# M/S PUNJAB TIN SUPPLY:C,O.,. · CHANDIGARH ETC. ETC v. THE CENTRAL. GOVERNMENT & "ORS - **Citation:** [1984] 1 S.C.R. 428 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1984 - **Bench:** A.P. Sen, E.S. Venkataramiah - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/m-s-punjab-tin-supply-c-o-chandigarh-etc-etc-v-the-central-government-ors-8487 - **Pages:** 19 ## Headnote ' . . The ~.Ji Punjab U1ban• Rent Restriction Act~ 1949 a;·mmOdijied by the · East Punjab Urban Renl'Restriction Act (ExtensiOn- to -Chandigarh) ·Act. -1974- . Sec • .i-VaJiditj of. Whether Union Territory 0/ Chandigarh, Home,. -Department: . Notification. No. J52-LD-7J/602 dated January Jl, 1973 as !"odified by . notification3 dated September 24, .197J and Sept. 24, 1974 issued. under uc •. 3. yaJfd Wheiher Noi_ificationJ ~perate p~ospec~ivety: .- - · - ,. .. .. - ' ,... ' D . , lmer;r~t;aion o/St~iutes-Rul~ 0/_:_0bjec"iand ~olicy of statute -,,eed_ Mt a/Ways bl strictly confined''! preamble and provfalo~ of statu_~e. a _ . Inierpretiztfon of. ·statutes-Rule of-Whether a statute ·Operates ·.retros- . · _ ) pecti1el~Does not dep~nd prlmaTily"on language ·of -$ta,t~te-Court to .. ·ue J $urroundinz circumstances. - '! _ ·• ~~ ~n~~in~- ~ti~_ ~~st P~fab- Urban ·~~~t- Restr-iction.; Act (&tension to - , Chandigarh)_Act, 1974 the Parliam-ent brought- into forCe _with effeet from '~ November4, 1972, the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act; 1949 which Was ·in force iii the foriner State of -Punjab with the modifications Set put in its , :schedule in the Union Territory of Chandigarh and_validatCd an .aciions -take·n; notifiCations issued and orders made or purported to _have bi!eQ taken, 'is!Ued ....., or made under the 1949 Act. Sec. 3 of the Act or 1949 provided that. the Central Uoveroment may .exempt. any building· from the applicatioq of-. the Act. -Under that scctioi;i the Chief Commissioner of Chandigarh issUed a notification dated January 31, 1973 stating that the prOvisionS:.of the Act shall not app'Jy to . buildin2S,-constructed in the urban area ·Or Chandigarh, for' a period •of five years with effect from the date the sewerage conn~ction is granted in resPect or atic:h buildings. This notification was modified by notification_s dated ·SCptembCr· ;---...::-. - 24, 1973 and Sept. 24, 1974: The petitioners questioned the validity of s. 3 or the. Act ·or 1949 and notificatiot]s issued thereunder on the grounds that s. 3 suffered from the vice or excessive delegatiori or legislative power; that the exemption ·- . granted- by' the notificatiori dated January 3~ 1973 as modified b:Y the later notifications was outside-the scope of the object and poUcy of the Act 3.nd at the sal:ne time discriminatory, and that the power tO issue notifications under s. 3 of · the ACt could be exercised _by the_ Cetitral Government only. It was_ also urged th&t the notification bad prospective operation. · - ' .• .J: 1' . ' - ' .. • PUNJAB TIN CO. V, CENTRAi> GOVT. 429 Dismfssina: the petitions, HELD : Section 3 of.the Act does not suffer froqi the vice of ,excessive delegation of legislative power. and is also not violative .of Art. 1'4 of the Constitution; [439 FJ P.J. Irani v. The State of Madras, [1962) 2 S.C.R. 169; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Kanhaiyala/, (1970) 15 'M.P.L.J. 973; and Sadhu Singh v. Th~ District• Board, Gurdaspur & Anr. (Civil Appeal No. 2594of1966 decided on October 29, 1968) referred to. ' The pr~amble and .the provisions of a stat.ute nd doubt assist the Court · in finding out its object 80d policy but hs Object and policy need not always be B strictJy confined to its pream.ble aild th_e provisions contaitieQ therein, [440 DJ C In the instant case, the object and policy of the Act appears tO be slightly wider than some of the key provisions of the Act namely fixation 'of rair rent &nd prevention of uitreasonable eViction of tenants. The-policy and- o'bject of the Act generally is mitigation of ~ardship of tenants. Such mitigation can be attained by several measures, one of then1 being creation of incentive to 'persons with caPital Who are otherwise reluctant to invest in the construction of new buildings in view of the chilling effect of the· rent control laws.' As a patt of the said scheme in order to persuade them to invest in -the cOnstruction of new . 01,1ildings exemption, is granted io 'them from the operation -of. ## Text _Characters 0–39,900 of 44,775. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39900 for what follows._ A . . .. ,.B . , 428 ·_'. J .. M/S PUNJAB TIN SUPPLY:C,O.,. · CHANDIGARH ETC. ETC. Y. THE CENTRAL. GOVERNMENT & "ORS. c October !20; i983 • . [A.P. SEN; AND E.S. VENKATARAMIAH, JJ.) ' . . The ~.Ji Punjab U1ban• Rent Restriction Act~ 1949 a;·mmOdijied by the · East Punjab Urban Renl'Restriction Act (ExtensiOn- to -Chandigarh) ·Act. -1974- . Sec • .i-VaJiditj of. Whether Union Territory 0/ Chandigarh, Home,. -Department: . Notification. No. J52-LD-7J/602 dated January Jl, 1973 as !"odified by . notification3 dated September 24, .197J and Sept. 24, 1974 issued. under uc •. 