# MD. USMAN & ORS v. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH & ORS

- **Citation:** [1971] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 549
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1970-10-21
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 153 of 1971
- **Bench:** K. S. Hegde, A. N. Grover
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/md-usman-ors-v-state-of-andhra-pradesh-ors-5277
- **Pages:** 6

## Headnote

A.ndhra Pradesh Registration Subordinate Service Special Rules, r. 5U.D.Cs. and L.D.Cs. put together for recruitment to post of Grade-II Sub·
registrars-If violative of Art. 14 of l'onstitution.
Recruitment on seniority-cum-merit basis-Preferential qualifications
considered-Validity of recruitment.
The validity of the recruitment of the appellants as Grade-II Sub·
Te&istrars as well as the vires of r. 5 of the Andhra Pradesh
Registration Subordinate Service Special Rules under which the recruitment was
made, were challenged by some of the respondents. The rule deals with
the qualifications for being recruited as Grade II sub-registrars.
It put
in one class ·for the purpose of recruitment, both U.D.Cs. as well as
L.D.Cs. It was therefore contended that the rule violated Art. 14 of the
-Constitution by treating unequals as equals. The High Court held that
the recruitment was in accordance with the rule, but struck down the
rvle as violative of Art. 14.
In appeal to this Court,
HELD: (!) (a) U.D.Cs. and LO.Cs. belong to a districtwise cadre,
that is, promotion from L.D.C. to U.D.C. is made districtwise. Since
the chances of promotion from L.D.C. to U.D.C. in one district differ
materially from that of another, a L.D.C. in one district may be promot-
.ed as a U.D.C. much earlier than a L.D.C. in another district who may
be his senior, more efficient or may possess the same or better qualifications.
But Grade-II sub-registrars are in a statewise cadre.
Though
the position of a U.D.C. is superior to a L.D.C, if the State treated
U.D.Cs. as superior to L.D.Cs. while recruiting for a statewise cadre, it
would result in great injustice to a large section of the clerks, because of
the fortuitous circumstance of a L.D.C. in a particular district becoming a. U.D.C. in that district. Therefore. the State "-'a.~ justified in not
classifying the U.D.Cs. and L.D.Cs. separately.
(b) Though there was an anomaly in the case of L.D.Cs. and U.D.Cs.
serving in the same district, the anomaly could not have been 3.Voided.
The validity of the rule has to be judged by assessing its overall effect
and not by picking up exceptional cases~ Further, the rule provides for
giving preference to the U.0.Cs. who had put in service of 5 years or
more. [552H-553F]
(2) The sel~ction in the present case was made on the basis of senio~
rity-cum-merit.
A list of all the clerks, U.D.Cs. as well as L.D.Co., was
prepared in the order of seniority as L.D.Cs. and ~tncss of eac~ person
was considered.
Also, those persons who were entitled to be given pre~
ference under the rules were considered separately and recruited in the
first instance. The method adopted was the most reasonable one :ind was
in accordance with the mle. [553H-554B]
CML APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 153 of
1971.
549
B
c
D
E
r
G
H
650
SUPREME COURT RBPORTS
[1971) SUPP. s.c.a.
A
Appeal from the judgment and order dated October 21, 1970
of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Appea.l No. 240 of
1968.
B. V. Subrahamanyam and G.
Narayana Rao, for the
appellants.
B
P. Ram Reddy and P. P. Rao, for respondents Nos. 1 and 2.
c
D
E
F
G
H
M. Natesan, Venkataramhiah and K. Jayaram, for respondents Nos. 3 to 21.

## Text

MD. USMAN & ORS.
v.
STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH & ORS.
Aprit 29, 1971.
[K. S. HEGDE AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.J
A.ndhra Pradesh Registration Subordinate Service Special Rules, r. 5U.D.Cs. and L.D.Cs. put together for recruitment to post of Grade-II Sub·
registrars-If violative of Art. 14 of l'onstitution.
Recruitment on seniority-cum-merit basis-Preferential qualifications
considered-Validity of recruitment.
