# MIS GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHA YA T PARISHAD AND ORS v. >- STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS

- **Citation:** [2007] 8 S.C.R. 634
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 2007-07-30
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 3340 of2007
- **Bench:** C.K. Thakkerandp.K. Balasubramanyan
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/mis-gujarat-pradesh-pancha-ya-t-parishad-and-ors-v-state-of-gujarat-and-ors-23176
- **Pages:** 21

## Headnote

Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993-ss. 83 and 162-Powers of President
+
of District Panchayat vis-a-vis powers of District Development Officer-In the
c administration of District Panchayat-Held: Powers conferred on District
Development Officer u/s 162, regarding executive matters are 'absolute' and
.
unqualified'-And not subject to orders of the President of District
Panchayat-President of District Panchayat is empowered to secure only
implementation of Policy decisions-Part IX of the Constitution only conferred
constitutional status to the Local Self Government to the District Panchayats,
D and does not require the District Development Officer to exercise his executive
powers, subject to the orders of the President of District PanchayatConstitution of India, 1950-Part IX, Article 243-G (as inserted by
Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992).
Appellant No. 2 District Panchayat, is a member of appellant No. 1E society. The District Panchayat passed a resolution that District Development
Officer (ODO) shall consult the President of the District Panchayat in matters
of recruitment, app~intment, transfer, promotion, posting, deputation etc. of
all Panchayat employees of the District Panchayat. ODO-respondent No. 3
did not observe the resolution on the ground that such powers could be
F exercised only by the DDO and the President of District Panchayat had no
voice in executive or administrative functions. Appellants flied Writ Petition.
'fSingle Judge of High Court dismissed the Petition endorsing the view of the
DDO interpreting the provisions of Gujarat Panchyats Act, 1993 by referring
to the Rules framed thereunder. Division Bench of High Court, in Lett~rs
Patent Appeal approved the judgment of Single Judge. Hence, the present
G appeal
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
HELD: 1.1. It cannot be said that the District Development Officer must
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H
634
-(
-
GUJARAT PRADESHPANCHA YA TPARISHAD v. STATE OF GUJARAT
635
,./'"
exercise statutory powers conferred on him by Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993 A
only after consulting the President of the District Panchayat or the President
of the District Panchayat can issue omnibus directions to the District
Development Officer to place all files relating to recruitment, appointment,
promotion, transfer, deputation, disciplinary action, etc. before him prior to
taking any action in such matters. I Para 39) (653-E, F)
B
1.2. It cannot be said that the powers conferred on District Development
Officer are not 'absolute' or 'unqualified' but they are subject to orders of
-t--
the President of the District Panchayat. Reading s. 162 of the Act as a whole
and the use of the words "if any" clearly suggests that the power exercisable
by the District Development Officer under the Act is statutory power to be c
exercised by him. The executive initiation remains with the District
Development Officer and he need not wait for a 'nod from the President' before
performing any administrative function or taking any executive decision within
the four corners of law. (Para 31) 1650-E, F, G)
Syed Bashiruddin Ashraf v. Bihar Subai Sunni Majlis-e-awqaf and Ors., D
~
11965) 2 SCR 205, followed.
1.3. The District Development Officer who is vested with the executive
powers of the District Panchayat is not required to obtain prior or even
subsequent orders of the President of the District Panchayat. In individual
cases, the President may direct the District Development Officer to take E
appropriate steps for securing effective implementation of resolutions or
orders passed by the Panchayat or of any committee thereof.
(Para 33) (651-C, DJ
1.4. In matters relating to services under the Panchayats, no express F
-
....
power has been conferred nor duties imposed on the President of the District
Panchayat or members (elected wing). The Legislature thus intended services
under the Panchayats to be dealt with separately by the District Development
Officer and other officials of the Panchayat. It may be recalled that Distric

## Text

_Characters 0–39,856 of 51,592. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39856 for what follows._

A
MIS GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHA YA T PARISHAD AND ORS.
v.
