# M.Q. SHAMSUDHIN v. STATE OF KERALA - **Citation:** [1995] 2 S.C.R. 900 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1995-03-21 - **Case number:** Criminal Appeal No. 553 of 1991 - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/m-q-shamsudhin-v-state-of-kerala-12964 - **Pages:** 22 ## Headnote A M.Q. SHAMSUDHIN v. STATE OF KERALA. MARCH 21, 1995 B (M.M. PUNCHHI AND K. JAYACHANDRA REDDY, JJ.]. Indian Evidence Act, 1872-Secs. lli by way of circumstantial evidence. Corroboration-Bribery case--Absolutely independent witness not possible-Necessity, extent and nature of dependence on facts and circumstances-N ec es sity of corroboration of complainant in all material particulars-Cannot be laid down as a rnle of law. E · Accomplice-Bribery case-types and grades of-First:The giver of , . money for the purpose of trap to be called interested witness-Second.· One who is always willing to get his work done by giving bribe and then complaining-Particeps criminis-Statement of particeps criminis to be treated as the statement of accomplice. F Indian Penal Code, 186(}-Sectio'n 161 read with Section 120BPrevention of Comiption Act, 1947-Section 5 (2) r/w Section 5(1)(d)- Prosecution,under-Testimony of bribe giver-No corroboration-Two inde- . pendent witnesses of trap proceedings-Conviction by trial Court and High Court-Held, evidence of bribe giver corroborated by circumstantial evidence G and indepen{ient witnesses-Hence, conviction confirmed. Words and Pharases: ''Accomplice'~ Corroboration" meaning of: The Petitioners/A·l and 2 were charged under Section 5(2) read with Section 5 (l)(d) of Prevention of Corruption Act and under section 161 H read with Section 120B IPC. The allegations against them were that Al, 900 . SHAMSUDHIN v. STATE 901 Tehsildar and A2 Village Assistant had demanded bribe of Rs. 500 from A PWl and PW2 for issuance of Patta of a piece of land in favour of PW-1. PW-1 filed complaint before Deputy S.P., Vigilance, in the presence of PW3 and PW4. Trap was laid and the trap party alongwith mediators PWs 3 and 4 accompanied PWs 1and2 till the office of A·l. PWs 1and2 went inside the office and A-1 who asked PW 1 to give the amount to A-2 who B was standing nearby. PW-1 gave the amount to A-2 who kept it in his pant pocket. After signal from PW-1 the trap party with PWs 3 and 4 reached there and on asking, A-2 took out Rs. 500, the number of which tallied with the number noted down by the raiding party. Phenolphthelin test of fingers of A-2, his pant pocket and currency notes proved positive. A-1 denied the charge and A-2 stated that he had obtained loan from his Provident Fund Account and from that money a loan of Rs. 500 was taken from him by A/1. He received the amount bonafide believing that it was towards the loan. In support of statement of A-1, DW-1 was produced. c The Court declaring PW-1 hostile and on the basis of evidence of D P.Wl and P.Ws.3 and 4, the independent witnesses, convicted both the accused of the above charges. The appeal of the accused to High Court were dismissed. In appeal to this Court, A-1 contended that P.W.1, the bribe· giver was in the nature E of accomplice and since P.W. 2 was declared hostile, there was no corroboration to the alleged demand of bribe and also that bribe money was not recovered from him, therefore, his plea of innocence is worth to be admitted. A- 2 contended that since he received the money bonafide believing it to be towards the loan, he was innocent. Dismissing the two appeals of A-1 and one Appeal A·2, this Court. HELD : 1. Taking the overall circumstances into consideration in the light of the evidence of PWs 3 and 4 along with the evidence of P.Ws. F 1 and 2 both the courts have consistently held that the evidence of these G witneses establish the guilt of the accused and there is no reason to come to different conclusion. Though P.W. 2 has been treated hos ## Text _Characters 0–39,894 of 52,858. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39894 for what follows._ A M.Q. SHAMSUDHIN v. STATE OF KERALA. MARCH 21, 1995 B (M.M. PUNCHHI AND K. JAYACHANDRA REDDY, JJ.]. Indian Evidence Act, 1872-Secs. lli by way of circumstantial evidence. Corroboration-Bribery case--Absolutely independent witness not possible-Necessity, extent and nature of dependence on facts and circumstances-N ec es sity of corroboration of complainant in all material particulars-Cannot be laid down as a rnle of law. E · Accomplice-Bribery case-types and grades of-First:The giver of , . money for the purpose of trap to be called interested witness-Second.· One who is always willing to get his work done by giving bribe and then complaining-Particeps criminis-Statement of particeps criminis to be treated as the statement of accomplice. F Indian Penal Code, 186(}-Sectio'n 161 read with Section 120BPrevention of Comiption Act, 1947-Section 5 (2) r/w Section 5(1)(d)- Prosecution,under-Testimony of bribe giver-No corroboration-Two inde- . pendent witnesses of trap proceedings-Conviction by trial Court and High Court-Held, evidence of bribe giver corroborated by circumstantial evidence G and indepen{ient witnesses-Hence, conviction confirmed. Words and Pharases: ''Accomplice'~ Corroboration" meaning of: The Petitioners/A·l and 2 were charged under Section 5(2) read with Section 5 (l)(d) of Prevention of Corruption Act and under section 161 H read with Section 120B IPC. The allegations against them were that Al, 900 . SHAMSUDHIN v. STATE 901 Tehsildar and