# KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN - **Citation:** [2009] 6 S.C.R. 525 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 2009-04-17 - **Case number:** Criminal Appeal No. 1133 of 2001 - **Bench:** Lokeshwar Singh Panta, B. Sudershan Reddy - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/kanti-lal-v-state-of-rajasthan-25873 - **Pages:** 26 ## Headnote PENAL CODE, 1860: ss.304-A and 498-A - Death of a married woman by bum injuries within 7 years of her marriage - Conviction of husband of victim and his relatives by trial court - High Court convicting the husband and one of his brothers and acquitting all other accused on appeal Held : Trial court and High Court rightly held that prosecution had proved beyond reasonable doubt that the victim had been harassed and tortur_ed by her husband and his brother with demand of dowry - There is no infirmity in findings recorded by High Court warranting interference - Evidence Act, 1872 - s. 113-B. EVIDENCE ACT, 1872: s.32 - Dying declaration - Victim died of 90% burn injuries - Defence produced dying declaration alleged to have been made by victim wherein she attributed the bum injuries to accidental fire - Held: The defence witness to whom alleged dying declaration was stated to have been made, ignored the basic principles at the time of recording alleged dying declaration - Trial court and High Court rightly rejected the alleged dying declaration. The appellant (A-1) and his brothers A-2, A-3, A-4, A6, father A-5 and mother A-7 were convicted and sentenced ulss 304-A and 498-A IPC in connection with 525 A B c D E F G H 526 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R. A death of wife of A-1 with 90% burn injuries. The trial court convicted and sentenced the accused of the offences charged. It, doubting the veracity of the alleged dying declaration (Ex. D-4) stated to have been made before the Naib Tehsildar (DW-2), directed higher authorities of the B doctor (PW-11 ), the Station House Officer (PW 12) and OW 2 to take disciplinary action against them for not discharging their official duties properly and diligently. Whereas the accused file appeal challenging their conviction, OW 2 filed a petition u/s 48~ Cr.P.C. seeking c to quash the adverse observation made in para 40 of the judgment. The High Court affirmed the conviction and the sentence as regards A-1 and A-3 and acquitted the other accused. It dismissed the petition of DW 2. In the instant appeals filed by A-1 and A-3, it was D contended for the appellants that the trial court as also the High Court both were not justified in rejecting the dying declaration made by the deceased to DW 2, an officer of the State Government, stating that she received burn injuries as a result of an accidental fire; that the E prosecution also failed to prove that the deceased. soon before her death was subjected to cruelty or harassment for or in connection with the demand of dowry. F Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1 It is well-settled that one of the important tests of credibility of a dying declaration is that the person, who recorded it, must be satisfied that the deceased was in a fit state of mind. For placing implicit reliance on dying declaration, court must be satisfied that the deceased G was in a fit state of mind to narrate the correct facts of occurrence. If the capacity of the maker of the statement to narrate the facts is found to be impaired, such dying declaration should be rejected, as it is highly unsafe to place reliance on the same. The dying declaration should H KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 527 ... l be voluntary and should not be prompted and that A physical as well as mental fitness of the maker is to be proved by the prosecution. [Para 21] [541-C-E] 1.2 In the instant case, DW-2 did not take any certificate from the doctor to prove that the deceased was B in a fit state of mind to give statement nor did he record any endorsement to that effect on the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D-4]. Further, according to the Doctor (PW 11 ), the dying declaration was not recorded by the Tehsildar (OW 2) but was recorded by his Reader. It is also c proved on record that DW-2 did not ask preliminary questions from the deceased before the dying declaration allegedly made by her was recorded and this fact also created doubt about the correctness and truthfulness of the dying declar ## Text _Characters 0–39,829 of 50,172. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39829 for what follows._ '1 ) [2009] 6 S.C.R. 525 KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN Criminal Appeal No. 1133 of 2001 APRIL 17, 2009 [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA AND B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, JJ.] PENAL CODE, 1860: ss.304-A and 498-A - Death of a married woman by bum injuries within 7 years of her marriage - Conviction of husband of victim and his relatives by trial court - High Court convicting the husband and one of his brothers and acquitting all other accused on appeal Held : Trial court and High Court rightly held that prosecution had proved beyond reasonable doubt that the victim had been harassed and tortur_ed by her husband and his brother with demand of dowry - There is no infirmity in findings recorded by High Court warranting interference - Evidence Act, 1872 - s. 113-B. EVIDENCE ACT, 1872: s.32 - Dying declaration - Victim died of 90% burn injuries - Defence produced dying