>-
STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS.
JULY 30, 2007
B
[C.K. THAKKERANDP.K. BALASUBRAMANYAN,JJ.]
Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993-ss. 83 and 162-Powers of President
+
of District Panchayat vis-a-vis powers of District Development Officer-In the
c administration of District Panchayat-Held: Powers conferred on District
Development Officer u/s 162, regarding executive matters are 'absolute' and
.
unqualified'-And not subject to orders of the President of District
Panchayat-President of District Panchayat is empowered to secure only
implementation of Policy decisions-Part IX of the Constitution only conferred
constitutional status to the Local Self Government to the District Panchayats,
D and does not require the District Development Officer to exercise his executive
powers, subject to the orders of the President of District PanchayatConstitution of India, 1950-Part IX, Article 243-G (as inserted by
Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992).
Appellant No. 2 District Panchayat, is a member of appellant No. 1E society. The District Panchayat passed a resolution that District Development
Officer (ODO) shall consult the President of the District Panchayat in matters
of recruitment, app~intment, transfer, promotion, posting, deputation etc. of
all Panchayat employees of the District Panchayat. ODO-respondent No. 3
did not observe the resolution on the ground that such powers could be
F exercised only by the DDO and the President of District Panchayat had no
voice in executive or administrative functions. Appellants flied Writ Petition.
'fSingle Judge of High Court dismissed the Petition endorsing the view of the
DDO interpreting the provisions of Gujarat Panchyats Act, 1993 by referring
to the Rules framed thereunder. Division Bench of High Court, in Lett~rs
Patent Appeal approved the judgment of Single Judge. Hence, the present
G appeal
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
HELD: 1.1. It cannot be said that the District Development Officer must
-)--
H
634
-(
-
GUJARAT PRADESHPANCHA YA TPARISHAD v. STATE OF GUJARAT
635
,./'"
exercise statutory powers conferred on him by Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993 A
only after consulting the President of the District Panchayat or the President
of the District Panchayat can issue omnibus directions to the District
Development Officer to place all files relating to recruitment, appointment,
promotion, transfer, deputation, disciplinary action, etc. before him prior to
taking any action in such matters. I Para 39) (653-E, F)
B
1.2. It cannot be said that the powers conferred on District Development
Officer are not 'absolute' or 'unqualified' but they are subject to orders of
-t--
the President of the District Panchayat. Reading s. 162 of the Act as a whole
and the use of the words "if any" clearly suggests that the power exercisable
by the District Development Officer under the Act is statutory power to be c
exercised by him. The executive initiation remains with the District
Development Officer and he need not wait for a 'nod from the President' before
performing any administrative function or taking any executive decision within
the four corners of law. (Para 31) 1650-E, F, G)
Syed Bashiruddin Ashraf v. Bihar Subai Sunni Majlis-e-awqaf and Ors., D
~
11965) 2 SCR 205, followed.
1.3. The District Development Officer who is vested with the executive
powers of the District Panchayat is not required to obtain prior or even
subsequent orders of the President of the District Panchayat. In individual
cases, the President may direct the District Development Officer to take E
appropriate steps for securing effective implementation of resolutions or
orders passed by the Panchayat or of any committee thereof.
(Para 33) (651-C, DJ
1.4. In matters relating to services under the Panchayats, no express F
-
....
power has been conferred nor duties imposed on the President of the District
Panchayat or members (elected wing). The Legislature thus intended services
under the Panchayats to be dealt with separately by the District Development
Officer and other officials of the Panchayat. It may be recalled that District
Development Officer is Class-I Officer of the Indian Administrative Serviee
appointed by the State. He is also ex-officio Secretary of the District G
Panchayat. (Para 341 (651-E, F)
~ ~-
1.5. Section 83 of the Act empowers the President to secure
implementation or policy decisions taken by the elected wing of the District
Panchayat by issuing necessary instructions and directions to District
Development Officer. IPara 29) 1650-A)
H
636
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2007) 8 S.C.R.