A2 Village Assistant had demanded bribe of Rs. 500 from A PWl and PW2 for issuance of Patta of a piece of land in favour of PW-1. PW-1 filed complaint before Deputy S.P., Vigilance, in the presence of PW3 and PW4. Trap was laid and the trap party alongwith mediators PWs 3 and 4 accompanied PWs 1and2 till the office of A·l. PWs 1and2 went inside the office and A-1 who asked PW 1 to give the amount to A-2 who B was standing nearby. PW-1 gave the amount to A-2 who kept it in his pant pocket. After signal from PW-1 the trap party with PWs 3 and 4 reached there and on asking, A-2 took out Rs. 500, the number of which tallied with the number noted down by the raiding party. Phenolphthelin test of fingers of A-2, his pant pocket and currency notes proved positive. A-1 denied the charge and A-2 stated that he had obtained loan from his Provident Fund Account and from that money a loan of Rs. 500 was taken from him by A/1. He received the amount bonafide believing that it was towards the loan. In support of statement of A-1, DW-1 was produced. c The Court declaring PW-1 hostile and on the basis of evidence of D P.Wl and P.Ws.3 and 4, the independent witnesses, convicted both the accused of the above charges. The appeal of the accused to High Court were dismissed. In appeal to this Court, A-1 contended that P.W.1, the bribe· giver was in the nature E of accomplice and since P.W. 2 was declared hostile, there was no corroboration to the alleged demand of bribe and also that bribe money was not recovered from him, therefore, his plea of innocence is worth to be admitted. A- 2 contended that since he received the money bonafide believing it to be towards the loan, he was innocent. Dismissing the two appeals of A-1 and one Appeal A·2, this Court. HELD : 1. Taking the overall circumstances into consideration in the light of the evidence of PWs 3 and 4 along with the evidence of P.Ws. F 1 and 2 both the courts have consistently held that the evidence of these G witneses establish the guilt of the accused and there is no reason to come to different conclusion. Though P.W. 2 has been treated hostile but there is no reason to reject the evidence of P.W. 1 who is the main witness regarding the demand of bribe and acceptance of the same by A·2 on behalf of A·l as directed by A-1. The evidence of DW-1 by itself does not in any manner demolish the evidence of PW·l. [920-H, 921-A, 909·B, 907-C] H 902 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 2 S.C.R. A Pannalal Damodar Rathi v. State of Maharashtra, [1979] 4 SCC 526, distinguished. 2. Section 133 of the Evidence Act lays down that an accomplice is a competent witness against an accused person. The conviction based on such evidence is not illegal merely because it proceeds upon the uncorB roborated testimony of an accomplice, though there is a rider in Illustration (b) to Section 114 of the Act which provides that the court may presume that the accomplice is unworthy of credit unless he is corroborated in material particulars. This presumption is in the nature of a precautionary ' provision in corroborating the rule of prudence which is ingrained in the _] C appreciation of accomplice's evidence. Therefore, the courts should be guarded before accepting the accomplice's evidence and look for corroborating evidence. The discretion of the court upon which the rule of corroboration rests must be exercised in a sound and reasonable manner. Normally the courts may not act on an uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice but whether in a particular case it has to be accepted or not D would depend on an overall consideration of the accomplices's evidence and the facts and circumstances. If on being so satisfied the court considers that the sole testimony of the accomplice is safe to be acted upon, the conviction can be based thereon. Even if corroboration as a matter of prudence is needed it is not for curing any defect in the testimony of the E accomplice or to give validity to it but it is only in the nature of supporting evidence making the other evidence more probable to enable the court to satisfy itself to act upon it: [918-E-H, 919•A] DPP v. Hester, (1972) 3 ALL ER 1056; DPP v. Kiboume, (1973) 1 ALL ER 440; The King v. Baskerville, (1916) 2 K.B. 658 and Rameshwar v. State F of Rajasthan, [1952] SCR 377, referred to. 3.1 There 'are grades and grades of accomplices. When there is demand of bribe money by the public servant who is unwilling and to public good approaches the authorities and lodges complaint, then in order that the trap succeeds, he has to give the money. There could be another type G · of bribe giver who is always willing to give money in order to get his work done and having got the work done he may send a complaint. Hence he is a · }Jarticeps criminis in respect of the crime committed and thus is an ac~omplice. [910-D-C] H 3.2 In seeking corroboration for the evidence .of trap witnesses a SHAMSUDHIN v. ST ATE 903 distinction has to be drawn where participation of an individual in a crime· A "llii is not voluntary but is the result of pressure. If any of the witnesses are accomplices who are particeps criminis in respect of the actual crime charge, their evidence must be treated as the evidence of accomplices is treated, if they are not accomplices in that sense, but are only partisan or interested witnesses who are concerned in the success of the trap, their B evidence must be tested in the same way as other interested evidence