages:** 5 ## Headnote ,JTestimony-Co111·ictio11 on the basis of the sole testimony of a single ll'it111• ness, even uncorroborated by other eridence, if absolutely ~eliab/e is 1·1JlidCo11stitutio11 of India Art. 136-Rule of Practice interference by i/1e Supreme Court by reappraisal of evidence. The appellant along with "J" & 'T" was charged for offences u/s 120B/ 109/ 302 I.P.C. as well as 302 /34 l.P.C. The trial which proceeded in the absence of absconding 'T", resulted in the conviction and both the accused were sentenced to death sentence. On a reference and apJ?_eals by the accused, the· High Court acquitted ''J" rejecting l'our out of five eye witnesses and disbelieving even the only other eye witness who lodged the First Information Report. The High Court however maioiained the conviction· and confirmed the death sentence on-the appe1lant relying on the testimony of the very same single witness. On appeal by special leave, the Court HELD: (i) Ordinarily in an appeal under Art. 136 of the Constitution, the Court would hesitate to go into the facts to reappreciate the evidence. It is. however. not possible to adopt that course, where the testi.mony of the sole witness has been rejected with reference to the second accused who was on the same boat with the appellant. When the accused is going to lose his life in such a serious charge u/s 302 1.P.C.; it is only nece5'ary that the Court should be circumspect and closely scrutinise the evidenc~ to come to an un· hesitating conclusion that the sole single witness is absolutely reliable. [7100, H, 711H, 712AJ (ii) Jn the insta·nt case, the High Court was not correct in appreciatin.~ the ocular testimony of a sole witn·ess. because (a) the very fact that the eye witness could be persuaded to substitute PWs. 1, 2. and 3 for his deceased brother as chasing the assailants. contrary to the version of the F.I.R. degrades him from ti1e status of an ab'lolutely reliable witness. not having a qualm of conscience, but an obliging and untrustworthy witness. [71 OH] (b) The version in the F.l.R. stands contradicted by tho testimony in court on a very material point and does not cqrroborate. [712-B] (c) Placing such reliance. therefore_ as is requi9ite on the testimony <'>f the uncorroborated solitary witness for convicting the accused facing a murder charge is not possible in the cas·e. [7 J 2-B] -:,, CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTIO'I : Criminal Appeal No. 425 of 1974. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 22nJ July 1974 of the Madras High Court at Mm:lras in ·Criminal Appc~l No. 24 of 1974 and Referred Trial No. 3 of''1974. A. N. Mui/a, K . .layaram and P. Chandrasekhar for th~ Appellant. A. V. Rcmgam and Miss A. Subhasini for the Respondent. The Judgn1ent of the Court was delivered by GoswAMI, J. This appeal by special leave is ~!irected 'again~t the judgment and order of the High Court of Madras convicting the appellant (hereinafter to be described as the accused) under section 302 TPC and sentencing him to death. • • ~ I ""-·· KARUNAKARAN v. TAMIL NADU (Goswami, /.) 709 The police had submitted charge-sheet under .section 30.2/34 ·IPC _ against the present ~ccused and accused !abamam N~dar ahas Kany~ kumari Comrade ahas Ramu and Tham1zharasan ahas Ramaswa1m, who was shown as an absconder. On the prayer of the' prosecution the case against the first two accused, without the absconding accus.ed, was taken up for trial. The two accused were charged under sect~on 120B read with sections 302 and 109 IPC as well as under sect10n 302/34 IPC. The case was referred to the High Court as usual and the accused also preferred appeals against their conviction and sentence. J. The High Court acquitted accused Jabamani Nadar alias Kanyakumari Comrade alias Ramu and accepted the reference in respect of the present accused. His appeal was also dismissed. Hence this appeal by special leave. The fact~ are in a brief compass. The deceased, Viswanatham Pillai, was the village Munsif (Headman). On April 26 ## Text A B c 0 E F G H 708 K..iRUNAKARAN v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU I\' ovember 12, 197 5 [P. K. GOSWAMI AND N. L. UNTWALIA, JJ.J ,JTestimony-Co111·ictio11 on the basis of the sole testimony of a single ll'it111• ness, even uncorroborated by other eridence, if absolutely ~eliab/e is 1·1JlidCo11stitutio11 of India Art. 136-Rule of Practice interference by i/1e Supreme Court by reappraisal of evidence. The appellant along with "J" & 'T" was charged for offences u/s 120B/ 109/ 302 I.P.C. as well as 302 /34 l.P.C. The trial which proceeded in the absence of absconding 'T", resulted in the conviction and both the accused were sentenced to death sentence. On a reference and apJ?