A
1.6. There is clear distinction between elected representatives and civil
servants. Elected representatives of the people at District Panchayat level will
formulate policy and civil servants will execute it by implementing
programmes and policy decisions. In matters offormulation of policies and
programmes also, civil servants may make significant contribution by
B bringing the relevant data to the notice of the political executive. Likewise,
elected representatives may inform civil servants about problems and
difficulties of people which can be taken care of by the administration. But,
both the functions are to be performed by two wings which are different though
interdependent. (Para 38] (653-C, D, El
C
A. Sanjeevi Naidu, etc. v. State of Madras and Anr., (1970) l SCC 443;
D
and Tar/ochan Dev Sharma v. State of Punjab, (2001) 6 SCC 260, relied on.
"Government an(i Bureaucracy in India of 1947-76" by Mr. B.B. Mishra,
referred to.
2. The controversy raised and interpretation sought to be suggested by
the parties as regards powers of President of District Panchayat on the one
hand and of the District Development Officer on the other has nowhere affected
directly or even indirectly Part IX of the Constitution. The question agitated
has no bearing on constitutional set up or status of Local Self Government.
E Therefore, it cannot be said that the decision of the High Court impugned in
the present appeal is inconsistent with the provisions of Part IX of the
Constitution. (Para 28] (649-D, E, Fl
F
Kishansing Tomar v. Municipal Corporation of the City of Ahmedabad
and Ors., (2006) 8 SCC 352, followed.
3. It is true that the Rules (delegated Legislation) must be consistent
with the provisions of the Act (parent Legislation). But it cannot be said that
the High Court was wrong in referring to those rules while interpreting the
provisions of the Act. Reading the relevant provisions of the Act and the Rules
G. framed thereunder harmoniously, it appears to be crystal clear thhaDt ~n t~e
matters of services under the Panchayats, the Legislature wanted t e istnct
Development Officer and other officials of the District Panchayats to exercise
statutory powers and the High Court was right in referring to the Rules.
(Para 41) (654-B, q
H
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3340 of2007.
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..
4.
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...
.....
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GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER, J.J
637
From the Judgment & Order 14.06.2005 of the High Court of Gujarat at A
Ahmedabad in LPA No. 1126/2002 in Spl. Civil Appln. No. 1192 of2002.
Huzefa Ahmadi, Nakul Dewan, Mahesh Agarwal, Rishi Agrawala, E.C.
Agarwala, Gaurav Goel and Varun Mathur for the Appellants.
Sumita Hazarika, Hemantika Wahi and Shivangi for the Respondents.
B
The Judgment of the Court was delivered
C.K. THAKKER, J. l. Leave granted.
2. A question of considerable public importance has been raised by the c
appellant in the present appeal which has been instituted against judgment
and order passed by a Single Judge of the High Court of Gujarat in Gujarat
Pradesh Panchayat Parishad & o,.s. v. State of Gujarat & Ors., in Special
Civil Application No. 1192 of 2002 and companion matters decided on 25th
October, 2002 and reported in (2003) 1 Guj LR 633 and confinned by a Division
D
Bench of the High Court in Letters Patent Appeal No. 1126 of 2002 decided
on June 14, 2005 .
3. To appreciate the controversy raised in the appeal, few relevant facts
may be stated:
4. The Gujarat Pradesh Panchayat Parishad, appellant No. I herein, is a E
Society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. All District
Panchayats, Taluka Panchayats and Gram Panchayats are members of the
Parishad. Appellant No. I purports to protect the interest of the Panchayats
in the State of Gujarat by ensuring that their members function as institutions
of 'Local Self Government'. Appellant No.2 is the Sabarkantha District F
Panchayat consisting of elected representatives. Appellant No.3 is the
President of the said District Panchayat. Respondent No. I is the State of
Gujarat, Respondent No.2 is the Development Commissioner, while respondent
No.3 is the District Development Officer of Sabarkantha District Panchayat.