is tested·which may vary from case to case and the corroboration in the case of such interested witnesses can be in a general way and not as one required in material particulars as in the case of an approver. In such a case the element of mens rea to commit the crime is not apparent and c cannot strictly be classified as an accomplice and at any rate he cannot be treated as being on the same footing. Where a bribe has_ already been demanded from a man and if without giving the bribe he goes to the police or magistrate and brings them to witness the payment, it will be a legitimate trap and in such cases at the most he can be treated as an interested witness and whether corroboration is necessary or not will be D within discretion of the Court depending on the facts and circumstances of each case. [919-D·E·CJ Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh and Anr. v. The State of Vindhya Pradesh, [1954] SCR 1098; State of Bihar v. Basawan Singh, AIR (1958) SC 500; E Major E.G. Barsey v. State of Bombay, AIR (196i) SC 1762; Bhanu Prasad Hari Prasad Dave and Anr. v. State of Gujarat, AIR (1968) SC 1323; Dalpat Singh and Anr. v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1969) SC 17; Maha Singh v. State (DelhiAdmn), AIR (1976) SC 449 andHazarilalv. State (DelhiAdmn), AIR (1980) SC 873, referred to. F r-~ 3.3 Corroborating evidence can be even by way of circumstantial I" evidence. As a rule of law it cannot be laid down, that the evidence of every complaint in a bribery case should be corroborated in all material par· ticulars and otherwise it cannot be acted upon. Whether corroboration is necessary and if so to what extent and what should be its nature depends G ~ upon the facts and circumstances of each case; In a case of bribe a person who pays the bribe and those who act as intermediaries are the only persons who can ordinarily be expected to give evidence about the bribe and it is not possible to get absolutely independent evidence about the payment of bribe. [920·F, 919-H, 920-A] H 904 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 2 S.C.R. A CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 553 of 1991 etc. etc. • From the .Judgment and Order dated 23.11.90 of the Kerala High Court in Crl. A. No. 245 of 1990. B U.R. Lalit, G. Ramaswamy, Sr. Advs. M.K. Michael, E.M.S. Anam and M.T. George Advs. with them for the appearing parties. The following Judgment of the Court was delivered by K. JAYACHANDRA REDDY, J. These appeals arise out of a comC mon judgment of the High Court of Kerala in Criminal Appeal Nos. 196/90 and 245/90 filed by the appellants herein C.K. Karunakaran and M.O. Shamsudhin respectively~ The two appellants figured as accused nos. 1 and 2 in C.C. No. 7/89 on the file of the Enquiry Commissioner and Special judge, Thrissoor and they have been found guilty under Section 5(2) read D with Section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and under Section 161 read with 120-B l.P.C. A-1 C.K. Karunakaran was sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for two years and to pay a fine of Rs. 1,000 and in default to undergo simple imprisonment for a further period of two · months for the offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act and to E rigorous imprisonment for one year for the offence under Sections 161 read with 120-B l.P.C. A-1. M.O. shamsudhin wa sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for one year and to pay a fine of Rs. 500 and in default to undergo simple imprisonment for a further period of one month for the offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act and to rigorous imprisonment for one year for the offence under Section 161 read with 120-B l.P.C. F The substantive sentences of imprisonment were directed to run concurrently. The appeals filed by them were dismissed by the High Court. Since it was a common judgment of the High Court in two appeals, A-1 has chosen to file two appeals i.e. Criminal Appeal Nos. 451-52/91 and A-2 has chosen to file only one appeal i.e. Criminal Appeal No. 553/91. Since G common questions arise in these. appeals, they can be disposed of together by a common judgment. At the relevant time A-1 was the Tehsildar and A-2 was Village Assistant. One Kunjan, deceased father of P.W.l, Rajan applied for patta with regard to 55 cents of Sarkar Porambokku land in Kalur Village. H Kunjan had remitted the necessary amount on 25.1.1974 pursuant to a ·~ ) r~·L SHAMSUDHIN i•. STATE [K.J. REDDY .J.j 905 notice. Tpe balance amount of Rs. 42 was also remitted some time in 1975. A After satisfactory compliance of the:: required formalities, patta was directed to be issued in his favour by the Board of Revenue. Before the patta could be issued Kunjan died. The matter was not pursued till 1987. On 8.6.1987 P.W. 1 sent P.W. 2, his cousin, to enquire about the issuance of the patta. P.W.2 met A-2 who told him that issuance of patta would entail some expenses and P.W.2 conveyed the same to P.W. 1 who together B with P. W. 2 met the accused at their office when a demand for bribe of Rs. 500 was reportedly made. P.W. 1 thought it was improper to give the bribe. He therefore filed a complaint Ex.P.4 before P.W.11, Dy. S.P. Vigilance in the presence of P.W.3, Auditor, District Co-operative Bank and P.W. 4, Inspector of Factories and Boilers. A case was registered, C mahazars were prepared and the currency notes were subjected to Phenolphatelin test and the tainted money was handed