The validity of the recruitment of the appellants as Grade-II Sub·
Te&istrars as well as the vires of r. 5 of the Andhra Pradesh
Registration Subordinate Service Special Rules under which the recruitment was
made, were challenged by some of the respondents. The rule deals with
the qualifications for being recruited as Grade II sub-registrars.
It put
in one class ·for the purpose of recruitment, both U.D.Cs. as well as
L.D.Cs. It was therefore contended that the rule violated Art. 14 of the
-Constitution by treating unequals as equals. The High Court held that
the recruitment was in accordance with the rule, but struck down the
rvle as violative of Art. 14.
In appeal to this Court,
HELD: (!) (a) U.D.Cs. and LO.Cs. belong to a districtwise cadre,
that is, promotion from L.D.C. to U.D.C. is made districtwise. Since
the chances of promotion from L.D.C. to U.D.C. in one district differ
materially from that of another, a L.D.C. in one district may be promot-
.ed as a U.D.C. much earlier than a L.D.C. in another district who may
be his senior, more efficient or may possess the same or better qualifications.
But Grade-II sub-registrars are in a statewise cadre.
Though
the position of a U.D.C. is superior to a L.D.C, if the State treated
U.D.Cs. as superior to L.D.Cs. while recruiting for a statewise cadre, it
would result in great injustice to a large section of the clerks, because of
the fortuitous circumstance of a L.D.C. in a particular district becoming a. U.D.C. in that district. Therefore. the State "-'a.~ justified in not
classifying the U.D.Cs. and L.D.Cs. separately.
(b) Though there was an anomaly in the case of L.D.Cs. and U.D.Cs.
serving in the same district, the anomaly could not have been 3.Voided.
The validity of the rule has to be judged by assessing its overall effect
and not by picking up exceptional cases~ Further, the rule provides for
giving preference to the U.0.Cs. who had put in service of 5 years or
more. [552H-553F]
(2) The sel~ction in the present case was made on the basis of senio~
rity-cum-merit.
A list of all the clerks, U.D.Cs. as well as L.D.Co., was
prepared in the order of seniority as L.D.Cs. and ~tncss of eac~ person
was considered.
Also, those persons who were entitled to be given pre~
ference under the rules were considered separately and recruited in the
first instance. The method adopted was the most reasonable one :ind was
in accordance with the mle. [553H-554B]
CML APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 153 of
1971.
549
B
c
D
E
r
G
H
650
SUPREME COURT RBPORTS
[1971) SUPP. s.c.a.
A
Appeal from the judgment and order dated October 21, 1970
of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Appea.l No. 240 of
1968.
B. V. Subrahamanyam and G.
Narayana Rao, for the
appellants.
B
P. Ram Reddy and P. P. Rao, for respondents Nos. 1 and 2.
c
D
E
F
G
H
M. Natesan, Venkataramhiah and K. Jayaram, for respondents Nos. 3 to 21.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Hegde, J.-The principal question that arises for decision
lin this appeal by certificate is as to the vires of Rule 5 of the
Andhra Pradesh Registration Subordinate Service Special Rules.
to be hereinafter referred as "the rules". The High Court has
struck down this rule on the ground that it is violative of Art. 14
of the Constitution.
As a result of thait conclusion, it has also
quashed the recruitment of some of the respondents made in
March, 1965 for being J!OSted as Sub-Registrars Grade-II.
The petitioners as well as respondents No. 3 onwards in the
Writ Petition were serving as clerks, either in the upper division
or in the lower division, in the Registration and Stamps Department including the office of the Registrar Generail of Births,
Deaths and Marriages and the Office of the Registrar of the Firms.
Some of the respondents had been recruited by the Inspector
General of Registration and Stamps, Andhra Pradesh for being
appointed as Sub-Registrars.
The petitioners challenged the
validity of their recruitment on various grounds, by means of a
Writ Petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution. But that petition was summarily dismissed by a single Judge of the Andhra
Pradesh High Court.
1 Thereafter, the matter was. taken up in
appeal to a Division Bench of that Court. The Division Bench
rejected all the contentions of the petitioners except one viz. that
rule 5 of the rules is ultra vires Art. 14 of the Constitution. As
a result of that conclusion it struck down the impugned recruitments. Only two questions were presented before us for decision
viz:
(i) whether rule 5 of the rules is ultra vires Art. 14
of the Constitution; and
(ii) whether the recruitments maide are not in accordance with the rules.