5. The question raised by the appellants before the High Court as well G
as before us centres round the powers of the District Development Officer visa-vis the powers of the President of District Panchayat in the administration
of District Panchayat under the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993 (hereinafter
referred to as 'the Act').
6. According to the appellants, Part IX of the Constitution read with the H
'\ )-
638
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[200Y] 8 S.C.R.
A relevant provisions of the Act leaves no room for doubt that the District
'"'
Development Officer is expected to exercise all executive powers of the District
.!-
Panchayat, subject to the orders, if any, of the President of the District
Panchayat.
..,
B
7. It is alleged by appellant No.2 that the District Development Officer,
Sabarkantha (Respondent No.3) started ignoring the President of the Dis1.rict
Panchayat in matters concerning administration, particularly relating to
appointment, transfer, promotion, posting, etc., of Panchayat employees. The
appellant No.2, District Panchayat, Sabarkantha, therefore, passed Resolution
-+
No.6 on November 21, 200 I, inter alia, resolving that the District Development
c Officer shall consult the President of the District Panchayat in matters of
recruitment, appointment, transfer, promotion, posting, deputation etc. of all
Panchayat employees of the District Panchayat. By an Office Order dated
December 13, 200 I the President of the District Panchayat in 'the purported
exercise of the power under Section 83 read with Section 162 of the Act,
directed the District Development Officer to place all the files relating to
D recruitment, appointment, promotion, transfer and deputation of employees in
the District Panchayat for his <;onsultation. The District Development Officer,
')-
however, was adamant in his attitude and asserted that in administrative
matters of recruitment, appointment, promotion, transfer, deputation, etc., of
employees of the District Panchayat, the power could be exercised only by
E the District Development Officer and the President of the District Panchayat
had no voice in executive or administrative functions of the District
Development Officer. Because of the difference and non-observance of the
resolution passed by the District Panchayat, the appellant approached the
High Court by invoking Article 226 of the Constitution for an appropriate writ,
direction or order compelling the District Development Officer to act in
F accordance with Section 162 of the Act, abiding by Resolution No.6 passed
"\'
.,....
by the District Panchayat and by taking all decisions in conformity with the
said resolution.
8. The learned Single Judge heard the petition, and considered rival
G
submissions of the parties. He referred to the relevant parts of the Constitution
and material provisions of the Act and held that it was obvious that the
..,,
Legislature did not contemplate superimposing role of the President of the
,.,_
District Panchayat over the functions performed and powers exercised by the
District Development Officer as the executive head of the District Panchayat.
)- ..._
The learned Judge ruled that the executive powers of the District Panchayat
H are not vested in the President of the District Panchayat but they are to be
f-·
"'
~.
GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER.l.]
639
exercised by the District Development Officer. Considering the case-law on A
the point, the learned Judge held that the status and position of the President
of the District Panchayat was neither similar to the Chief Minister of a State,
nor of a Sarpanch of village Panchayat. The contention of the appellants that
the District Development Officer was merely a Secretary of the Panchayat and
could not exercise any power without order to that effect by the President of
the District Panchayat was negatived. In the opinion of the learned Single B
Judge, the President could issue directions to the District Development Officer
in individual cases and the District Development Officer must pay heed to
.+·
such 'tap on his shoulder'. He should also inform the President about the
action taken or order passed by him. The Court posited that the District
Panchayat had no power, authority or jurisdiction to pass a resolution directing C
the District Development Officer to place all matters relating to recruitment,
promotion, transfer posting, tJeputation, etc. of employees of the Panchayat
for consultation of the President of the District Panchayat nor to obtain prior
or even subsequent permission, approval or order from him.