over to P.W.1 to be given in turn to the accused on demand. P.Ws. 7 and 8, Vigilance Constables followed P.Ws. 1 and 2 to the office of A-1. P.W. 11 and others were also on the move. According to P.W.1, he entered the office of A-1 and told him that he:: had brought the amount asked for. A-1 asked him to give the D amount to A-2 who was standing nearby. P.W.1 gave the amount to A-2 who put the same in his pant pocket. P.W. 2 also was there at that time. P.W. 1 went out and gave signal. Then all of them including the mediators P.Ws. 3 and 4 went to the office of A-1. P.W.11 disclosed his identity and P.W.1 told him that A-2 had received the money as per the instructions of A-1. On being questioned A-2 took out Rs. 500 from his pant pocket and E the numbers of the currency notes tallied. Corner parts of the currency notes and the pant worn by A-2 as well as his fingers were dipped in lime water and the pheriolphtalein test proved positive. The necessary panchnama incorporating all the facts was drawn up. The investigation of the crime was partly conducted by P.W. 11 followed by P.W. 12 who F succeeded P.W. 11 and after completion of the investigation, the chargesheet was laid. When questioned under Section 313 Cr.P.C., A-1 admitted that on 9.6.87 P.Ws. 1 and 2 met him in respect of issuance of patta. He, however, denied that he demanded Rs. 500 by way of bribe. He stated that when G P.W. 1 met him A-2 was not there. He further stated that A-2 met him just five minutes before the trap party entered his room and he also denied that A-2 collected the money as directed by him. I A~2 stated that neither he conspired nor colluded with A-1 to obtain H' 906 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995) 2 S.C.R. A illegal gratification from P.W. 1 and that he was not present in the office of A-1 on 9.6.1987. A-2, however, admitted that he had received a sum of Rs. 500 from P.W.l in the office room of A-1 on 10.6.87 as per the instructions of A- I but added that the amount was accepted without ~nowing that it was bribe money. He further explained that on 9.5.87 he B obtained a loan of Rs. 1980 from his provident fund account which was sanctioned by A-1 and from that amount Rs. 500 was taken by A-1 as a loan stating that the same was required to meet his urgent necessities and he promised to return the same within two days and the balance of Rs. 1480 alone was paid to him on 9.6.87. On 10.6.87 at about 4 P.M. while he J was in the office of A-1 seeking permission to leave the office early, P.W. ·-........... C 1 alongwith another person came to the office of A-1 and P.W. 1 offered some amount to A-1 who instructed A-2 to receive that amount from P.W. 1 telling him that the same was towards the amount of Rs. 500 which he had taken as loan on the prelious day. Therefore according to A-2 he was compelled to accept Rs. 500 from P.W. 1 as per the instructions of A-1 D bonafide believing that it was repayment and without knowing that it was bribe money and therefore he is innocent. In support of his plea he examined D.W.1, an L.D.C. working in his office just to show that on the previous day a loan from provident fund was sanctioned to A-2. Most of the basic facts are not in dispute. However, when examined E in the court the evidence of P.Ws. 1 and 2 did not unfold a consistent case in all respects. P.W. 1 gave evidence in such a way making an effort to exculpate A-2 while P.W. 2 gave evidence against A-2 in such a way exculpating A-1. He was however treated hostile. The trial court as well as the High Court after carefully scrutinising the evidence of P.W. 1 alongwith F the evidence of P.Ws. 3 and 4, the independent witnesses held that the guilt of both the accused has been established beyond all. reasonable doubt. Shri G. Ramaswamy, learned senior counsel appearing for A-1 submitted that P.W. 1, bribe-giver, is in the .nature of an accomplice and that since P.W. 2 has been treated hostile, there is no corroboration with regard G to the alleged demand of bribe by A-1 and since bribe money was recovered only from A-2, A-l's plea that he is innocent should be accepted and that A-2's statement trying to throw the blame on A-1 can not be used against A-1 even assuming it to be a confession and that such a confession by a co-accused who has tried to exculpate himself and inculpate A-1 is of H no evidentiary value at all. Shri U.R. Lalit, learned senior counsel appear- ~- ) r...J_ SHAMSUDHINv. STATE(K.J. REDDY,J.] 907 ing for A-2 submitted that explanation given by A-2 has to be accepted and A that A-2 received the amount of Rs. 500 from P.W. 1 as per the instructions of A-1 bonafide believing it to be towards the loan that A-1 has taken on the previous day from the amount of provident fund of Rs. 1980 sanctioned and that plea of A-2 is also supported by the evidence of D.W. 1. Acceptance of Rs. 500 from P.W.l is not disputed by A-2 and that the recovery of the same from A-2 is also not in dispute. A-2, however, pleaded that he was not a party to the alleged criminal conspiracy with A-1 in demanding the bribe. The evidence of D.W. 1 only shows that a loan from out of provident fund was sanctioned on the previous day. That by itself does not in any manner demolish the evidence of P.W. 1. B c Now the question is whether the inconsistencies found in the evidence of P.Ws. 1 and 2 do in any manner affect the prosecution case as such? P.W.1 in his chief examination deposed that P.W. 2 who is his close