At this stage, it may be mentioned that the High Court has held
that the impugned recruitments were made in accordance with
MD. USMAN v. A. p, STA'11! (Hegde, J.)
the rules. In other words, the second question was decided ·
against the petitioners.
We shall first take up the question ais to tlie vires of rule 5.
The rules provide for the promotion to the posts of Sub-Registra£
as weJI as for recruitment to those posts. Rule 2 provides that
a post of Grade-I Sub-Registrar should be fiJled by promotion
from Grade-II Sub· Registrar. So far . as
Grade II Sub-Registrars a.re concerned, they are to ·be appointed either by promotion
from reserve Sub-Registrars or by ."recruitment by transfer from
the clerks of the Registration and Stamps Department including
the Office of the Registrar General of Births, Deaths and Marriages and the Office of the Registrar of the Firms." Rule S deails
with qualifications for being recruited as Grade-II Sub-Registrars.
That rule reads :
"Qualifications : --No person shaJI be eligible for
appointment to the category mentioned below unless he
possesses the qua.Jification shown.
Category and qualifications
I. Sub-Registrars, II Grade :-(i) Must be a permanent clerk and must have served for a period of not less
than seven years on duty as clerk in the Registration
a,nd Stamps Department including the office of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages and the
Office of the Registrar of Firms;
(ii) Must have passed the Registration Test; and
(iii)(!) Must have taken at the finail examination at
the end of his school or college course, one of the follow551
A
B
c
D
E
ing languages, namely :-
F
Telugu, Hindi, Oriya, Kannada, Tamil, Urdu or
Marathi, or
(2) Must have passed the Government Translation
Test or the Second Class Language Test-Full Test.
"(iv) Must have passed the second class language
Test-Full Test-in a language other than that taken for
S. S. L. C. or University."
Preference shall be given to persons who, in addition to
the qualifications specified in items (i) to (iii) possess a
degree in Law of University in the State or any other
equivalent qualification or a Pleadership Certificate in
the First Grade or who have put in five years service in
G
H
.---.--.
.: SUPRI!MB COURT REPORTS
(1971) SUPP. S.C.ll.
A· '
the category 'of Upper Division Clerks in· the Registration Department."
·
·
. . :
D
E
n
. ~- · · It was uiged that this rule is violative Art. 14 of the Const't
tion because though among the clerks there are U.D.Cs., as lVe!I ~
. L.D.<;s., yet all of them had ~e:n p~t in one. class for the purpose 0~
recruttment. . As per the Mtmstertal ,Servtce Rules the U.D.cs.
·had to be selected from the L. D. Cs. _after the L. D. Cs. had
put in certain number of yea·rs of servtce and after they had
·passed the Accounts Test as well as the Registration Test. A.
U. D. C. hol~s supe~i~r post to !~at of a L. D. C. His salary is
·higher and hts condtttons of service are better than that of
a L. D. C . . Hence it was urged that as rule 5 treats U. D. Cs. as
·well as L. D. Cs. as equal for the purpose of recruitment for the
post of a Grade II Sub-Registrar, the rule violates the doctrine
of equality. According to the petitioners the equality doctrine i!
attracted not only when equals are treated a,s unequals but also
where uncquals are treated as equals. It was contended on behalf
of the petitioners that a statutory provision ma.y offend Art. 14
of the Constitution both by finding differences where there are
none and by making no difference where there is one. The proposition of law advanced on behalf of the petitioners is unexceptionable. This Court ruled in Kunnathat Thathunni Moopil
Nair v. The State of Kerala another(')
that when the statute
obliged every person who held land to pay tax at the ~at rate
prescribed, whether or not he made any income out of the pro·
pcrty, or whether or not the property was capable of yieldin~
any income, there being no attempt at classification in the provl-
~ions of the statute, the Statute denied equality before law because
of lack of classification. Similar views have been expressed by
this Court in other decisions. It is not necessary to refer ·to those
decisions.
.
On the other hand it wa-s argued on behalf of the contesting
respondents. that before considering the vires of rule 5, we mU;St
first ascertatn the reason behind the rule to find out whether 10
fact there is discri":li!lation.