3. yaJfd Wheiher Noi_ificationJ ~perate p~ospec~ivety: .- - · - ,. .. .. - ' ,... ' D . , lmer;r~t;aion o/St~iutes-Rul~ 0/_:_0bjec"iand ~olicy of statute -,,eed_ Mt a/Ways bl strictly confined''! preamble and provfalo~ of statu_~e. a _ . Inierpretiztfon of. ·statutes-Rule of-Whether a statute ·Operates ·.retros- . · _ ) pecti1el~Does not dep~nd prlmaTily"on language ·of -$ta,t~te-Court to .. ·ue J $urroundinz circumstances. - '! _ ·• ~~ ~n~~in~- ~ti~_ ~~st P~fab- Urban ·~~~t- Restr-iction.; Act (&tension to - , Chandigarh)_Act, 1974 the Parliam-ent brought- into forCe _with effeet from '~ November4, 1972, the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act; 1949 which Was ·in force iii the foriner State of -Punjab with the modifications Set put in its , :schedule in the Union Territory of Chandigarh and_validatCd an .aciions -take·n; notifiCations issued and orders made or purported to _have bi!eQ taken, 'is!Ued ....., or made under the 1949 Act. Sec. 3 of the Act or 1949 provided that. the Central Uoveroment may .exempt. any building· from the applicatioq of-. the Act. -Under that scctioi;i the Chief Commissioner of Chandigarh issUed a notification dated January 31, 1973 stating that the prOvisionS:.of the Act shall not app'Jy to . buildin2S,-constructed in the urban area ·Or Chandigarh, for' a period •of five years with effect from the date the sewerage conn~ction is granted in resPect or atic:h buildings. This notification was modified by notification_s dated ·SCptembCr· ;---...::-. - 24, 1973 and Sept. 24, 1974: The petitioners questioned the validity of s. 3 or the. Act ·or 1949 and notificatiot]s issued thereunder on the grounds that s. 3 suffered from the vice or excessive delegatiori or legislative power; that the exemption ·- . granted- by' the notificatiori dated January 3~ 1973 as modified b:Y the later notifications was outside-the scope of the object and poUcy of the Act 3.nd at the sal:ne time discriminatory, and that the power tO issue notifications under s. 3 of · the ACt could be exercised _by the_ Cetitral Government only. It was_ also urged th&t the notification bad prospective operation. · - ' .• .J: 1' . ' - ' .. • PUNJAB TIN CO. V, CENTRAi> GOVT. 429 Dismfssina: the petitions, HELD : Section 3 of.the Act does not suffer froqi the vice of ,excessive delegation of legislative power. and is also not violative .of Art. 1'4 of the Constitution; [439 FJ P.J. Irani v. The State of Madras, [1962) 2 S.C.R. 169; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Kanhaiyala/, (1970) 15 'M.P.L.J. 973; and Sadhu Singh v. Th~ District• Board, Gurdaspur & Anr. (Civil Appeal No. 2594of1966 decided on October 29, 1968) referred to. ' The pr~amble and .the provisions of a stat.ute nd doubt assist the Court · in finding out its object 80d policy but hs Object and policy need not always be B strictJy confined to its pream.ble aild th_e provisions contaitieQ therein, [440 DJ C In the instant case, the object and policy of the Act appears tO be slightly wider than some of the key provisions of the Act namely fixation 'of rair rent &nd prevention of uitreasonable eViction of tenants. The-policy and- o'bject of the Act generally is mitigation of ~ardship of tenants. Such mitigation can be attained by several measures, one of then1 being creation of incentive to 'persons with caPital Who are otherwise reluctant to invest in the construction of new buildings in view of the chilling effect of the· rent control laws.' As a patt of the said scheme in order to persuade them to invest in -the cOnstruction of new . 01,1ildings exemption, is granted io 'them from the operation -of. the Act for a •·short period of five years so that whatever may be the hardship ·for· tbe time • being to the tenants of the new bpildings, the new building& so constructtd may after the expiry of the period of exemption be available for the pool of housing accommodation coritrolled by the ·Act. The impugned· notification is not therefore, ultra vires section 3 of the Act as·in its true effect, it advances the Scheme, object and purposes of thC.Act which are articulilted in th!? preamble -.and' the substantive .provisions of the Act. Moreover the classification of ba,ilding$ into exempted build!n,gs and unexempfed buildings brought about by the noti~ fication bears a just anti reasonable nexus to ~he ~bject to be. achieved namely the creation of additional housing accommodation to meet the growing need of persons_ who have no accommodation to reside or to carry on business .and ,it cannot be considered as discriminatory or arbitrary or unreasonable in View of the shortnesS of the period of exemption available in the case of each ex~mpted building. [440 E-441 BJ ' Art. 239(1.) of the Constitution provide~ that save as ot~erwise provided by Parliament by.law, Union Territory shaU be adr.1inistered by the President acting through'ari administrator to be appointed by him with sμch designaiion a!