relation, went to the office of A-1 and found out that the patta was ready D and the same would be given on spending some money. On 8.6.87 P.W. 2 told him that patta would be given oil giving bribe to A-1. On 9.6.87 both of them went to the office of A-1 and discussed with him but A-1 demanded Rs. 500 and at that time A-2 was also present in the office. Since P.W. 1 did not have the money with him on 9.6.87 he did not give the same. Then A-1 directed him to give the money the next day at the waiting shed E near Swapna Theatre, Thrissoor in the morning of 10.6.87. P.W.1 sent P.W.2 to the waiting shed who told A-1 that he (P.W.1) would bring the money after selling pepper in the market. P.W. 1 further deposed that after realising the money he went to meet P.W. 2 who told him that A-1 has asked P.W. 1 to go and meet him with the money at 4 P.M. At that stage p P.W. 1 decided not to give bribe and decided to inform the vigilance department. Accordingly in the afternoon he and P.W. 2 went to Dy. S.P. and gave the statement Ex.P.4. Then he gave the details of the trap proceedings. P.W. 1 further deposed that as directed by Dy. S.P. he went to the office of A-1 with the money and that at that time A-1 and A-2 were present in the office. P.W. 1 told A-1 that he has brought the amount but G A-1 asked him to give the amount to A-2 who was standing nearby and accordingly he gave the money to A-2 and P.W. 2 was with him at that time. Then he gave the necessary signal and thereafter the trap party came in and recovered the money from A-2. In the cross-examination this witness was confronted with his previous statement. It appears that he stated t? H 908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995) 2 S.C.R. A the police that A-1 in the first instance demanded Rs. 1000. He was also also confrQnted with the contents in his complaint Ex.P.4. We have ex-. amined the contents of Ex.P.4. There no doubt P.W.l stated that A•2 came to them and stated that A-1 was asking for bribe of Rs. 1000 for issuing the patta but it is specifically mentioned that a little later he and P.W .. 2 were called to the room of A-1 and they went alongwith A-2. There A-2 B told that atleast Rs. 500 should be paid. In the further cross-examination P.W.1 gave some answers stating that A-2 was not present in the room when A-1 demanded the bribe of Rs. 500 and he also denied having given statement earlier that A-2 came out and called them into the office of A-1 but to another question P.W. 1, however, stated that A-2 was present when C he went to give the money to A-1 on 10.6.87. Now we shall examine the evidence of P.W.2 who is no other than the nephew of P.W.1. In the chiefexamination he deposed that on 19.6.87 at about 11.30 A.M. he and P.W. · 1 went to the office of A-1 who after seeing the file told that since it is a forest land it is not possible to get patta and when they went out of the D office they saw A-2 who told them that if Rs. 1000 are given to him he will get it done. But they told him that they are poor people. A-2, however, told that atleast Rs. 500 should be given to Tehsildar. Then he gave further details as to how P.W.1 gave the report to the Vigilance Department and how the trap party proceeded etc. He proceeded to state that when he and P.W. 1 entered the verandah of the office, A-2 came up and asked whether E the amount has been brought to which they told that they will pay directly to A-1 but A-2 told them that the money may be given to him and need not be paid directly to A-1. Accordingly P.W. 1 gave that tainted notes to A- 2. Thereupon P.W. 1 gave the signal. He gave further details about the recovery of the money from A-2 and drawing of mahazars etc. Towards F the end of the chief examination a specific question was put to him by the prosecutor asking whether it was not A-1 who demanded the money to which P.W.2 stated that it is only A-2 who demanded the money saying that it has to be given to A-1. Because of this answer, the witness was treated hostile and in the cross-examination he denied having mentioned G certain facts in his earlier statement. --- Learned counsel submitted that P.Ws. 1and2, the material witnesses are inconsistent in their versions regarding the demand of bribe and therefore it cannot be held that the prosecution has established that there was such a demand by A-1. Therefore he cannot be held guilty and that H consequently A-2 who has received Rs. 500 from P.W. 1 cannot also be ' .._ ) ) SHAMSUDHIN v. STA TE [K.J. REDDY, J.) 909 held to have conspired with A- 1 in obtaining illegal gratification. No doubt P.W.2 has been treated hostile but we see no reason to reject the evidence of P.W.1 who is the main witness regarding the demand of bribe and the acceptance of the same by A-2 on behalf of A-1 as directed A by A-1. Learned counsel, however, submitted that there is no corroboration B to the evidence of P.W.1 who is in the nature of an accomplice regarding the demand. Since this is an argument which is frequently put forward in all cases of bribery, we would like to examine the scope, nature and extent of corroboration that is necessary in such cases. The word "accomplice" is not C defined in the Evidence Act. However, it is accepted that the word is used in its ordinary sense which means and signifies a guilty partner or associate in a crime. Illustration (b) to Section 114 in a way cautions the court to bear in mind the presumption that an accomplice is not worthy of credit unless he