9. The learned Single Judge, in the light of the decision, recorded the D
following conclusions;
-{'
(i) (a) The Constitution has not conferred upon District Panchayats
or any other institution of Local Self Government any status or
role conferred upon States as Provinces in a Federation. While
constitutional status is conferred on Panchayats as institutions E
of self-Government, the Constitution has left it to the State
Legislature to determine the extent of devolution of powers to
such institutions at the appropriate level, subject to such
conditions as may be specified in the State enactment.
(b) The State Legislature has in the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993 F
--.:
provided for fusion of the principle of local self-Government with
the principle of centralised planning. If not properly operated, the
two principles may have the potential of conflicting with each
other, but the Legislature has, by carefully selected expressions,
carved out distinct roles for elected heads of Panchayats and for G
civil servants and also provided for State Government control for
specific purposes.
-'\·
(it)
The executive powers of the District Panchayat are not vested in
the President of the District Panchayat, unlike the vesting of the
'
executive powers of the Village Panchayat in the elected Sarpanch. H
}-
!
640
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2007) 8 S.C.R. ·
A
(m) The executive powers of the District Panchayat are vested in the
District Development Officer and the exercise of these powers is
-.r
subject to the orders, if any, of the Presid1:r1t of the District
Panchayat or the District Panchayat, as the case may be. But this
does not mean that the District Development Officer is reqt!ired
B
to obtain prior orders of the President or the District Panchayat.
(iv) While the powers and functions of the President of the District
Panchayat do include watching over the financial and executive
administration of the Panchayat and exercising administrative
-}
supervision on the District Development Officer for securing
c
impiementation of resolution!! or decision of the Panchayat or
any committee thereof, such watching over and exercising
administrative supervision does not mean taking decisions in
matters of day-to-day administration or in matters ofappointment,
transfer or other conditions of service of the Panchayat employees
or of officers posted by the State Government under the
D
Panchayats. The Act and the Rules, therefore, do not contemplate
that the District Development Officer is required to obtain prior
approval of the President of the District Panchayat or of the
District Panchayat before taking decisions in executive matters,
much less in matters which are entrusted to the District
E
Development Officer by the statutory rules under Section 227 of
the Act.
(v) However, the power of the District Development Officer to exercise
such executive powers including the powers conferred by the
Rules under Section 227(5) of the Act is subject to the orders of
the President of the District Panchayat or the District Panchayat
F
in individual cases i.e. it is open to the District Panchayat and
r
to the President of the District Panchayat to issue instructions
to the District Development Officer to take appropriate remedial
measures in matters causing concern to the elected representatives
of the people, when the local people suffer any hardships or if
G
the benefits intended to reach the people at large or the specified
categories of beneficiaries do not reach them.
~
(vi) The D.D.O. is not merely a Secretary of the District Panchayat.
The Act has contemplated a much larger and more important role
)--
for the D.D.O. In all executive matters while the D.D.O. need not
H
wait for a nod of approval from the President, he must pay heed
... c
GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER,J.)
64}
to a tap on the shoulder from the President, if at all the President A
finds it necessary to do so in a given case. In short, the executive
initiative remains with the D.D.O ..
(vii) In matters of preparing development projects and the projects for
the benefit of the people within the sphere of Panchayats, the
elected office-bearers will have a greater say while setting out the B
goals, but in deciding as to how those goals are to be achieved,
and for deciding as to_ through which officers and employees the
particular tasks at hand are to be carried out, it is the District
Development Officer and the other administrative officers who
will have greater say, subject to the power of the President to
exercise administrative supervision over the District Development C
Officer for securing implementation of the resolutions or decisions
of the Panchayat/Comm ittee thereof.
(viii) The illustration given in P.ara 11.9 hereinabove exemplifies the
scheme of the Gujarat Panchayats Act and the roles envisaged
for the President of the District Panchayat and the administrative D
officers. In any Panchay!lt set-up, it is for the D.D.O. and other
administrative officers and the President of the District Panchayat
and other elected representatives of the people to build up a
smooth working relationship. No administration can effectively.or
properly function if the political executive and the civil servants E
are always at loggerheads or if they do not focus their attention
on their basic duties i.e. formulation of policies and programmes
by the political executive and implementation of such policies
and programmes by the civil servants.