$ he may sp~cify. Under a notification issued on November 1, 1966, the . President has directed that the aAministrator (the Chief Commissioner) sha:II in relation to.the Union Territory of Chandigarh exercise ancf'·discharge with effect from November 1, 1966 the powers and functions of the State Government under any law which. is extend~d to the U;nioi:i Territory of Chandigarh. The Act is a State law which is so extended to Union Territory throtigh the E~tenS:ion Act. ~t is furth~r s.een that _s. 3 (8) (b) (iii) of th~ Genera"! Cla1,1se~ D E - G B . .A. B C. D E . G B • - ·- --"-=- 430 St1PREMll COURT REPORTS • · (1984) 1 · S.C.R. Act defines •Central Government' in relation to th0 administration of .a· ·union Territory 3.s including the administrator thereof acting within the scope of the aurhority given to tiim under Art. 239 of the Constitution. --Tue Union of India· which is i party to_these proceedinis does not dispute the au.thority of the Chief COmmissioncr to issue the notification refe~ed to above. Moreover s. 4 of the I;xtension Act clearly v.ilidates the notifications which bad been issued or pul·. ported to -have ·been iSsued under the Act . before · the date of the.~ . Extension Act by declaring that they shall be deemed to be valid and effective. (441 G-442 E) .. '. ..... Uttam Bala &vankar v. A.1st1.- -·Collector ·of Customs- & Goa & Anr., (1971) f S.C.R. 714 refer~ed to. . Central ·Excise · All laws which affect subsiantivo -rights generally operate prospectively and there is a presumption against their retrospectiVity ~if they affect. vested rights ind obligations unless the legislative intc!nt is clear and.compulsive Such .. retrospective effect may be given where there are express, words giving retros pee- · tive effect or where the language used necessarily _implies that such retfospective - ·operation is intended .. Hence the question whether a statutory· Provision .has ·retrospective effect or not depends primarily On the langnage in which_· it iS cOuched. · - If the language is clear and unambiguous effect will have to be given to the provision i~ question in accordance with its tenor. 'If the Iariguage.is rioti-'! clear then the Court has to decide whether in the ·light of the surroundfog Circumstances retrospective effect should be given to it or nOt. (443 D·F) . . ' . . . . . ; - In the instant case a reading or the notification does not clearly indicate ·thattbeChiefCommissionerintended to grant exemption in respect of ani. of the buildings constructed prior to January 31, 1973; There was also no compelling• reason· for giving exemption to buifdingS- which had already been constructed as the object or issuing the 'notifi~ation was only to encourage construction of new buildings thereafter and not to . takC away the statutory protectioii already extended ·t~ tenants of buildings w~ich had come into existence prior to January 31, 1973. The notificatioll :applies only, to those buildings_ which are given Sewerage connection or electric connection or which are occupied, as the case may be. on or after January 31, 1973. · · · . (443 H-444 F;,346 q • The· notification impugned in the instan~ case sbnds by itself and it is not to be construed in the background of the provision of s. 2 of· the U.P. Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972. (446 A) ~ ~, . ' . - Om Prakash Gupta v: Dig Vajendrapal Gupta; "[1982) 2 S.C.C. 61; Raton Lal Shinghal v. Smt. Murtl Deri, (A.I.R. 1980 S.C. 635); Shrl Ram Saroop Rai Y. Smt. Li!avat~ [1980] 3 S.C.C. 452; Strawboard Manufacturing Co. Lid. v. Gupta Mill Workers Union, [1953) S.C.R. 439; Dr. Indramani Pyarelal Gupta. v. · W.R. Nathu & Ors., (1963) 1 S.C.R. 721;· and Income-Tax Officer, Al/eppey ·;, •. M.C. Polll!Oost ~Ors •• ~[197~] l S.~.R. 67~ referred IQ, · ' ... .J ... . • PUNJAB TIN co. v. CBNTltAL oovt. 431 ORIGINAL JURISDICTION ! Writ Petitions Nos. 6372-80, 9604, 9935·41, 9943-44, 9946-56 artd 10001 of 1982, 13·18, 83, :l93, 410, . 682, 914-25, 928, 1108-11, 2742-52, 2770, 2898, 3330-33, 3362, 3543, 3875-79, 3941, 3946, 3950, 4241, 4242, 4815-16, 4826, 4829, 4834-37, 5183, 5574, 5717, & 7891 of 1983, 7016, 8189-8206 & 9346 of 1982, 4614-20, 5188, 5845, 7489; 8212, 8612, 8875-76, 8886-88, 8268-69, 8348-50, 8382, 8384, 9082-83, 9094, 9129, 9133; 9134, 9145, 9147, 9262, 9562, 9569, 9862, 9864 11nd 9876-78 of 1983. f (Under 11rticle 32 of the Constitution of India)" . .. . Advocates For The Petitioners ( O.P. Verma t • Sanjeev Wa/ia, J.S. Sahpuri and M.P. Iha. Shrinath Singh and A. Gupta. A.K. Goel. · C.M. Nayyar. .. P.N. Puri, M.K. Dua and Sudarshan Goel. V.M. Tarkunde and Anil. B. Divan, H.K. Pur.i. S.K. Mehta,.P.N. Puri and M.K. Dua. R.P. Bhatt, Ashok Mathur and Parveen Kumar. A.K. GO!lguli . • S.K. Bisaria. S.K. Sabarwal. . . D.S. Shont, D.K. Garg and M.M. Kashya~, S.K. Bag~a. · Advocates for the Petitioners : B c D . . .E • D.R. Kapur, Sanjiv Madon, S.R. Srivastava, D.D. Sharma, H S.M. Ashri, Shankar Ghose, M/s; D.P. Mukharji, G.S. Chatterjee, B.S. Shont, M.M. Kashyap, T.S. Arora, S.K. Ghambir, Shrinath Singh, A.P. Mohanti, Swaraj Kaushal, B. Kanta Rao and P.H. Parekh . D H 43'2. SUPREME COURT REPORTS Adyocates For T~e Respondents : . R.P. Jagga [1984] l s.c.R S.