is corroborated in material particulars. Section 133 of the Act, D however, declares that an accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person and a conviction is not illegal merely because it proceeds on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. The relation between Section 133 which is a rule of law and Illustration (b) to Section 114 which is a rule of prudence has been the subject-of comment in a large number of decisions. However, it has emerged that a conviction based on E the uncorroborated testimony of ali accomplice ~is not illegal though an accomplice may be unworthy of credit for several reasons. Reading Section 133 and Illustration (b) to Section 114 of the Evidence Act together the courts in India have held that while it is not illegal to act upon the uncorroborated testimony of the accomplice the rule of prudence so' F universally followed has to amount to rule of law that it is unsafe to act on the evidence of an accomplice unless it is corroborated in material aspects so as to implicate the accused. The reasons for requiring corroboration of the testimony of an accomplice are that an accompli~e is likely to swear falsely in order to shift the guilt from himself and that he is an immoral person being a participator in the crime who may not have any regard to G any sanction of the oath and in the case of an approver, on his own admission, he is a criminal who gives evidence under a promise of pardon and supports the prosecution with the hope of getting his own freedom. Now confining ourselves to the case of bribery it is generally accepted H 910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS f 1995) 2 S.C.R. A that the person offering a bribe to a pub.lie officer is in the nature of an accomplice in the offence of accepting illegal gratification but the nature of corroboration required in such a case should not be subjected to the same rigorous tests which are generally applied to a case of an approver. Though bribe givers are generally treated to be in the nature of acB complices but among them there are various types and gradation. In cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act the complainant is the person who gives the bribe in a technical and legal sense because in every trap case wherever the complaint is filed there must be a person who has to give money to the accused which in fact is the bribe money which is demanded and without such a giving the trap cannot succeed. When there is such a C demand by the public servant from a person who is unwilling and if to do · public good approaches the authorities and lodges complaint then in order that the trap succeeds he has to give the money. There could be another type of bribe giver who is always willing to give money in order to get his work done and having got the work done he may send a complaint. Here D he is a particeps criminis in respect of the crime committed and thus is an accomplice. Thus there are grades and grades of accomplices and therefore a distinction could as well be drawn between cases where a person offers a bribe to achieve his own purpose and where one is forced to offer bribe under a threat of loss or harm that is to say under coercion. A person who falls in this category and who becomes a party for laying a trap stands E on a different footing because he is only a victim of threat or coercion to which he was subjected to. Where such witnesses fall under the category of "accomplices" by reason of their being bribe givers, in the first instance the court has to consider the degree of complicity and then look for corroboration if necessary as a rule of prudence. The extent and nature of F corroboration that may be needed in a case may vary having regard to the facts and circumstances. G The word "corroboration" means not mere evidence tending to confirm other evidence. In DPP v. Hester, [1972) 3 ALL ER 1056, Lord Morris said: "The purpose of corroboration is not to give validity or credence to evidence which is deficient or suspect or incredible but only to confirm and support that which as evidence is sufficient and satisfactory and credible; and corroborative evidence will only fill H its role if it itself is completely credible." ) SHAMSUDHIN v. STATE [K.J. REDDY, J.] 911 ln DPP v. Ki/bowne, [19731 1 All ER 440 it was observed t~ A "There is nothing technical in the idea of corroboration. When in the ordinary affairs of life one is doubtful whether or not to believe a particular statement one naturally looks to see whether it fits in with other statements or circumstances relating to the particular matter; the better it fits in, the more one is inclined to believe it. B The doubted statement is corroborated to a greater or lesser extent by the other statements or circumstances with which it fits in." In The King v. Baskerville, [1916) 2 K.B. 658 which is a leading case on this aspect, Lord Reading said: C "There is no doubt that the uncorroborated evidence of an accomplice is admissible in law ...... But it has long been a rule of practice at common law for the judge to warn the jury of the danger of convicting a prisoner on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice or accomplices, and, in the discretion of the judge, to D advise them not to convict upon such evidence; but the judge should point out to the jury that it is within their legal province to convict upon such unconfirmed evidence ...... . This rule of practice has become virtually