It is with the aforesaid perspective that the President of the F
District Panchayat and the D.D.O. have to play their respective
roles and with due sensitivity to the role of the other. They have
to co-operate with and complement each other and function as
the two wheels of a chariot. The difficulty arises when the wrong
question is asked as to who is in the driver's seat - the President
or the D.D.O.? The simple answer to this question which ought G
not to arise in the first place is - the Public Welfare has to be in
the driver's seat. Once, this truth is realised, the Panchayat
administration will run very smoothly and as intended by the
Constitution as well as the Legislature.
(ix) The question whether the D.D.O. is to exercise his executive H
642
A
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2007) 8 S.C.R.
powers subject to the orders of the President and the District
Panchayat or subject to the general control of the District
Panchayat will depend on the nature of the matters in which such
powers are to be exercised.
(x)
The State Government may exercise its control over the District
B
Panchayat through the D.D.O. within the parameters and as per
the modalities as indicated in para 14 hereinabove.
c
(XI) Resolution No. 6 passed by the Sabarkantha District Panchayat
on 21-11-2001 and the office order dated 13-12-2001 issued by the
·President of the Sabarkantha District Panchayat are illegal, as
they are inconsistent with the principles laid down in this judgment.
(xii) So also in case of Junagadh and Jamnagar District Panchayats,
orders of the Presidents of these respective District Panchayats
suffer from the same infirmity.
10. Being aggrieved by the judgment and order passed by the Single
D Judge, ·the appellants herein approached the Division Bench by filing intra
court appeal (Letters Patent Appeal) under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent.
The Division Bench of the High Court again considered the relevant provisions
of the Act as also of the Constitution and observed that it was in agreement
with the view taken by the learned Single Judge and the conclusions reached
E by him. The conclusions arrived at could not be said to be inconsistent with
the provisions of law.
F
G
11. The Division Bench, therefore, stated:
"We, therefore, agree with the learned Single Judge that the District
Development Officer is not required to seek previous approval or
permission of the District Panchayat or its President. However, the
District Panchayat or the President of the Panchayat shall have powers
to issue direction to the District Development Officer to bring his
actions within the constitutional or statutory frame and in accordance
with the economic plan".
12. On April IO, 2006, the Special Leave Petition was placed for
admission-hearing and notice was issued. On January 19, 2007, the Court
directed the Registry to post the matter for final hearing. The matter is thus
placed before us.
H
13. We have heard learned counsel for the parties.
'
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GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHAYAT PARISHADv. STATE OF GUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER,J.)
643
14. Learned counsel for th~ appellants strenuously contended that the A
judgment and order passed by the learned Single Judge and confirmed by the
Division Bench of the High Court is contrary to law and inconsistent with the
letter and spirit of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 as
also against the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993. According to the counsel, Part
IX came to be inserted in the Constitution by ensuring democracy at the grass B
root level and by conferring powers on· such local bodies in their day-to-day
administration. The High Court committed an error of law in holding that while
exercising administrative powers under the Act, the District Development
_,
Officer was not required to comply with the orders passed by the District
Panchayat and the President of the Panchayat. It was submitted that such a
view would destroy the constitutional set up in Part IX. It would also make c
Sections 83 and 162 of the Act totally unworkable, otiose and redundant. It
was also argued that the High Court was not right in placing reliance on Rules
framed under the Act (child legislation) and in upholding the power of the
District Development Officer ignoring clear provisions of the Act (parent
legislation) and the language used in Section I 62 which is clear, unambiguous D
-I
and unequivocal.
....,.
I 5. It was, therefore, submitted on behalf of the appellants that the
judgment of the High Court deserves to be set aside by upholding the validity
of Resolution No.6 passed by the District Panchayat and by issuing necessary
directions to the District Development Officer to obey the said resolution and E
to act in accordance with the directions issued thereunder.
