# MANEKA SANJA Y GANDHI AND ANR v. RANI JETHMALANI - **Citation:** [1979] 2 S.C.R. 378 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1978-11-23 - **Case number:** Transfer Petition No. 96 of 1978 - **Bench:** V. R. Krishna Iyer, P. S. Kailasam, A. D. Koshal - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/maneka-sanja-y-gandhi-and-anr-v-rani-jethmalani-7604 - **Pages:** 7 ## Headnote Petition for transfer of Crirninal Proceedings under Order XXXVI of Suprenie Court Rules 1966 read with section 406 Crin1inal Procedure Code 1973-Central criterion and guidelines to be followed by Courts, when a motion for tran.~fer is mnde. HELD : 1. Assurance of a. fair trial is the first imperative of the dispensation of justice and the central criterion for the Court to consider when a motion for transfer is made is not the hypersensitivity or rela-tive convenience of a party or easy availability of legal services or the like m1n1grievances. Somelhing more substantial, more compelling, more imperilling, from the point of view of public justice and its attendant environment is necessitous, if the Court is to exercise its power of transfer. This is the cardinal principle although the circumstances may be myriad and vary from case to case. c·ourts must test the petitioner's grounds on this touch-stone bearing in mind the rule that normally the complainant has the right to choose any Court having jurisdiction and the accused cannot dictate where the case against him should be tried. Even so, the process of justice should not harass the parties and from that angle the Court may weigh the circumstances. [380F-I-I] 2., The meat of the matter, in a case of defamation is something different than the common ground usually urged like the avoidance of substantial prejudice to a party or witnesses on account of logistics or like factors. especially when an .altemat.ive venue will not seriously handicap the complainant and °"·ill mitigate the serious difficulties of the accused. The main witnesses are those who speak to having read the offending, matter and other relevant circumstances flowing therefrom. [381A-B] In this case, the v.·itnesses belong to Bombay and the suggestion that Delhi readers may be substitute witnesses and the complainant may consent herself with examining such persons is too presumptuous for serious consideration. [381C] 3. The sophisticated processes of a criminal trial certainly require compe· ten~ legal service to present a party's case. If an· accused person, for any particular reason, is virtually deprived of this facility, an essential aid to fair trial fails. If in a certain Court the whole Bar, for reasons of hostility or otherwise refuses to defend an accused person-an extraordinary situation difficult to imagine, having rega.rd to the ethics of the profession-it may \\''ell be put forward as a ground which merits the attention of the Supreme Court. Glib allegation like the services of an efficient advocate may not be easy to procure involves a reflection on the members of the Bar in Bombay and, therefore, it cannot be ea'iily accepted without incontestible testimony in that beh<11f, \Vhich is absent in this case. apart from the ipse dixit of the party; Popular frenzy or official wrath shall not deter a member of the Bar from ~ I --' ' > ~ I ~IANEKA GANDHI v. RANI JETHMALANI (Krishna Iyer, J.) 3 79 ()ffering his services to those who wear unpopular names or unpalatable causes and the Indian advocate may not fail this standard. [381C-E] 4. lt is true that a detached atmosphere of a fair and impartial judicial trial is a must. The tendency of toughs and street roughs to violate the ~erenity of Court is obstructive of the course of justice and must surely be stamped out. Likewise, the safety of the Person of an accused or con1plainan!. is an essential condition for participation in a trial and where that is put in peril by commotion, tumult or threat on account of pathological conditions prevalent in a particular venue, the request for a transfer may not be dismissed summarily. It causes disquiet and concern to a Court of justice if a person seeking justice is unable to appear present one's caise, bring one's witnesses or adduce evidence. Indeed, it is the duty of the Court to assure propitious conditions which conduce to comparative tranquility at the trial. Turbulent conditions putting the accused's life ## Text A B c D E F G B 378 MANEKA SANJA Y GANDHI AND ANR. v. RANI JETHMALANI November 23, 1978 [V. R. KRISHNA IYER, P. S. KAILASAM AND A. D. KOSHAL, JJ.] Petition for transfer of Crirninal Proceedings under Order XXXVI of Suprenie Court Rules 1966 read with section 406 Crin1inal Procedure Code 1973-Central criterion and guidelines to be followed by Courts, when a motion for tran.