equivalent to a rule E of law, and since the Court of Criminal Appeal came into operation this Court of Criminal Appeals came into operation this Court has held that, in . the absence of such a warning by the judge, the conviction must be quashed .... .If after the proper caution by the judge the jury nevertheless convict the prisoner, this Court will not quash the conviction merely upon the ground that the accomplice's F testimony was uncorroborated." In Rameshwar v. The State of Rajasthan, (1952) SCR 377, Bose J., after referring to the rule laid down in Baskerville's case (supra) with regard to the admissibility of the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, held G thus: "That in my opinion, is exactly the law in India so far as accomplices are concerned and it is certainly not any higher in the case of sexual offences. The only clarification necessary for purposes of this. country is where this class of offence is sometimes tried by a judge H A B c E· F G H 912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995} 2 S.C.R. without the aid of a jury. In these cases it is necessary that the judge should give some indication in his judgment that he has had this rule of caution in mind and should proceed to give reasons for considering it unnecessary to require corroboration on the facts of the particular case before him and show why he considers it safe to convict without corroboration in that particular case." Justice Bose in the same judgment further observed thus: "In turn next to the nature and extent of the corroboration required when it is not considered safe to dispense with it. Here, again, the rules are lucidly expounded by Lord Reading in Baskerville's case (1916) 2 K.B. 658 at pages 664 to 669. It would be impossible, indeed it would be dangerous to formulate the kind of evidence which should, or would, be regarded as corroboration. Its nature and extent must necessarily vary with circumstances of each case and also according to the particular circumstances of the offence charged. But to this extent the rules are clear. First, it is not necessary that there should be independent confirmation of every material circumstances in the sense that the independent witness in the case, apart from the testimony of the complainant or the accomplice, should in itself be sufficient to sustain conviction. As Lord Reading says- "Indeed, if it were required that the accomplice should be confirmed in every detail of the crime, his evidence would not be essential to the case, it would be merely confirmatory of other and independent testimony." All that is required is that there must be "some additional evidence rendering it probable that the story of the accomplice (or complainant) is true and that it is reasonably safe to act upon it." Secondly, the independent evidence must not only make it safe to believe that the crime was committed but must in some way reasonably connect or tend to connect the accused with it by confirming in some material particular the testimony of the accomplice or complaintant that the accused committed the crime. This does not mean that the corroboration as to identity must \. SHAMSUDHINv. STATE(K.J. REDDY,J.] 913 extend to all the circumstances necessary to identify the accused A with the offence. Again, all that is necessary is that there should be independent evidence which will make il reasonably safe to believe the witness's story that the accused was the one, or among those, who committed the offence. The reason for this part of the rule is that- "a man who has been guilty of a crime himself will always be able to relate the facts of the case, and if the confirmation be only on the truth of that history, without identifying the persons, that is really no corroboration at all....It would not at all tend to show that B the party accused participated in it." C Thirdly, the corroboration must come from independent sources and thus ordinarily the testimony of one accomplice would not be sufficient to corroborate that of another. But of course the circumstances may be such as to make it safe to dispense with the necessity of corroboration and in those special circumstances a D conviction so based would not be illegal. I say this because it was contended that the mother in this case was not an independent source. Fourthly, the corroboration need not be dh·~ct evidence that E the accused committed the crime. It is sufficient if it is merely circumstantial evidence of his connection with the crime. Were it otherwise, "many crimes which are usually committed between accomplices in secret, such as incest, offences with females" (or unnatural offences) "could never be brougtit to justice·." F (emphasis supplied); We shall not refer to some of the judgment wherein the rule of corroboration has been considered in respect of the bribery cases. In Rao Shiv Bahadur .Singh and another v. The State of Vindhya Pradesh, (1954] SCR 1098 there are observations to the effect that the evidence of the trap G witnesses cannot be taken on its face value thereby indicating that their evidence cannot be relied upon without independent corroboration. In The State of Bihar v. Basawan Singh, AIR (1958) SC 500, a Bench of five-Judges considered this "corroboration requirement" and after referring to the / observations made in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh's case (supra) explained H 914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] 2 S.C.R. A them in