16. The learned counsel for the District Development Officer, on the
other hand, supported the judgment and order passed by the learned Single
~
Judge and confirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court. She submitted
I
that the High Court. considered in detail the relevant provisions of the F
·--..,.
Constitution as also of the Act and held that there is difference between
President of the District Panchayat and other representatives of people (elected
members) and the District Development Officer and officials of District
Panchayat (administration wing). So far as policy matters are concerned, the
President of the District Panchayat and elected members are competent to
G
take appropriate decisions which are to be implemented by the administrative
-(
wing through District Development Officer and officers of the District
Panchayat. But as far as day-to-day civic administration and recruitment,
.~ -f
appointment, promotion, posting, transfer, disciplinary proceedings, etc. of
"
=J..
officers and employees of the District Panchayat is concerned, the Legislature
has invested executive and administrative powers in the District Development H
-\.
644
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2007) 8 S.C.R.
A Officer. And it is the District Development Officer who exercises administrative
powers subject to the orders, if any, of the President of the District Panchayat.
The High Court, according to the counsel, interpreted the relevant provisions
keeping in view the intention of the Legislature and issued necessary directions
which cannot be said to be unlawful or inconsistent with the provisions of
B the Constitution or of the Act. The appeal, therefore, deserves to be dismissed.
17. A counter affidavit on behalfofthe State Government is filed by the
Development Commissioner supporting the stand taken by the District
Development Officer. It is contended that the relief claimed by the appellants
that the President and/or the District Panchayat is required to be consulted
C for appointment, transfer, promotion, disciplinary action, etc. of its employees
is 'not warranted'. According to the deponent, the District Development
Officer is a 'statutory office' conferred with the executive powers of a District
Panchayat.
18. We have gone through the decision of the learned Single Judge,
D confirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court. Our attention has also ·
been invited by the learned counsel for the parties to Part IX of the
Constitution, relevant provisions of the Act and Rules framed under the Act.
19. So far as Part IX of the Constitution is concerned, the same has been
inserted by the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992. Article
E 243 defines various terms used in that Part. Article 243-B provides for
establishment of Panchayats in every State at the village, intermediate and
district levels. Article 243-C provides for composition of Panchayats. 243-G
deals with powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It reads as
under:
F
G
H
243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchtryats.-Subject
to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may,
by law, endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may
be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of selfgovernment and such law may contain provisions for the devolution
of powers and responsibilities upon Panchayats at the appropriate
level, subject to 'such conditions as may be specified therein, with
respect . to-
(a) the preparation of plans for economic development and social
justice;
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GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STA"iEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER,J.)
645
(b) the implementation of schemes for economic development and A
social justice as may be entrusted to them including those in relation
to the matters listed in the Eleventh Schedule.
20. It is not in dispute that before Part IX was introduced in the
Constitution, the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1961 was in force in the State. After
the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, however, the State B
Legislature enacted the present Act (Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993) to bring
the law relating to Panchayats in the State in conformity with Part IX of th;!
Constitution. Clause ( 14) of Section 2 of the Act defines 'Panchayat' ·to mean
a village Panchayat, taluka Panchayat or district Panchayat. Clause (6) of the
said section defines 'District Development Officer' as such officer as the State
Government may appoint to be a District Development Officer for the puf1'0seS C
of the Act. 'District Panchayat' is defined in Clause (7) as the District Panchayat
constituted under the Act. Part III of Chapter IV reiates to District Panchayats.