declaration alleged to have been made by victim wherein she attributed the bum injuries to accidental fire - Held: The defence witness to whom alleged dying declaration was stated to have been made, ignored the basic principles at the time of recording alleged dying declaration - Trial court and High Court rightly rejected the alleged dying declaration. The appellant (A-1) and his brothers A-2, A-3, A-4, A6, father A-5 and mother A-7 were convicted and sentenced ulss 304-A and 498-A IPC in connection with 525 A B c D E F G H 526 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R. A death of wife of A-1 with 90% burn injuries. The trial court convicted and sentenced the accused of the offences charged. It, doubting the veracity of the alleged dying declaration (Ex. D-4) stated to have been made before the Naib Tehsildar (DW-2), directed higher authorities of the B doctor (PW-11 ), the Station House Officer (PW 12) and OW 2 to take disciplinary action against them for not discharging their official duties properly and diligently. Whereas the accused file appeal challenging their conviction, OW 2 filed a petition u/s 48~ Cr.P.C. seeking c to quash the adverse observation made in para 40 of the judgment. The High Court affirmed the conviction and the sentence as regards A-1 and A-3 and acquitted the other accused. It dismissed the petition of DW 2. In the instant appeals filed by A-1 and A-3, it was D contended for the appellants that the trial court as also the High Court both were not justified in rejecting the dying declaration made by the deceased to DW 2, an officer of the State Government, stating that she received burn injuries as a result of an accidental fire; that the E prosecution also failed to prove that the deceased. soon before her death was subjected to cruelty or harassment for or in connection with the demand of dowry. F Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1 It is well-settled that one of the important tests of credibility of a dying declaration is that the person, who recorded it, must be satisfied that the deceased was in a fit state of mind. For placing implicit reliance on dying declaration, court must be satisfied that the deceased G was in a fit state of mind to narrate the correct facts of occurrence. If the capacity of the maker of the statement to narrate the facts is found to be impaired, such dying declaration should be rejected, as it is highly unsafe to place reliance on the same. The dying declaration should H KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 527 ... l be voluntary and should not be prompted and that A physical as well as mental fitness of the maker is to be proved by the prosecution. [Para 21] [541-C-E] 1.2 In the instant case, DW-2 did not take any certificate from the doctor to prove that the deceased was B in a fit state of mind to give statement nor did he record any endorsement to that effect on the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D-4]. Further, according to the Doctor (PW 11 ), the dying declaration was not recorded by the Tehsildar (OW 2) but was recorded by his Reader. It is also c proved on record that DW-2 did not ask preliminary questions from the deceased before the dying declaration allegedly made by her was recorded and this fact also created doubt about the correctness and truthfulness of the dying declaration. It is also the evidence of DW-2 that D after recording the alleged statement of the deceased, he did not seal the dying declaration and the unsealed document was handed over to the Station House Officer (PW 12). [Para 22] [541-F-H; 542-A-B] 1.3 A categorical refusal of putting her signature or E thumb- impression on the alleged dying declaration [Ext.- 0/4] by PW-6, the mother of the deceased, whom DW-2 stated to be present at the time of recording the dying declaration, would further go .to prove that the alleged dying declaration, was not at all recorded by DW-2 in the F room of the hospital where the deceased was lying before she died. These facts and circumstances would prove that the alleged dying declaration, on which much reliance has been placed by the defence, cannot be said to be an admissible and reliable document. [Para 22] [542G 'i 8-D] 1.4 Further, A-1 and A-3 have not proved on record the source of production of the dying declaration by OW2 who after recording the statement of the deceased was duty bound to hand over the alleged dying declaration H ... I 528 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R. A under a sealed cover to the prosecuting agency. The origin and source of the alleged dying declaration produced by DW-2 at the time of his examination as a defence witness is highly doubtful and such document cannot be accepted as genuine and truthful document in B support of the defence of A-1 and A-3. [Para 27] [545-8C] 1.5 The trial court as well as the High Court both have concurrently, and rightly rejected the genuineness and credibility of the alleged dying ·declaration to prove the C defence version that the deceased made the said statement to DW-2 and she died because of accidental fire. The courts below rightly recorded the findings and reasoning that the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-014] suffered from a number of basic infirmities and such D dying declaration cannot be found admissi_ble and accepted as a genuine document. [Para 22] [542-E-G] Kans Raj v. State of Punjab and others [2000] 5 SCC 207; Gaffar Badshaha Pathan v. State of Maharashtra [2004] E 10 SCC 589; Ghurphekan and Others v. State of Uttar Pradesh [1972] 3 SCC 361; and Kamalakar Nandram Bhavsar v. State of Maharashtra [2004] 10 SCC 192, referred to. State [Delhi Administration] v. Laxman Kumar and Others F and Indian Federation of Women Lawyers and Others v. Smt. Shakuntala and Others (1985] 4 SCC 476, held inapplicable. 