~fer is mnde. HELD : 1. Assurance of a. fair trial is the first imperative of the dispensation of justice and the central criterion for the Court to consider when a motion for transfer is made is not the hypersensitivity or rela-tive convenience of a party or easy availability of legal services or the like m1n1grievances. Somelhing more substantial, more compelling, more imperilling, from the point of view of public justice and its attendant environment is necessitous, if the Court is to exercise its power of transfer. This is the cardinal principle although the circumstances may be myriad and vary from case to case. c·ourts must test the petitioner's grounds on this touch-stone bearing in mind the rule that normally the complainant has the right to choose any Court having jurisdiction and the accused cannot dictate where the case against him should be tried. Even so, the process of justice should not harass the parties and from that angle the Court may weigh the circumstances. [380F-I-I] 2., The meat of the matter, in a case of defamation is something different than the common ground usually urged like the avoidance of substantial prejudice to a party or witnesses on account of logistics or like factors. especially when an .altemat.ive venue will not seriously handicap the complainant and °"·ill mitigate the serious difficulties of the accused. The main witnesses are those who speak to having read the offending, matter and other relevant circumstances flowing therefrom. [381A-B] In this case, the v.·itnesses belong to Bombay and the suggestion that Delhi readers may be substitute witnesses and the complainant may consent herself with examining such persons is too presumptuous for serious consideration. [381C] 3. The sophisticated processes of a criminal trial certainly require compe· ten~ legal service to present a party's case. If an· accused person, for any particular reason, is virtually deprived of this facility, an essential aid to fair trial fails. If in a certain Court the whole Bar, for reasons of hostility or otherwise refuses to defend an accused person-an extraordinary situation difficult to imagine, having rega.rd to the ethics of the profession-it may \\''ell be put forward as a ground which merits the attention of the Supreme Court. Glib allegation like the services of an efficient advocate may not be easy to procure involves a reflection on the members of the Bar in Bombay and, therefore, it cannot be ea'iily accepted without incontestible testimony in that beh<11f, \Vhich is absent in this case. apart from the ipse dixit of the party; Popular frenzy or official wrath shall not deter a member of the Bar from ~ I --' ' > ~ I ~IANEKA GANDHI v. RANI JETHMALANI (Krishna Iyer, J.) 3 79 ()ffering his services to those who wear unpopular names or unpalatable causes and the Indian advocate may not fail this standard. [381C-E] 4. lt is true that a detached atmosphere of a fair and impartial judicial trial is a must. The tendency of toughs and street roughs to violate the ~erenity of Court is obstructive of the course of justice and must surely be stamped out. Likewise, the safety of the Person of an accused or con1plainan!. is an essential condition for participation in a trial and where that is put in peril by commotion, tumult or threat on account of pathological conditions prevalent in a particular venue, the request for a transfer may not be dismissed summarily. It causes disquiet and concern to a Court of justice if a person seeking justice is unable to appear present one's caise, bring one's witnesses or adduce evidence. Indeed, it is the duty of the Court to assure propitious conditions which conduce to comparative tranquility at the trial. Turbulent conditions putting the accused's life in danger or creating chaos inside the ·Court hall ·may jettison public justice. If this vice is peculiar to a particular place and is persistent the transfer of the case from that place may become necessary. Likev,rise, if there is general consternation or atmosphere of tension or raging masses of people in the entire region taking sides larnd polluting the climate, vitiating the necessary neutrality to hold a detached judicial trial, the situation may be said to have deteriorated to such an extent as to warrant transfer. [381H, 382A-CJ In the inst:'.~l case, none of the allegatic\1s made by the Pctirioner. read in the pragmatic Jight of the counter averment, of the respondent and understood realistically makes the contention credible that a fair trial is impossible. [383A-B] A B c D G. X. Francis v. Banke Bihari Singh, A.LR. 1958 SC 809 @ 810; referE ced to. Ob.H!n·ation The frequency of nlobbing manouvres in Court precincts is a bad omen for social justice in its wider connotation. Mob action may throw out of the gear the wheels of the judicial process. Engineered fury ·may paralyse a party's ability to present his case or participa~e in the trial. Tf the justice system grinds to a halt through physical manouvres or sound and fury of the senseless populace, the rule of law runs aground. Even the most hated human anethema has a right to be heard without the rage of ruffians or huff of toughs being turned against him to unnerve him as party or witness or advocate. Physical violence to a party, actual or imminent, is reprehensible when he seeks justice before a tribunal. Manageable solutions must not sweep the Supreme Court off its feet into granting an easy transfer but uncontrollable or perilous deterioration will surely persuade this Court · to shift