_eals by the accused, the· High Court acquitted ''J" rejecting l'our out of five eye witnesses and disbelieving even the only other eye witness who lodged the First Information Report. The High Court however maioiained the conviction· and confirmed the death sentence on-the appe1lant relying on the testimony of the very same single witness. On appeal by special leave, the Court HELD: (i) Ordinarily in an appeal under Art. 136 of the Constitution, the Court would hesitate to go into the facts to reappreciate the evidence. It is. however. not possible to adopt that course, where the testi.mony of the sole witness has been rejected with reference to the second accused who was on the same boat with the appellant. When the accused is going to lose his life in such a serious charge u/s 302 1.P.C.; it is only nece5'ary that the Court should be circumspect and closely scrutinise the evidenc~ to come to an un· hesitating conclusion that the sole single witness is absolutely reliable. [7100, H, 711H, 712AJ (ii) Jn the insta·nt case, the High Court was not correct in appreciatin.~ the ocular testimony of a sole witn·ess. because (a) the very fact that the eye witness could be persuaded to substitute PWs. 1, 2. and 3 for his deceased brother as chasing the assailants. contrary to the version of the F.I.R. degrades him from ti1e status of an ab'lolutely reliable witness. not having a qualm of conscience, but an obliging and untrustworthy witness. [71 OH] (b) The version in the F.l.R. stands contradicted by tho testimony in court on a very material point and does not cqrroborate. [712-B] (c) Placing such reliance. therefore_ as is requi9ite on the testimony <'>f the uncorroborated solitary witness for convicting the accused facing a murder charge is not possible in the cas·e. [7 J 2-B] -:,, CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTIO'I : Criminal Appeal No. 425 of 1974. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 22nJ July 1974 of the Madras High Court at Mm:lras in ·Criminal Appc~l No. 24 of 1974 and Referred Trial No. 3 of''1974. A. N. Mui/a, K . .layaram and P. Chandrasekhar for th~ Appellant. A. V. Rcmgam and Miss A. Subhasini for the Respondent. The Judgn1ent of the Court was delivered by GoswAMI, J. This appeal by special leave is ~!irected 'again~t the judgment and order of the High Court of Madras convicting the appellant (hereinafter to be described as the accused) under section 302 TPC and sentencing him to death. • • ~ I ""-·· KARUNAKARAN v. TAMIL NADU (Goswami, /.) 709 The police had submitted charge-sheet under .section 30.2/34 ·IPC _ against the present ~ccused and accused !abamam N~dar ahas Kany~ kumari Comrade ahas Ramu and Tham1zharasan ahas Ramaswa1m, who was shown as an absconder. On the prayer of the' prosecution the case against the first two accused, without the absconding accus.ed, was taken up for trial. The two accused were charged under sect~on 120B read with sections 302 and 109 IPC as well as under sect10n 302/34 IPC. The case was referred to the High Court as usual and the accused also preferred appeals against their conviction and sentence. J. The High Court acquitted accused Jabamani Nadar alias Kanyakumari Comrade alias Ramu and accepted the reference in respect of the present accused. His appeal was also dismissed. Hence this appeal by special leave. The fact~ are in a brief compass. The deceased, Viswanatham Pillai, was the village Munsif (Headman). On April 26, 1971, at about 10.00 P.M. he was sleeping on a bench outside his cattle-shed in the open space, which is shown in the site plan (Ex. P15) at No. 9. The younger brother of the deceased, Pandurangam (PW 4), who is a leper, was also sleeping on the eastern parapet of the sluice of the. north Boothagudi channel, 'which is shown at No. 5 in the site plan (Ex. P15). Pandurangam woke up at about 11.15 P.M. on hearing lhe shout of his deceased brother crying "younger brother : Karunakaran is running after stabbing me with knife. 