2.1. The prosecution in support of the charge of G dowry death has produced and relied upon the testimony of PW-5, PW-6 and PW-8, father, mother and maternal uncle, respectively, of the deceased. It is not in dispute that the death of the victim was caused by burn injuries within seven years of her marriage. Relying upon the H evidence of PW-5, PW-6 and PW-8, the trial court and the l r ' KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 529 High Court came to the conclusion that the prosecution A has proved beyond reasonable doubt that the deceased was being constantly harassed and tortured by A-1 and A-3 for the demand of dowry; and that a sum of R.s.50,000/ - paid to them as loan amount was also adjusted by them as dowry money. PW-5, PW-6 and PW-8 were subjected B to searching cross-examination by the defence, but nothing tangible material was extracted from their evidence to create any shadow of doubt that they were not rel!able and truthful witnesses. [Para 30, 35 and ~8] [546-D-E; 548-A-B; 549-F-H] C 2.2 The presumptiori u/s 113-B of Evidence Act, 1872 is a presumption of law. On proof of the essentials mentioned therein, it becomes obligatory on the court to raise a presumption that the accused caused the dowry death. (Para 32] [547-B-C] D Pawan Kumar and Others v. State of Haryana [1998] 3 SCC 309; Hira Lal and Others v. State [Govt. of NC1], Delhi [2003] 8 SCC 80; Kamesh Panjiyar alias Kam/esh Panjiyar v. State of Bihar [2005] 2 SCC 388; Ram Badan Sharma v. State of Bihar with Surya Kant Sharma v. State of Bihar [2006] 10 SCC 115; Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra (2006] 10 sec 681; Kai/ash v. State of MP. [2006] 12 sec 667; and Appasaheb and Another v. State of Maharashtra [2007] 9 sec 721, referred to. 3. Having regard to the entire evidence on record and having carefully and closely considered the judgments of the trial court and the High Court, the view taken by E F the courts below is reasonable and plausible. There is no infirmity or perversity in the findings recorded by the High G Court to interfere with the well-reasoned judgment. (Para _ 39] [550-A-B] Case Law Reference: c20041 1 o sec 589 referred to Para 23 H 530 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009) 6 S.C.R. _, A [1972) 3 sec 361 referred to Para 24 [20001 5 sec 201 referred to Para 25 [2004J 10 sec 192 referred to Para 26 B [1985) 4 sec 476 held inapplicable Para 28 [1998) 3 sec 309 referred to Para 31 [2003J 8 sec 80 referred to Para 32 • [2005J 2 sec 388 referred to Para 33 c [2006J 10 sec 115 referred to Para 33 [2006J 10 sec 681 referred to Para 33 c2006J 12 sec 667 referred to Para 33 D (20011 9 sec 121 referred to Para 33 CRIMINAL AP PELLA TE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1133 of 2001. E From the Judgment & Order dated 26.04.2001 of the High Court of Rajasthan at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, in S.B. Criminal Appeal No. 125/97. WITH F Criminal Appeal NO. 1134/2001 Aishwarya Bhati, Gp. Capt, Karan Singh Bhati, Sweta Rani Rekha G. and Himanshu Singh for the Appellants. Dr. Manish Singhvi, AAG, Milind Kumar, Sandeep Bajaj G and Aruneshwar Gupta (NP) for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J. 1. Both these appeals H arising out of a common judgment and order dated 26.04.2001 - KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 531 [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.] passed by learned Single Judge of the High Court of Judicature A for Rajasthan at Jodhpur in S. B. Criminal Appeal No. 125 of 1997 [Arvind Kumar v. State of Rajasthan] ancf S. B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 202 of 1997 [Arvind Kumar [DW-2] v. State of Rajasthan], were taken up and heard together and shall stand disposed of by this common judgment. B 2. By the impugned order, the High Court while dismissing the appeal of Arvind Kumar [A-1] and Kanti Lal [A-3] and confirming their conviction and sentence under Sections 3048 and 498A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 [for short the "IPC"] recorded by the learned Sessions Judge, Jalore, in Sessions C Case No. 25 of 1993, has set aside the conviction of Sanwal Chand [A-2], Bhanwar Lal [A-4], Chetan Lal [A-5], Popat Lal [A-6] and Smt. Bagtu [A-7] and acquitted them of the charged offences. However, S. B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 202 of 1997 filed by Arvind Kumar Sengwa - Naib Tehsildar [DW-2] D under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 praying for expunging adverse observations made by the learned Sessions Judge against him, Dr. Vasudev [PW-11] and Shaitan Singh - Station House Officer [PW-12], contained in paragraph 40 of the judgment, came to be dismissed. E 3. The incident, which led to the trial of the accused, occurred on 07.08.1992 at about 9.00 a.m. at Village-Silason, District-Pali. Parasmal [PW-5] - father of Smt. Laxmi lodged written report [Ex.P-7] to Shaitan Singh [PW-12] - Station F House Officer, Police Station - Raniwada, District ;~ Pali alleging inter alia that about three years prior to the day of incident, his daughter Smt. Laxmi aged about 22 years was married to Arvind