the venue. It depends. [383D-F] Therefore (a) the trial Court should readily consider the liberal exercise of its power to grant for the accused exemption from personal F G appearance save on crucial occasions. [383G] H (b) Where tranquil Court justice is a casualty, the collapse of an MANEKA GANDHI v. RANI JETHMALANI (Krishna Tyer, J.) 3 8 I One of the common circumstances alleged in applications for transfer is the avoidance of substantial prejudice to a party or witnesses on account of logistics or like factors, especially when an altrrnative venue will not seriously handicap the Complaint and will mitigate the serions difficulties of the accused. In the present case the petitioner claims that. both the parties reside in Delhi and some formal witnesses belong to Delhi; but the meat of the matter, in a case of defamation, is something different. The main witnesses are those who speak to having read the offending matter and other relevant circumstances flowing therefrom. They belong to Bombay in this case and the suggestion of the petitioner's counsel that Delhi readers may be substitute witnesses and the complainant may content herself with examining such persons is too presumptuous for serious consideration. Now to the next ground. The sophisticated processes of a criminal trial certainly require competent legal service to present a party's case. If an accused person, for any particular reason, is virtually deprived of this facility, an essenli<>l aid to fair trial fails. If in a certain court the whole Bar, for reasons of hostility or otherwise, refuses to defend an accused person-an extra-ordinary situation difficult to imagine, haying regard to the ethics of the profession-it may well be put forward as a ground which merits this Court's attention. Popular frenzy or official wrath shall not deter a member of the Bar from offering his services to those who wear unpopular names or unpalatable causes and the Indian advocate may not fail this standard. Counsel has narrated some equivocal episodes which seem to suggest that the services of an efficient advocate may not be easy to procure to defend Mrs. Maneka Gandhi. Such glib allegations which involve a reflection on the members of the Bar in Bombay may not be easily accepted with- -Out incontestible testimony in that behalf, apart from the ipse dixit of the party. That is absent here. It is difficult to believe that a person of the position of the petitioner who is the daughter-in-law of the former Prime Minister, wife of a consequential person and, in her own right, an editor of a popular magazine, is unable to engage a lawyer to defend her, while, as a fact, she is apparently represented in many legal proceedings quite competently. A mo.ce serious ground which disturbs us in more ways than one is the alJeg,;J. absence of congenial atmosphere for a fair and impartial trial. It is Jiecoming a frequent phenomenon in our country that court proceedings are being disturbed by rude hoodlums and unruly crowds, jostling, jeering or cheering and disrupting the judicial hearing with menaces, noises and worse. This tendency of toughs and street roughs to violate the serenity of court is obstructive of the course of justice A B c D E F G ff A B c D E F G H 3 82 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 2 S.C.R. and must surely be stamped out. Likewise, the safety of the person of an accused or complainant is an essential condition for participation in a trial and where that is put in peril by commotion, tumult or threat on account of pathological conditions prevalent in a particular venue. the request for a transfer may not be dismissed summarily. It causes disquiet and concern to a court of justice if a person seeking justice is unable to appear, present one's case, bring one's witnesses or adduce evidence. Indeed, it is the duty of the court to assure propitious conditions which conduce to comparative tranquiJ!ity at the trial. Turbulent conditions putting the accused's life in danger or creating chaos inside the court hall may jettison public justice. If this vice is peculiar to a particular place and is persistent the transfer of the case from ._, · that place may become necessary. Likewise, if there is general con- · 1 sternation or atmosphere of tension or raging masses of people in the entire region taking sides and polluting the climate, vitiating the necessary neutrality to hold a detached judicial trial, the situation may be said to have deteriorated to such an extent as to warrant transfer. In a decision cited by the counsel for the petitioner, Bose, J. observed : ". . . . But we do feel that good grounds for transfer from Jashpurnagar are made out because of the bitterness of local communal feeling and the tenseness of the atmosphere there. Public confidence in the fairness of a trial held in such an atmosphere would be seriously undermined, particularly among reasonable Christians all over India not because the Judge was unfair or biassed but because the machinery of justice is not geared to work in the midst of such conditions. The cahn detached atmosphere of a fair and impartial judicial trial would be wanting, and even if justice were done it would not be "seen to be done".