'Catch him' ". He got up anci saw the accused Karunakaran running on the eastern bank of the channel with a knife 8 inches long. The electric lights were burning in the vicinity. He also saw two persons rnnning ahead of accused Karuhakaran. He further saw his two brothers, Gnanasakaran (PW 1) and Thirn-gnanasambandam (PW 3) along with Ramasamy (PW 2) chasing them. He ran to his elder brother who came from the side of the bench where he was sleeping and who fell down on the southern side of the slui'ce. When he went near him he was already dead. He had bleeding injuries on several parts of his body. A crowd gathered c:nd Pandurangam was asked to lodge information at .the police station which hCJdid. The doctor (PW 16) who held the postmortem examination found nine injuries two of which he described as incised and four as punctured incised, two more as punctured and the remaining one as a vertic ,r. . \ • '/ KARUNAKARAN v. TAMIL NADU (G1JSWami, J.) 711 mere asking by someone, if not by the inimical police Officer (PW A 23) against whom criminal cases were pending at the instance of the .accused's father. Apart from that we find that the High Court has not considered the intrinsic quality of the evidence of PW 4. It failed to notice certain broad facts which should definitely weigh with the court while appre- .ciating ocular testimony. From the medical evidence it is clear that there were more than one assailant and yet for the FIR it appears that there was only one •assaila•at. This may not, in a given case, be considered as a very serious infirmity since the witness may not have seen the other assailants when he came running to the place of occurrence. ) But the fact that the witness has stated in the first information report that the deceased was only menticming the name of accused Karunakaran as his assailant, this earlier version appears to be contradicted by the medical evidence. Besides, he has deliberately changed his own stand in court when he deposed that he saw two other persons running ahead of Karunakaran being chased by his two brothers and Ramasamy. B c Another very serious departure from his earlier version is that while PW 4 had stated in the first information report that "my elder D brother" (meaning the deceased) was "chasing him from behind" in court he has completely given a, go-by to this statement and stated that Karunakaran was being chased by PWs 1, 2, and 3. He did not at all refer to the deceased chasing him. If his statement in court that he saw PWs 1, 2 and 3 chasing Kan.makaran while running away after the assault is true, it is difficult to appreciate that he would not mention about this fact in the first information report. He adE mitted in the course of cross-examination that the Sub-Inspector asked him whether he had any witnesses and that he "did not tell about them due to excitement". It is difficult to accept this explanation of this witness. Assuming that his earlier version in the first information report 'is true that the deceased chased the accused as the latter was running away after the assault we would have expected some .evidence of a trail of blood sl'ains from the place where he was sleeping to the F place where he feII dead. On the other hand we find that there is a mention about a pool of blood only where the dead body was found at No. 1 in the site plan. There were also no blood stains on the bench where he was said to be sleeping. We further find from the evidence of PW 4 in cross-examination that when he went near his deceased elder brother about hundred persons were there and "none of them asked him as to how it had happened". We do not find in this case a G single witness out of that crowd produced in court for _the purpose of corroborating PW 4. - If the statement of PW 4 is to be believed, the crowd had gathered at the place of occurrence already when he arrived. It j3 .also conceivable that those persons, who arrived at the place of occurrence a little earlier than PW 4, did not see the assailants who might have already escaped. It also stands to reason that those persons who gathered would not ask PW 4, who arrived at the place a little H later, for information with regard to the assailants. There is consiJerable doubt as to this testimony with regard to seeing the accused running away from the place of occurrence. When the accused is 712 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 2 'S.C.R. A going to lose his life in such a serious charge it is only necessary that the court should be circumspect and closely scrutinise the evidence to come to an unhesitating conclusion that he is absolutely reliable. We are unable to say that the High Court in this case has made a correct approach in assessing the quality of the testimony of this solitary eye witness. The High Court is -not even right that PW 4 stands wholly J corroborated by the contents of the FIR. On the other hand we have B shown that his version in the FIR stands contradicted by the testimony in court on a very material point. c For the reasons given above we are unable to place such reliance as is requisite on the testimony of this uncorroborated solitary witness for convicting the accused facing a murder charge. The conviction • a:nd sentence of death are, therefore, set aside. The appeal is allowed and the accused shall be released from detention forthwith. S,R. Appeal allowed. • r I • • -