Kumar [A-1] - son of Sanwal Chand [A-2], resident of Village Silason. He averred that as per the custom G of the area, he had given 20 tolas of gold and other valuable articles to his daughter at the time of her marriage. He alleged that after the marriage, his daughter had lived a happy and peaceful life in her parents-in-law's house for about one year, but soon thereafter whenever his daughter used to come to his H 532 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R. A house or whenever he paid visits to the house of her parentsin-laws, his daughter had made repeated complaints to him in regard to ill-treatment and harassment meted out to her at the · hands of the accused for not bringing sufficient dowry. He alleged that about two years after her marriage Smt. Laxmi B became pregnant and as per the cust0m of the area, she came to her parents' house for delivery of the first child and at that point of time his son-in-law (A-1) and his son-in-law's elder brother [A-3] had demanded loan amount of Rs.50,000/- from him for starting ~ome business, which amount he had paid to c them. Smt. Laxmi was blessed with a male child. After the delivery of a child, Smt. Laxmi stayed in his house for a period of about 3-4 months and thereafter she along with her male child, went back to her parents-in-laws' house. 4. The complainant further alleged that he had gone to the D house of the parents-in-laws of his daughter to find out their welfare, but at that point of time the accused told him that the loan amount of Rs. 50,000/- borrowed by A-1 and A-3 from him will be treated as dowry amount. It was alleged that Smt. Laxmi came to his house about two months prior to her death. E Bhanwar Lal (A-4), elder tlrother of A-1, came to his house and asked him to send his daughter to her parents-in-laws' house, but because of darkness in the evening, he declined to send her with an infant child with A-4. He alleged that on the same night at about 9:00 p.m. or 10:00 p.m. three accused, namely F A-3, A-4 and A-7, came to his house and banged the door of his house. On hearing the repeated sound of banging of the door, he and his wife Bhanvri [PW-6] immediately opened the door of the house and saw A-3, A-4 and A-7 standing outside the house. They without any reason started quarelling with him G and his wife and told them that the money advanced by him to A-1 and A-3 shall be treated as amount of dowty. On hearing the shouting voices of A-3, A-4 and A-7 at the house of the complainant, one Dayalal Tagir Chand (PW-3), Narayan Chand (PW-7) and some more neighbours gathered there and on their H intervention A-3, A-4 and A-7 had gone back to their house. ,... " , .. ' ~ KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 533 I [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.] 5. It was alleged that about 10 days prior to the date of A ... incident, complainant along with Mahender Singh his brotherin-law and Pratap [PW-10], an acquaintance of the complainant, went to the house of the parents-in-laws of his daughter. He went inside the house to meet his daughter, whereas Mahender Singh and PW-10 remained sitting B outside. His daughter had disclosed to him that all the accused had maltreated and harassed her for not bringing adequate " dowry. He, in the presence of Mahender Singh and PW-4, requested the accused persons that they u.nnecessarily shoulp not harass and maltreat his daughter but they paid no heed to c his request. It was also stated that in the early morning of the day of incident, one Mishrimal Soni and two Rajputs came to his house and revealed that Smt. Laxmi had been admitted to Raniwada Hospital as she was suffering from stomach pain. He along with his wife PW-6 went to the hospital where they D \. saw their daughter lying on the bed with burn wounds on her body. He advised his wife to stay back by the side of his daughter and himself went to his village for taking the help of his brothers and relatives. He took his brother Angraj and Jayantilal and some more people of the village to the hospital, E where they were informed that the victim was being taken to Thonera for further treatment. His wife had also gone with her . daughter. After some time, a jeep came there, carrying the dead body of Smt. Laxmi. He was told that Smt. Laxmi had died on the way. On these premises, he lodged a complaint [Ext. P7] F. before Shaitan Singh (PW-12) Station House Officer, Police Station Raniwada at about 8:00 or 9:00 p.m. on the same day. On the basis of the complaint (Ex. P7), First Information Report ... bearing Case No. 126/92 [Ex. P8] came to be registered at Police Station Raniwada against the accused persons for offences punishable under Sections 3048 and 498A of IPC . G ... 