- - • • PUNJAB TIN co. v. CENTRAL GOVT. (Venkatafamiah, J;) 433 Act, 1966 conferred power on th!' Central Government to extend by notification with such restrictions or modifications as it thought fit any enactment which was in force in a State at the ·date of the noti- . fication to the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Whereas section 88 of that Act prov,ided for the territorial extent of laws, section 89 dl:alt with the power to adapt laws, with the object of providing as far as possible for the continuity of laws in force in the several parts of. the erstwhile State of Punjab in the successor States namely the States of Punjab and Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. The Act Le. the East Punjab Urban Restriction Act, 1949 was B a law which had been enacted before the commencement of the Constitution and continued to be in operation even . after the com- . G mencement of the Constitution in the erstwhile State of Punjab by· virtue of the provisions of the Constitution. But the Act had ·not been brought into force in the area constituting the Union Territory of Chattdiga~h by the State . Government of the erstwhile State of Punjab .. By the Notification No. 13/l/66·CHD dated November . D 1, 1966 issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, the President authorised the Administrator of the Union Territory of Chandigarh i.e. the Chief Commissioner \hereof, in relation to the said territory to· exercise and discharge with effect from November 1, 1966 the powers and functions of the .State Government under any such law .. On the basis of the above notificaE tiog and, other relevant provisions of law and notifications which had been issued from time to time to which a detailed reference is not necessary, the Chief Commissioner issued a notification ·bringing the Act into force in the Union Territory of Chandigarh with certain modifications with effect from November 4. 1972. The validity of the said notification was challenged before the High Court of Punjab F and Haryana. '. The High· Court quashed the said notification by its judgment dated October 9, 1974 holding that the Act had not been effectively· brought into force in the Union Territory of Chandigarh by virtue of that notification (vide Dr. Harkishan Singh v. Union . of India & Ors).(') lt is not necessary to deal with tho reasons given G by the High Court in .support of-its judgment since the legal infir" · mities pointed out by the. High Court were set right by the Parliament by the enactment of the .East ·Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act (l!xtension to Chandigarh) Act, 1974 (Act 54 of 1974) (hereinafter referred to as 'the Extension Act') the relevant part of which· reads H as. follows : · · • (1) A.!.R, 197~ Punjab and Hilryana 1.6 0 (F.B.). A B c E F ... G H • 434 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1984) l S.C;R. "I. This Act may be called the East Punjab· Urban · Rent Restriction Act (Extensi11n to Chandigarh) Act, 1974. • 2. In this Act, "The Act" means the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949 as it extended to, and was in force, in certain areas in the pre-reorganisation State of Punjab (being areas which were administered by municipal committees, cantonment boards, town committees or noti· fied area committees or area notified as urban areas for the purposes of that Act) immediately before the .Ist day of November, 1966. 3. Notwithstanding anything contained.in auy judgment, decree or order of any court, the Act shall subject to the modifications specified in the SchedU!e be in force in and be deemed to have been in force with effect from the 4th d!y of November, 1972 in the Union Territory of Chandigarh as if the provisions of the Act as so modified had been •· included in and formed part, of this section and as if this section had been in force at all material times. 4. (I) Notwithstanding anything contained in any judgment, decrees or oder of· any court, anything done or any action taken (including any notification or direction issued or rents fixed or permission granted or oder made) ot purported to have been done or· taken under the Act shall be deemed to be as valid and effective as if the provisions or'this Act had been in force at all material times when such ·thing was done or such action was taken. (2) · Nothing in this Act shall render any person guilty of any offence for any contravention of the provb · s'ions of the Act which occurred before the commencement of this· Act. THE SCHEDULE (Sec. Section 3) Modifications in. the Act !. Throughout the Act, for "~tate GQvernment" sub• stitute "Central GQvemment". 'I_...,. --.. - PUNJAB TIN co. '· CENTRAL GOVT. (Venkaiaramiah, J.) 435 2. Section 1, for sub-sectfons (2) and (3), substitute "(2) It extends to all the urban areas in the Union Territory of A Chandigarh". - ' ,. 