( 1) Accepting this perspective we must approach the facts of the present case without excitement, exaggeration or eclipse of a sense. of proportion. It may be true that the petitioner attracts a crowd in Bombay. Indeed, it is true of many controversial figures in public life that their presence in a public place gathers partisans for and against, leading to cries and catcalls or 'Jais' or 'zindabads'. Nor is it unnatural that some persons may have acquired, for a time a certain quality of reputation, sometimes notoriety, sometimes glory, which may make them the cynosure of popular attention when they appear in cities even in a court. And when unkempt crowds press into a co;;rt hall it is possible that some pushing, some nudging, some brash ogling or angry starting may occur in the rough and rumble resulting in ruffled feelings (1) r;.x. Francis v. Banke Bihari Singh, A.I.R. 1958 S.C. 809 at 810. ...-. .• MANEKA GANDHI v. RANI JETHMALANI (Krishna Iyer, J.) 3 83 for the victim. This is a far cry from saying that the peace inside the court has broken down, that calm inside the court is beyond restoration, that a tranquil atmosphere for holding the trial is beyond accomplishment or that operational freedom for the Judge, parties, advocates and witnesses has ceased to exist. None of the allegations made by the petitioner, read in the pragmatic light of the counter-averments of the respondent and understood realistically, makes the contention of the counsel credible that a fair trial is impossible. Perhaps, there was some rough weather but it subsided, and it was a storm in the tea cup or transcient tension to exaggerate which is unwarranted. The petitioner's case of great insecurity or molestation to the point of threat to life is, so far as the record bears out, difficult to accept. The mere word of an interested party is insufficient to convince ns that she is in jeopardy or the court may not be able to conduct the case under conditions of detachment, neutrality or uninterrupted progress. We are disinclined to stampede ourselves into conceding a transfer of the case on this score, as things stand now. Nevertheless, we cannot view with unconcern the potentiality of a flare-up and the challenge to a fair trial, in the sense of a satisfactory participation by the accused in the proceedings against her. Mob action may throw out of gear the wheels of the judicial process. Engineered fury may paralyse a party's ability to present his case or participate in the trial. If the justice system grinds to a halt through physical manoeuvres or sound and !fury of the senseless populace tk rule of law runs aground. Even the most hated human anathema has a right to be heard without the rage of ruffians or huff or toughs being turned against him to unnerve him as party or witness or advocate. Physical violence to a party, actual or imminent, is reprehensible when he seeks justice before a tribual. Manageable solutions must not sweep this Court off its feet into granting an easy transfer but uncontrollable or perilous deterioration will surely persuade us to shift the venue. It depends. The frequency of mobbing manouvres in court precincts is a bad omen for social justice in its wider connotation. We, therefore, think it necessary to make a few cautionary observations which will be sufficient, as we see at present, to protect the petitioner and ensure for her a fair trial. The trial court should readily consider the liberal exercise of its power to grant for the accused exemption from personal appearance save on crucial occasions. Shri Tarkunde, for the respondent fairly agreed that it was the right thing to do and explained the special reason for its fiist rejection. If the application is again made, the magistrate will deal. with it as we have indicated. This will .remove much of the unsavoury sensationalism which the hearing may suffer from. A B c D E F G H A B c 384 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 2 s.c.R. The magistrate is the master of the orderly conduct of court pro·· ceedings and his authority shall not hang limp if his business is stalled by brow-beating. It is his duty to clear the court of confusion, yelling and nerve-racking gestures which mar the serious tone of judicial hearing. The officials whose duty is to keep the public peace shall, on requisition, be at the command of the court to help it run its process smoothly. When the situation gets out of hand the remedy of transfer surgery may be prescribed. Every fleeting rumpus should not lead to a removal of the case as it may prove to be a frequent surrender of justice to commotion. The magistrate shall take measures to enforce conditions where the court function free and fair and agitational or muscle tactics yield no dividends. If that fails, the parties have freedom to renew their motion under s. 406 of the Criminal Procedure Code. 16' For, where tranquil court justice is a casua1ty the collapse of our consti- "'""."' tutional order is an inevitability. We dismiss, for the nonce, this transfer petition. S.R. Petition dismis>ed. .I