6. Dr. Vasudev (PW-11) Medical Officer posted at Raniwada Hospital, on the request of the police, examined Smt. Laxmi at about 5:45 a.m. on 07.08.1992 and noticed about 90% burn wounds on her entire body starting from the top of H 534 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009] 6 S.C.R. A the head right upto her feet. He prepared injury report (Ext. P- ) 11 ). According to the doctor's report, the wounds noticed on the person of Smt. Laxmi appeared to be four hours old. He took thumb impression of Smt. Laxmi on the injury report (Ext. P-11 ). B 7. PW Shaitan Singh, before the death of Smt. Laxmi, went to Primary Health Centre, Raniwada, where she was admitted in injured condition. He requested PW Dr. Vasudev " about the condition of Smt. Laxmi. Dr. Vasudev opined that c illjured Smt. Laxmi was in a fit state of mind to make statement. PW Shaitan Singh called Arvind Kumar Sengwa [DW-2] - Naib Tehsildar to the hospital, who recorded dying declaration of Smt. Laxmi [Ext.D/4] in the presence of Dr. Vasudev. On receipt of the information about the admission of injured Smt. Laxmi D in hospital, Raniwada, Raghubir Singh [PW-13] C.O., Bhinmal, rushed to the hospital and found Smt. Laxmi dead on account of 90 per cent burn injuries. PW Shaitan Singh prepared panchnama [Ext.P-2] under the instructions and supervision of PW-13. PW-13 before handing over the dead body to PW-5 - father of the deceased got her dead body examined from the E Medical Board. He inspected the spot of the incident and prepared Site Map [Ext. P-12] in the presence of Jalam Singh [PW-1], Shaitan Singh [PW-2] and Ook Singh [PW-4]. On spot inspection, some burnt pieces of the bangles, ash, match-box containing burnt and unburnt sticks, some burnt pieces of the F skin attached with clothes and one 'bhabka' [a kerosene burning lamp which is being used by a goldsmith for placing joints in making of gold ornaments] were collected from the spot. The Investigating Officer seized all those articles and sealed them in a parcel which was deposited with the In-charge of the Police G Station. He recorded the statements of the witnesses. He later on arrested A-1, A-3 and A-6. PW-13 conducted the .. investigation partly and thereafter as ~er the order of the D.l.G. Range, Jodhpur, PW-13 on 23.09.1992 handed over the case I . ' file for further investigation to Mahender Kumar Govil [PW-14] • H - Additional Superintendent of Police, Bikaner. PW-14 KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 535 [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.] 1 recorded the statements of the material witnesses. After the A completion of the investigation of the case, Station House Officer prepared chargesheet against accused persons and filed the same in the court of Judicial Magistrate under Sections 3048 and 498A of the IPC. The Judicial Magistrate committed the case to the Sessions Judge for trial. 8 8. The accused pleaded not guilty to the charges and claimed to be tried. The learned Sessions Judge, Jalore, charged the accused for offences under Sections 3048 and 498A of the IPC. The prosecutioh, in order to substantiate its c case, examined as many as 15 witnesses. The accused persons_in the statements recorded under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 [for short "Cr.P.C."] denied the incriminating evidence appearing against them. Smt. 8agtu [A-7] pleaded that on the day of the incident she was ill. The D accused examined Doongarmal [DW-1] and Arvind Kumar Sengwa [DW-2] - Naib Tehsildar, Raniwada, Yashpal [DW-3] and 8hanwar Lal (A-4] in their defence. 9. On examination of the oral and documentary evidence produced on record, the learned Sessions Judge by his order E dated 24.02.1997 found the accused guilty of the offences under Sections 3048 and 498A of the IPC and sentenced them to suffer 10 years' rigorous imprisonment for offence under Section 304 8 of the IPC and 3 years' rigorous imprisonment for an offence under Section 498 A of the IPC with a fine of F Rs. 500/- each and in default of the payment of fine, each accused has to undergo simple imprisonment for one month. All the sentences were ordered to run concurrently. The learned Sessions Judge in paragraph 40 of the judgment directed higher officers of PW-11 Dr. Vasudev, PW-12 Shaitan Singh G - Station House Officer and DW-2 - Arvind Kumar Sengwa - " Naib Tehsildar to take disciplinary action against them for not discharging their official duties properly and diligently. 1., 10. Feeling aggrieved thereby and dissatisfied with the • order of conviction, the accused filed S. B. Criminal Appeal No. H 536 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R. A 125 of 1997, whereas Arvind Kumar Sengwa [DW-2] - Naib Tehsildar filed S. B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 202 of 1997 praying for expunging of the adverse observations made in paragraph 40 of the judgment. 8 11. The High Court dismissed the appeal of A-1 and A-3, whereas the appeal of A-2, A-4, A-5, A-6 and A-7 was allowed and their conviction and sentence imposed upon them by the learned Sessions Judge, Jalore, has been set aside. The Criminal Revision Petition filed by Arvind Kumar Sengwa [DW2] - Naib Tehsildar has been dismissed. The order of the High C Court reads as under: D E F G H "[1] The appeal filed by the accused appellants no.1 Arvind kumar [Husband of the deceased] and no. 3 Kantilal [Jeth of deceased] is dismissed, after confirming t.he judgment and order dated 24.02.1997 passed by the learned Sessions Judge, Jalore so far as they relate to them. Since accused appellant no. 3 Kantilal [Jeth of deceased] is on ~ail, he shall surrender himself before the trial court immediately and in case he does not surrender, the trial court shall take immediate steps for arresting and sending him to jail to serve out the remaining period of sentences. [2] The appeal filed by the accused appellants no.2 Sanwal Chand [Father-in-law of deceased], no.4 Bhanwar Lal [Jeth of deceased], no. 5 Chetan Lal [Jeth of the deceased], no. 6 Popat Lal [Devar of the deceased] and no. 7 Smt. Bagtu [Mother-in-law of the deceased] is allowed and the judgment and order dated 24.02.1997 passed by the learned Sessions Judge, Jalore so far as they relate to them, are set aside and they are acquitted of the charges framed against them. Since they are on bail they need not surrender and their bail bonds stand discharged. [3] The criminal misc. petition filed by the petitioner Arvind Kumar Sengwa, DW-2 is also dismissed." - I ., KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 537 [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.] 