3. Section 2. - . - (i) aftei:. clause (d), insert- (dd) "Notification" means a notification published in the Official Gazettee". (ii) for clause (j), substitute,- '(j) · "urban area" means the area comprised in Chandigarh as defined in Clause ( d) of Section 2 of · the Capital of Punjab (Development and Regulation) • Act, 1952 and includes such other area comprised in the Union Territoty of Chandigarh as the Central• Government may, having regard to the density of the population .and the nature and extent of the accom· modation available therein and other relevant factors, declare by notification to be urban for the ·purposes of this Act." 4. For SFction 20, substitute- "20. (I) The Central Government may by notification make rules, for the purpose of carrying out all or any of the provisions of this Act. · (2) Every rule made under this Section shall be laid as soon' as may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session for a total period of thirty days which ~y be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the. rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect, only in such modified form or be -of no effect, • as the case may be; so however, that any such modifica· tion .or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anythin& previously done under !hat rule". , B c D ' G e B c L 436 SUPRllME COURT REPORTS ·. 119841 1 s.c.R. Thereafter in exercise of the powers conferred ·by section 3 of the Act the Chief Commissioner published a notification dated January 31, \973 exempting the buildings referred to therein·from the. ~peration of the Act. It reads :- , , , "No. 352-L.D-73/602 dated. January 31, 1973.·. In exercise of the powers conferred by section 3. of the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949, (Punjab . Act No. III of 1949), as applicable to the Union Territory of Chandigarh, the Chief Commissioner; Chandigarh, is pleased to direct ,that the provisions of the said Act shall not apply to buildings, constructed in the urban area of Chandigarh, for a period of five years with effect from the date the sewerage connection' is granted in respect of such buildings by the competent authority under rule.!12 of the· Punjab Capital (Development and Regulation) Building Rules, 1952;'' · D •This was followed by the issue of another. notification dated E FG ,H September 24, 1973 which is as follows :- ' ~"No. 2294-LD-73/3474. -In partial modification of Chandigarh Administration, Home Department/Notification No. 532-LD-73/602 dated the 31st January, 1973, the Chief Commissioner, Chandigarh is. pleased to .direct that the period of five years' exemption shall be computed as under: · (a) Where sewerage connection can be given, . from the date such connectii>n is granted by the competent authority; (b) Where sewerage connection cannot be . granted, as for instance, in the case of booths, from the · date electric connection is·· first given by the competent authority. · (c) In case not covered in categories (a) or (b) above from the date the building is actually occup_icd.'' Again on June 11; 1982 a further notification· was issued as follows: ~ 11 t •· .. • . PUNJAB TIN co. v. €ENTRAL GOVT. (Venkataramiah. J.) 437 • "No. LD-82/10.11.- In partial modification ·or Chandigarh Administration, Home Department Notification No. 352-LD-73/602 dated the 31st January, 1973 read with Chandigarh Adiriinistration Home ·Department Notification No. 2294-LD-73/3474, dated the 24th Septemeber, 1973 and in· exercise of the powers conferred by ,.1ection 3 of the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act,· 1949 as applicable tci the Union Territory of Chandigarh, the Chief Commissioner, Chandigarh is please~ to direct that the period of 5 years' exemption shall be computed in the manner indicated below : B (a) Where sewerage .connection can be· given, from the . G date such connection is granted. by the competent authority; (b) Where sewerage connection cannot be granted, as for instance, in the case of booths, from the date D electric connection is first given by the competent . ~thority; (c) Where sewerage connection has already been given and. n~w building is constructed in addition to ·or over and above the existing building and. has been separately let out, from the date new building is actually occupied; · (d) In cases ilotcovered in categories above, from the · date the building is actually occupied." · On September 24, 1974, the Chief Commissioner had .issued . ·earlier ano.ther notifica~ion which read thus : "No. 3205-LD-74/3614. ·In· exercise of.the powers conferred· by section 3 of the ·East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949 as · . applicable to the Union Territory of Chandigarh, the Chief Commissioner, Chandigarh is pleased to direct that the provisions of Section 13 of the said Act shall not apply to buildings, exempted from tH'e provisions of the Act for a period of five years vide Chandigarh Administration. Notification No. 352,LD,73/602 dated the 31st January, .G .A B • c D E _F 0 H: 438 . ;. . SUP)tllMI! COURT REPORTS {1984) 1 s.c.R • 1973 in respect .of decrees passed by Civil Courts in suits for ejectmeut of tenants in possess"ion of these buildings instituted by the landlords against such tenants during the period of exemption whether such decrees were or are· passed. ~uring the period of exemption or at any time thereaffer." The Extension Act merely brought into force with effect from November 4, 1972, the Act which was an Act in force in the former State of Punjab with the modifications set out in its Schedule in the Union Territory of Chandigarh .and validated all actions taken, notifications issued and orders made or purported to have been taken ' issued or made under the Act. .Having done that it . withdrew from the scene. Thereafter the Act as modified by the Extension Act alone has to be. looked into to consider its effect on the Union Territory of Chandigarh. As observed by this Court in Rajputana , Mining Agencies Ltd. v. Union of inilia & Anr.