The contesting respondents do not
deny that the posJ!ton of a U. D. C. i~ superior to tl1at of a
L. D. C. But accordmg to them it became necessary for the State
to pool together the U. D. Cs. a-s well as the L. D. Cs. for the
purpose of recruitment in question for the following reasons:-
The Grade If Sub-Registrars are in a statc~ise cadre whereas
the ~- D. Cs. and L. D. Cs. belong to a district-wise cadre. Pro-
"hohon from . L. I?· C to U. D. C. is made district-wise. The
c ances of pr?mot10n from L 0. c. to u. D. c. in one distrtct
(I) [1961]~3 S.C.R. 77.
MD. USMAN v. A. P. STA11l (Hegde, J.)
materially difiers from ooother district. It depends on the number
of posts available in a particular district. In one district a
L. D. C. may be promoted as· a U. D. C. as soon as he puts ia
a service of 5 yeacs, whereas in another district a L. D. C. 'POi·
sessing the same or better qualifications as well as efficiency may
not be promoted as a U. D. C. for 15 years or more. That
being so while making recruitment to a state-wis~ cadre it W86
not possible for the State to make distinction between the
L. D. Cs. and the U. D. Cs. The on,Jy reasonable basis that could
have been adopted was to .treat the U. D.1 Cs. aind L. D. Cs. as
one class for the purpose of recruitment. But. at, the same time
the rule provides for giving preference to the U. D. Cs. who had
put in a service of ·5 years or more.
There is force in these
contentions though there may be some anomaly in the ca.se of
L. D. Cs. and U. D~ Cs. serving in the saime district. But that
anomaly cannot be avoided. The validity of a rule has to be
judged by assessi.ng its over-all effect and not by picki'ng up
exceptional cases.
What. the court hrui to see is whether the
cla.ssification inade is a just one taking all aspects into consideration.
'
·
·
/
On the facts before us we are unable to agree tha! for the gl!r·
pose of recruitment with which we are concerned herein -tile State
should have classified the U. D. Cs. and L. D. Cs. separately.
If the State had treated the U. D. Cs. a6 being superior to the
L. D. Cs. for the pUrpose of that recruitment it ~ould have resul-
·ted in a great deal of injustice to a large section of the clerks.
The fortuitous circumstance of an officer in a particulac district
becoming a U. D. C. would have given him an undue advantage
over his seniors who might have been as efficient or even more
e!licient than himself, merely because they chainced to serve in
some other district.
For the reasons mentioned above, we do
not think that in the present case the State can be said to have
treated unequals as equals. The rule of equaility is intended to
advance justice by avoiding discrimination.
In our opinion the
High Court lfy overlooking the reason behind Rule 5 came to
the erroneous conclusion that the said rule violated Art. 14 of
the Constitution.
We agree with the High Court thait there is no substance
in the petitioners' contention that the impugned recruitments
were not made in accordance with Rule 5. It is clear from 'the
affidavit filed on behalf of the State and the Registrar that the
Registra.r had considered the case of all the qualified clerks, but
the Registrar thought that the best basL for recruitment was to
preparn ·a list '
0 1; the clerks. U. D. Cs- as well as L. D. Cs.
-arrangi:.g the
cs in the order of seniority as L. D. Cs. and
thereaifter con. ., each name and. reject the unfit.
In other
663
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
554
A
B
c
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1971] SUPP. s.c.R..
words, the selection was made on the basis of seniority-cum-merit
--the seniors among the clerks were selected subject to suitability.
Those persons who were entitled to be given preference under
the rules were considered separately and recruited at the first
instance. Only thereafter the other recruitments were ma.de.
The rules do not prescribe that the recruitment should be made
on the basis of merit and merit alone. Bearing in mind the fact
that the recruitment with which we are concerned in this case is
a recruitment by transfer which means recruitment from among
the ministerial offieial$, the method adopted by the Registrar
appears to us to be the most reasonable one.
In the result this appeal is allowed, the order of the Division
Bench of the High Court is set aside and tha.t of the single judge
restored. In the circumstances of the case, we direct the parties
to bear their own costs in all the courts.
V.P.S.
Appeal allowed.