12. Now, A-1 and A-3 have filed these two sets of 3ppeals A challenging the correctness and validity of the order of the High Court. 13. Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, Advocate appearing on behalf of A-1 and A-3, vehemently contended that the judgment of the 8 High Court confirming the order of conviction passed by the trial court is erroneous in law. She contended that the High Court and the trial court, both were not justified in rejecting the dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] voluntarily made by the deceased to DW2, an Officer of the State Government, stating clearly therein that C on the intervening night of the incident she attempted to lit the chimney with burning match-stick, but in the darkness accidentally kerosene oil fell on the ground of the room, by which her orna [dupatta] caught fire and as a result of the accidental fire she received burn injuries. She stated that the . dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] was made by the deceased toDWD 2 in the presence of PW Dr. Vasudev who certified that she was in a fit state of mind to make the statement. 14. She next contended that the prosecution case is wholly false and fabricated. According to the learned counsel, the fact E of recording of dying declaration by DW-2 has been corroborated by PW-12 - the Station House Officer, who deposed that at the time of recording of dying declaration of Smt. Laxmi by DW-2, the complainant [PW-5] and his wife [PW6] both parents of the deceased were present and the F _prosecution deliberately and intentionally concealed the production of dying declaration from the Court and also withheld the examination of DW-2 - the Naib Tehsildar as a prosecution witness with clear intention to conceal true facts of accidental burning of the deceased. She also contended that the High G Court has wrongly placed reliance on the evidence of PWs 5, 6 and 8 who are all highly interested witnesses being close relatives of the deceased. She next contended that the judgment of the trial court as affirmed by the High Court holding A-1 and A-3 guilty of the charged offences are both based upon H 538 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R. A conjectures and surmises, therefore, not sustainable. She lastly contended that the prosecution has not led cogent and credible evidence against A-3 [Jeth of the deceased] beyond reasonable doubt who has nothing to do with the offence and therefore, he is entitled for benefit of doubt. B 15. Dr. Manish Singhvi, MG appearing on behalf of the State, has canvassed correctness of the views taken by the courts below in the judgments. He submitted that the approach of the High Court in re-appreciating the evidence led by the C prosecution cannot be found faulty. He theri contended that the evidence of the eye-witnesses PW-5 Parasmal [father of the deceased], PW-6 Bhanvri [mother of the deceased] and PW8 Mahender Kumar - Mama [Deceased's mother's brother] is concise, cogent and satisfactory for holding A-1 and A-3 guilty of the charged offences. He lastly contended that the trial court D and the. High Court, both have correctly appreciated and reappreciated the entire evidence of the material witnesses, and this Court shall not be obliged to interfere with the concurrent findings of the facts arrived at by the courts below. E 16. In order to appreciate the rival contentions of the learned counsel for the parties, we have independently scrutinized the evidence led by the prosecution and examined the judgment of the High Court. 1 i The dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] allegedly made by the F deceased to DW-2 - Naib Tehsildar has been found to be an unreliable document by the trial court and the said finding has been affirmed by the High Court. We think it appropriate to reproduce the true translation of the contents of the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] which read as under: G H "That on the night, there was darkness and she took match-box to lit the chimney and when she started to lit the chimney, kerosene oil fell on the ground and it caught hold fire, by which her orna caught fire and, thereafter, her husband tried to save her and people of village gathered -( KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 539 1 [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.] and thereafter, she was taken to hospital." A 18. The dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] was stated to have been thumb-marked by the deceased and duly signed by DW2 and A-3 and PW Dr. Vasudev. It is the evidence of DW-2 that when he recorded the alleged statement of the deceased, B her mother PW-6 was present in the hospital, but she refused to append her signature or thumb impression upon the document. PW Dr. Vasudev has proved on record medical report [Ext.