(1) 'there is neither precedent nor warrant for the assumption that when one Act app)ies another Act to some territory, the latter Act must be taken to be incorporated in ·the former Act. It may be otherw~e, if there were words to show that the earlier Act is to bi: deemed to be reenacted by the new Act.' The Act in the instant case was only • extended but not re-enacted. We should; therefore, proceed on the assumption that the Act itself with the amendments was in force with effect from November' 4, 1972 in the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Every building that was in existence on that day and which was constructed thereafter came to be governed by the Act u amended by the Extension Act. It was on January 31, 1973 that the Chief Coinmissioner issued the notification under. setion 3 of the Act exempting a certain. class of buildings namely new buildings for a period of five yeart calculated from the relevant date applicable to them. Section 3 of the Act as amended by the Extension Act reads 1th us ' "3. The Central Government may direct that all or • any of the provisions of this Ac! shall not apply to any particular building or rented land or any class of buildings or rented lands." · The notification dated January. 31, 1973 and the other notifications modifying it are alr.eady set out above. (1) 11961) 1 S.C.R. 453 at 457. .. --- • >- -• • • • . PUNJAB TIN co. v. ·Cl NTRAL GOVT. (Venkataramiah, 1.) 439 Several contentions have been urged on behalf of the petitioners in supporl of their case. Their first attack is directed against section '3 of the Act itself. It is urged that the said section which authorises the Central Government to issue notifications exempting certain buildings or class of buildings suffers from the ·"lice of excessive delegation oflegislative power. This contention need not :.detain .us· lpng because of tile decision in P.J. Irani v. The State of Madras(') in which section 13 of the Madras Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1949 (Madras Act XXV of 1949) 'which read as: "Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act the State Government may by a· notification in the Fort St. George Gazette exempt any building or class of buildings from all or al}y of the provisions of this Act," was upheld by a Constitution Bench of this Court. ·.This Court did not also notice any innrmity in section 3(2) of the Madhya Pradesh Accommodation Control Act, 1961 (41 of 1961) which read as·: . . "The Govrnment may, by notification exempt from all or any of the provisions of this Act any accommodation· which is owned by any educationai religious or charitable institution or. by any nursing or maternity liome, the whole of the income derived from which' is utilised for that institution or nursing home or maternity home." . . while decidillg the case of Srate of !Jadhya' Pradesh v. Kanhaiya/a/.(') In fact the very section i.e. section 3 of the Act has been held by this Court not to suffer from the vice of excessive delegation of legislative power (See Sadhu Singh V; The District Board, Gurd,aspur & Anr.(') It is also held in that case that section 3 is not violative of Article 14 . of the Constitution. This contention, therefore, fails . • The next contention is that the exemption granted by the notification in these.cases being outside the scope of the object and policy of the Act and at the same time discriminatory is liable to be ·struck down. The argument proceeds on the assumption that tbe policy and object of an Act can be gathered only from its. preamble (1)[196212 S .C.R. 169 . . (2) [1970) 15 M.P.L.J. 973. (3) Civil Appeal No. 2594 of 1966 decided on October 29, 1968. A B c D E F R A B D -G .. H • 440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1984] l s.c.R, and the provisions contained therein and1that in. the ·instant casb since the preamble of the Act stated that it had been cmacted to restrict the . increase of rent of certain premises situated with.in t)le limits of urban areas and the eviction of tenants therefrom and the Act has ma4e pro· vision only for thbse purposes mentioned in the preamble, the Central Government which is only a delegate of the Parliament could not . exempt totally certain new buildings from the operation of the· Act, ttius enabling greedy landlords to charge excessive rents and to evict at their sweet will the tenants who did not submit tO their wish~s. In the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the admininstration of the Uqion Territory of Chandigarh