the following manner: B c D ,E F G H "If the witnesses are not accomplices_, what then is their position? In Shiv Bahadur Singh's case (A) it was observed, with regard to Nagindas and Pannalal, that they were partisan witnesses who were out to entrap the appellant in that case, and it was further observed: "A perusal of the evidence .... leaves in the mind the · impression that they were not witnesses whose evidence could be taken as its face value." We have taken the observations quoted above from a full report of the decision, as the authorised report does not contain the discussion with regard to evidence. It is thus clear that the decision did not lay down any universal or inflexible rule of rejection even with regard to the evidence of witnesses who may be called partisan or interested witnesses. It is plain and obvious that no such rule can be laid down; for the value of the testimony of a witness depends on diverse factors, such as, the character of the witness, to what extent and in what manner he is interested, how he has fared in cross-examination etc. There is no doubt that the testll:nony of partisan or interested witnesses must be scrutinised with care and there may be cases, as in Shiv Bahadur Singh's case (A), where the Court will as a matter of prudence look for corroboration. It is wrong, however, to deduce from that decision any universal or inflexible rnle that the evidence of the witnesses of the raiding party must be discarded, unless independent con-oboration is available." (emphasis supplied) This Court in the above case concluded thus: "The correct rule is this: if any of the witnesses are accomplices who are particeps criminis in respect of the actual crime charged, their evidence must be treated as the evidence of accomplices is treated; if they are not accomplices but are partisan or interested witnesses who are concerned in the success of the trap, their evidence must be tested in the same way as other interested evidence is tested by the application of diverse considerations which must vary from case to case, and in a proper case, the Court may even look for independent corroboration before convicting the accused person." (emphasis supplied) ) SHAMSUDHIN v. STATE [K.J. REDDY, J.) It was further concluded thus: 915. "As was observed by Lord Reading in 1916-2 KB 658 (C) even in respect of the evidence of an accomplice, all that is required is that there must be "some additional evidence rendering it probable A 1 that the story of the accomplice is true and that it is reasonably B safe to act upon it." In 1952 SCR 377 at p.385: AIR (1952) SC 54 at p.57 (B), to which we have referred in an earlier paragraph, the nature and extent of corroboration required, when it is not considered safe to dispense with it, have been clearly explained and it is merely necessary to reiterate that corrooration need not be direct evidence that the accused committed the crime; it is suffiC cient even though it is merely circumstantial evidence of his connection with the crime." In a later case namely Major E.G. Barsey v. State of Bombay, AIR (1961) SC 1762 it was held by this Court that though a trap witness is not an approver he is certainly an interested witness in that he is interested to see D that the trap laid by him is succeeded and he could at the most be equated with the partisan witnesses which needs corroboration. Relying on the ratio laid down in Basawan Singh's case, a Bench of three-Judges in Bhanuprasad Hariprasad Dave and another v. The State of Gujarat, Air (1968) SC 1323 held thus: E "Now coming back to the contention that the appellants could not have been convicted solely on the basis of the evidence of Ramanlal and the police witnesses, we are of opinion that it is an untenable contention. The utmost that can be said against Ramanla~ the Dy. S.P., Erulker and Santramji is that they are partisan witnesses as they F were interested in the success of the trap laid by them. It cannot be said-and it was not said-that they were accomplices. Therefore, the law does not require that their evidence should be corroborated before being accepted as sufficient to found a conviction. This position is placed beyond by the decision of this Court in The State G of Bihar v. Basawan Singh, [1959] SCR 195 = AIR (1958) SC 500 wherein this Court laid down, overruling the decision in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh v. State of Vindhya Pradesh, [1954] SCR 1098 = AIR (1954) SC 322 that where the witnesses are not accomplices but are merely partisan or interested witnesses, who are concerned in the success of the trap, their evidence must be tested in th(( H A B c D E F G H 916 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 2 S.C.R. same way as any other interested evidence is tested and in a proper case, the court may look for independent corroboration before convicting the accused person. We are unable to agree that any different rule was laid down in E.G. Barsey v. State of Bombay, (1962) 2 SCR 195 = AIR (1961) SC 1762. It must be remembered that the decision in Basawan Singh's case, (1959) SCR 195 = AIR (1958) SC 500 was given by a J3ench of Five Judges and that decision was binding on the Bench that decided Barsay's case, (1962) 2 SCR 195 = AIR (1961) SC 1762. Some of the observations in Barsay's case, (1962) 2 SCR 195 =AIR 1961 SC 1762 no doubt support the contention of the appellants. But those observations must be confined to the peculiar facts of that case.