- P/11] of the deceased and in his examination-inchief, he has riot whispered a word in regard to recording of c the dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] by DW-2. In cross-examination, Dr. Vasudev admitted that he could not remember whether A3 was present in the hospital when DW-2 recorded the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D/4]. He categorically stated that dying declaration was not recorded by DW-2, but th~ said document D was prepared by his Reader. H.e has shown his ignorance whether DW-2 took thumb-impression of the deceased once or two times on the alleged dying declaration. 19. PW Shaitan Singh - Station House Officer stated that Medical Officer had given to him in writing that Smt. Laxmi E before her death was in a fit condition to make statement and therefore, he called DW-2 for recording her statement. He stated that· he was not present in the room when DW-2 recorded the alleged dying d.eclaration [Ext.-D/4] of the deceased. F 20. It is the evidence of DW-2 Arvind Kumar Sengwa that on 07.08.1992 one constable came to him with a letter of request and disclosed that one woman, namely, Laxmi was admitted in the hospital and her statement was to be recorded. G He rushed to the hospital and made enquiry from Dr. Vasudev "{ about the fit condition of Smt. La1t have any experience how dying declaration should be recorded. [7] That it is also correct to say that there is no endorsement on Ex.014 of the fact that statement was read over to the deceased and she admitted it to be correct one and, thereafter, her thumb-impressions were taken and for nonG observing these formalities, he could not assign any H reason. [8] That after recording statement of the deceased Ex.DI 4, he took signatures of her Jeth Kantilal, accused appellant no. 3, who was sitting at that time in the Chamber - KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 541 [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.] of the doctor. A [9] That it is also correct to say that dying declaration Ex.DI 4 was not sealed on the spot and it was given open to SHO, PW-2 Shaitan Singh. [1 OJ That before recording the statement of the deceased B _.._ ' Ex.0/4, he did not ask the deceased how incident took ~ place and what she was doing. -i·· [1.1) That he took two thumb-impressions of deceased ~nd causes of taking two thumb-impressions have been c assigned in the statement, but Ex.0/4 does not bear such reasons." 21. It is well-settled that one of the important tests of the credibility of the dying declaration is that the person, who D recorded it, must be satisfied that the deceased was in a fit state of mind. For placing implicit reliance on dying declaration, court must be satisfied that the deceased was in a fit state of mind to narrate the correct facts of occurrence. If the capacity of the maker of the statement to narrate the facts is found to be impaired, such dying declaration should be rejected, as it E is highly unsafe to place reliance on it. The dying declaration sho.uld be voluntary and should not be prompted and physical as well as mental fitness of the maker is to be proved by the prosecution. F 22. In the present case, as noticed above DW-2 has not taken any certificate from the doctor to prove that the deceased was in a fit state of mind to give statement nor he has recorded any endorsement to that effect on the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-0/4). Another factor which impairs the credibility of the G "' alleged dying declaration [Ext.- 0/4) and belies the statement -. of DW-2 was that, according to Dr. Vasudev, dying declaration was recorded by the Reader of the Tehsildar and not by OW2. It is also proved on record that DW-2 did not ask preliminary questions from the deceased before the dying declaration H 542 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R. A allegedly made by her was recorded and this fact_ also created doubt about the correctness and truthfulness of the dying declaration. It is also the evidence of DW-2 that after recording the alleged statement of the deceased, he did not seal the dying declaration and unsealed document was handed over to the B Station House Officer. DW-2 has not produced on record the original copy of the 'Tehreer' submitted to him by a constable requesting him to visit the hospital for recording the alleged dying declaration of the deceased, and a carbon copy whereof was produced by him. during his cross-examination. A c categorical refusal of putting her signature or thumb-impression on the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] by PW-6 - Bhanvri [mother of the deceased] would further go to prove that the alleged dying declaration was not at all recorded by DW-2 in the room of the hospital where the deceased was lying before 0 she died. The above-stated facts and circumstances would prove that the alleged dying declaration, on which much reliance has been placed by the defence, cannot be said to be an admissible and reliable document. The fact that the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] did not bear endorsement of DW2 to the effect that it was read over and explained to the E deceased, also created a doubt on its credibility and truthfulness. The trial court as well as the High Court both. have concurrently and, in our considered view, have rightly rejected the genuineness and credibility of the alleged dying declaration to prove the defence version that the deceased made the said F statement to DW-2 and she died because of accidental death. G We agree with the findings and reasoning of the courts below that the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] suffers from a number of basic infirmities and such dying declaration cannot be found admissible and accepted as genuine document. 