it is pl~aded that the object of issuing the notification is to 'encourage construction of :new buildings in the urban area of Chandigarh so that as the supply of housing accom· modation increased, the pressure on the tenant as a class may decrease. • The preamble and the provisions of a statute no doubt assist the Court in finding out its object and policy ·but its object and p~llcy need not ajways be strictly confined to its preamble and the provisions contained therein. The object and policy of the . Act which is now before us appears to be slightly wider than . some of the key provisions of the Act namely fixation of fair rent and prevention of unreasonable eviction of tenants. The acute problem of shortage of ur~an housing as . we air know has become a permanent. feature throughout India. It is on account of the. shortage of the number of houses in urban areas, the landlords get an opportunity to exploit ' . . ~ tenants who are in need of hou'!;ing accommodatiqn bj. c9mpelling them to enter into unconscionable bargains. The Act 1s passed as one of the measures taken to mitigate the hardship caused · to · the tenants. J'he policy and object of the Act gen1~rally is mitigation of the hardship of tenants. Such mitigation can be attained by several measures, one of them being creation of ince1'1tive to persons with capital who are otherwise reluctant to invesi in the construction of .• new buildings in view of the chilling effect of t~e rent control laws •. As. a part of the sa.id scheme in order to persuade them to invest in ·the construction of new buildings exemption is granted to them from : the operation of the Act for a short period of live years so that what·· ever may be the hardship for the time being to the tenants of the new buildings, the new building> so constructed may after the expiry of the period of exemption be available for the . pool of housing accommodation controlled by the Act. T~e impugned notification · is not; theref~re, ultra vires s~ction 3 of the A.ct as in itS>' .trμe ·~!feet, r- • ' >- • • . PUNJAB TtN co. v. CENTRAL GOVT. (.Venkataramitih, J.) 441 itcadvances the scheme, object and purposes of the Act which are articulated in the preamble and the substantive provisions of'the Act. · A Moreover the classification of buildings into exempted buildings and unexempted buildings brought about by the notification bears a just and. reasonable nexus to the object to be acliieved namely the creation of additional housing accommodation to meet the growing ·needs of persons who have no accommod!\tion to reside. or to ·carry on B business and it cannot be considered as discriminatort or arbitrary or unreasonable in view of the shortness. of the period. of exemption available in. the case of each exempted building. The exemption granted for a period of five years only serves a.s an incentive as stated above an.d does not create a class bf landlords who are for ever kept outside the scope of the Act. The notification tries to balance ·the C . interests of'the landlords on the one hand and of the tenants on the' other in a reasonable way .. W~ do not, therefore, agree with the submission that the notification either falls outside the object and policy of the statute or is discriminatory. The next submission made on behalf of the petitioners is that· the notification dated January 31, 1973 and the ·other subsequent · notincations issued by the ·chief Commissioner ar~ of no effect since · according fo ihe petitioners, the power to issue such notifications under section 3 of the Act can be exercised by the Central Govern· ment only. On behalf of the respondents i.e. tlie Union of India . and the administratfon of the Union Territory of Chandigar1', it is urged that although the Central Government is vested with the power > to issue orders under section 3 of the .Act, the said power can be exercised concurrently by the Chief Commissioner. of the Union Territor.y of Chandigarh also by virtue of Article 239(1) of the Constitution read with the notification issued by the President there· . under and of the definition of the expression 'Central Government' . given in section 3(8) of Generai Clauses Act, 1897 •. . Clause (I) of Article 239 of the Constitution reads thus : "239. (1) Save as otherwise ·provided· by Parliament bylaw, every Union territory shall be administered by the · ·President acting, to such extent .as he thinks fit, through an administrator to· be appointed· by him with such · designation as he may specify.'' ·-·-;',. ,._ ,_ ' . - ... ' The administrator of the . Union Territory of Chandigarh is called the· Chief Commissioner. Under a notiftcatf~~ 1~su~d -on • D E ' B c E ' .G H . 442 SUPRBMB COVRT REPORTS (1984) l S.C.R, November I, 1966, the President has directed that the administrator (the Chief Commissioner) shall in relation to the Union Territory of Chandigarh exercise and discharge with effect from November I, 1966. • the powers and functions of the State Government under any law which is extended to the Union Territory of Chandigarh. The Act is . lp a State law which is so extended to the Union Territory through the Extension Act which is only a corollary to sections 87, 88 and 89 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 19,66. It is further seen that section 3 (8) (b) (iii) of the General Clauses Act defines 'Central Government' in relation to the administration of a Union Territory as including the administrator thereof acting within the scope of the · authority given to him under Ariicle 239 of the Constitution. The Union of India which is a party to these proceedings does not dispute the authority of the Chief Commissioner to issue the noti· fications referred to above. In Uttam Bala Ravankar v. Asstt. Collector of Customs ¢ral Excise, Goa & Am'.(1) this Court has applied section 3(8) of the General Clauses Act to uphold a notification issued by the Lt. Governor of Goa, Daman and Diu (the adminis- . trator of the Uf!ion Territory) where the power to issue it was exercisable by the Central Government. Moreover section 4 of the Extension Act clearly validates the notifications which had been issued or purported to have been issued under the Act before the · date of the Extension Act by declaring that they shall be deemed to valid and effective. We do not, therefore, find. any merit in this. contention too. We shall next deal with the question whether the notification issued under section 3 of the Act has retrospective effect. ·This question affects . those. buildings which were 'constructed in the sense that they satisfied the criteria applicable to them prior to the issue of the notification. It is urged on behalf of the tenants .of such buildings that the notification is only prospective in its operation and the benefit of th'e el\emption accorded by it cannot be claimed by the land· lords of such buildings. The stand of the administration of the Union Territory of Chandigarh is also the same. The submission made on behaif of the Chandigarh administration is that the noti· fications take within their sweep only such buildings as arc coinplc· ted in the sense ftilfilling the criteria laid down threin after the notifications were brought into force. The landlords of certain buildings, however; claim that all buildings which were given (1) [1971).1 s.c.R. 114. ..,, " • • >- PUNJAB TIN co. v • .CENTRAL GO\'T. (Venkataramiah, J.) 443 sewerage conne~tion within five years prior to January 31,1973 or buildings to which such sewerage connection could not be given but ·which were given electric connection within five years prior to January 31,1973 ·or in any other case buildings which were occupied within five years prior to January 31,1973 should also be treated as having been exempted · from the operation of the Act for · a period of five years from the respective dates applicable to them In other words, it is urged by them that all the buildings which satisfied any of the above conditions on or after January 31,1968 would be entitled to the exemption in question for a period of five • years. It is further contended by them that any decree for eviction, that may have been obtained .by them in respect of such buildings in civil courts in suits instituted by them during the period of such exemption would be executable notwithstanding the provisions contained in Section 13 of the Act, ' • All laws which affect substantive rights generally operate pros• pectively and there is a presumption against their retrospectivity if they affect vested rights and obligations unless the legislative intent is clear and compulsive. Such retrospective effect may be given. where there are express words giving retrospective effect or where the language used necessarily implies that such retrospective opera· tion is intended. Hence the question whether a statutory provision has retrospective effect or not depends priil.J.arily on the language in which it is couched, If the language is clear and unambiguous effect will have to be given to the provision in question in accordance with its tenor. If the language is not clear then the Court has .to ·decide whether in the light of the surrounding circumstances retrospective effect should be given to it or not. . •.. In these cases the document which has .got to be construed is a notification issued under section 3 of th~ Act ·by the Chief Commissioner who. is only a delegate of the Legislature. It is to· be . noted that there is no dispute' that as soon as the Act came into force on November 4, 1972 an' the buildings which had be.en constructed prior to that date canie within the scope of_ the Act. The Act also applied to all the buildings which were constructed thereafter and before ·January 31, 1973 on whi~h date the notification was issued. The point for consideration is whether on the issue ·of the notification on January 31, 1973 any such buildiog to which the Act already applied was taken out of the operation of the Act. A reading of the notification does not clearlr indicate that tbe Chief A B c D E F G e A B c 0 E H • 444 SUPREME COURT REPO~TS (1984] 1 s.c.R. Comtnissioner intende4 to grant exemption in respect of any of the buildings constructed prior to January 31, 1973. While' the words 'buil