23. Ms. Aishwariya, learned counsel, has relied upon the judgments of this Court in Gaffar Badshaha Pathan v. State of Maharashtra [(2004] 10 SCC 589] to contend that it is one thing for an accused to attack a dying declaration in a case H where the prosecution seeks to rely on a dying declaration - ,. KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 543 1 [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.] against an accused but it is altogether different where an A accused relies upon a dying declaration in support of the -defence of accidental death. In such case, the burden on the accused is much lighter. In the present case, according to the learned counsel, A-1 and A-3 have established beyond reasonable doubt that the statement of the deceased was B recorded by DW-2 with bona fide intention and without putting any pressure upon the deceased and therefore, the document ' .. has to be accepted as admissible and reliable document to indicate that the deceased died due to accidental fire. We have gone through the above cited judgment. In that case, this Court c while dealing with the dying declaration produced on record held as under: "It is one thing for an accused to attack a dying declaration in a case where the prosecution seeks to rely on a dying D declaration. against an accused but it is altogether different ~ where an accused relies upon a dying declaration in support of the defence of accidental death. The burden on the accused is much lighter. He has only to prove • reasonable probability. The High Court erred in holding that the recording of the dying declaration and story stated E therein apparently appears to be false and concocted. The fact whether the dying declaration is false and concocted has to be established by the prosecution. It is not for the ,\ accused to prove conclusively that the dying declaration was correct and the story therein was not concocted." F [24] In Ghurphekan and Others v. State of Uttar Pradesh [[1972] 3 sec 361], this Court while dealing with the case, which entirely rested on dying declaration of the deceased held as under: G ~ "[i] A dying declaration recorded within a few hours after the incident, when it bore the endorsement of the doctor, that the victim was at that time in "proper sense" to be able to give the statement and where the evidence of the· recording magistrate showed no flaw in taking it down, H A B c D 544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R. there is no reason to reject it. [ii] Where the dying declaration had two weaknesses, namely, it did not mention the name of one of the witnesses present at the spot and it did not account for the injuries on the persons of the attacking party, it cannot be rejected on those omissions only, if otherwise it could be shown to be true in other respects, by other satisfactory evidence. [iii] Where the circumstantial evidence negatived the alternative <::ase set up by the defence and the investigating officer's evidence about the place of incident, the medical officer's evidence in support of the prosecution about the manner of the occurrence of the incident, and the explanation of some witnesses for their presence at the spot, are consistent with the dying statement and the circumstantial evidence; the dying declaration possess . acceptability in spite of any weaknesses pointed out by the defence." 25. In Kans Raj v. State of Punjab and others [[2000] 5 E SCC 207], this Court held that the statement of a person "as to any of the circumstances which resulted in his death" must have some close and proximate relation with the actual occurrence and proximity would depend upon the circumstances of each case for the purpose of admissibility of such statement as dying declarati"on under Section 32 [1] of the F Evidence Act, 1872. 26. In Kama/akar Nandram Bhavsar v. State of Maharashtra [[2004] 10 sec 192], this Court on scrutiny of the evidence on record found that the victim of dowry death/bride G burning had suffered bum injuries to the extent of 94-95 % could not have made dying declaration as stated by the doctor during the cross-examination that a dying declaration was made by the victim when she was in hospital. The alleged dying declaration was admitted in evidence on behest of defence by I H trial court supportive to the defence of the accused. On the facts ... { KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 545 ,. [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.] ~ of the case, this Court observed that source of production of A dying declaration was neither mentioned in the trial court's judgment nor was there any evidence to prove the said document. In these circumstances, this Court held that the High Court had rightly rejected the said dying declaration. 27] In the present case, as noticed in the earlier part of the judgment B A-1 and A-3 have not proved on record the source of production of the dying declaration by DW-2 who after recording } the statement of the deceased was duty bound to hand over 1:( the alleged dying declaration under a sealed cover to the prosecuting agency. In this case, the origin and source of the c alleged dying declaration produced by DW-2 at the time of his examination as a defence witness is highly doubtful and such document cannot be accepted as genuine and truthful document in support of the defence of A-1 and A-3. 2~. In State [Delhi Administration] v. Laxman Kumar and D Others and Indian Federation of Women Lawyers and Others v. Smt.