Section 8 t fixes the term of office of members of District P~hayat and of
President and Vice-President. Section 83 enumerates powers and functions of
President and Vice-President of the District Panchayat. Sub-section (1) (a) of D
Section 83 reads thus:
(l)(a) The President shall-
(i)
convene, preside at and conduct meetings of the district
Panchayat;
E
(ii)
have access to the records of the Panchayat;
(iit) discharge all duties imposed, and exercise all the p~wers conferred
on him by or under this Act;
(iv) watch over the financial and executive, administration of the
Panchayat and submit to the Panchayat all questions connected
therewith which shall appear to him to require its order; and
(v)
exercise adminimative su·pervision over the District Development
Officer for securing implementation of resolutions or decisions of
the Panchayat or of any Committee thereof.
21. Chapter V, inter a/ia, provides for administrative powers and duties
of officers and servants of District Panchayats. Section 161 mandates that
F
G
~ -~'.
there shall be a Secretary for every District Panchayat. It also states that a
District Development Officer posted under the Panchayat shall be ex-officio
Secretary of the Panchayat. Section 162 is another material provision H
.. >
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[2007) 8 S.C.R.
A prescribing powers and functions of District Development Officer. The relevant
part is sub-section (I) which reads thus:
'
~'
.~
162. Powers and functions of District Development Officer.-( I) Save
as otherwise expressly provided by or under this Act, the executive
Ipowers of a district panchayat for. the purpose of carrying out the
IB
provisions of this Act, shall vest in the District Development Officer
who shall subject to the orders, if any, of the President or of the
district Panchayat, as the case may be-
(a)
perform all the functions and exercise all the powers specifically
~
imposed or conferred upon him by or under this Act, or under
c
any law for the time being in force; and
I
(b)
lay down the duties of all officers and servants of the district
\
panchayat.
1
22. Chapter XIII (Sections 227-236) makes. detailed provisions relating to
D services. Section 227 requires constitution of Panchayat services in connection
with the affairs of Panchayats and clarifies that Panchayat Service shall be
;.
distinct from State Service. It states that the State Government may by order
~-·
from time to time determine the classes, cadres and posts and the initial
strength of officers and servants in the Panchayat service. Sub-section· (5) is
important and reads thus:
E
(5) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the State Government
may make rules regulating the mode or recruitment either by holding
examinations or otherwise and conditions of service or persons
r
appointed to the Panchayat service and the powers in respect of
appointments, transfers and promotions of officers and servants in
F
the Panchayats service and disciplinary action against any such
~-
y
.,.
officers or servants.
23. Section 230 provides for allocation of officers and servants to
Panchayat service.
G
24. The Act enables the Government to make rules (Sections 227, 228,
~
235, 236, 274).
25. In exercise of powers conferred by the Act, the State Government
)-
I
.....
has framed several rules relating to services under the Panchayat. The learned
H
Single Judge referred to those rules and. observed that so far as Panchayat
·- --(
GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER. l.)
647
service is concerned, District Development Officer, Deputy District Development A
Officer and other officials are having vide powers in recruitment, appointment,
promotion, transfer, deputation, disciplinary matters, etc., of employees.
26. The argument that the view taken by the High Court has destroyed
or considerably eroded constitutional set up in Part IX of the Constitution has
not impressed us. In our opinion, it cannot be said that interpretation of B
various provisions of the Constitution or the Act has disturbed, trun~ated or
adversely affected the status of Panchayats guaranteed by the Constitution.
Part IX of the Constitution confers certain powers on Local Self Government.
It promises duration of five years, free and fair election, representation of
Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes in the administration of institutions of
Local Self Government, 'no-interference' by other organs of the State, including
judiciary, etc. In our opinion, however, the High Court was right in observing
c
that "a District Panchayat cannot arrogate to itself the status of a body. as
independent or autonomous as a Province in a Federation". Part IX of the
Constitution or Article 243-G makes no change in the essential feature of the
Panchayat organization. What was sought to be done by the Seventy-third D
Amendment was that constitutional status to the Local Self Government was
conferred to District Panchayats, Taluka Panchayats and Village Panchayats.
A State Legislature, in the light of constitutional provisions in Part IX. cannot
do away with these democratic bodies at the local level nor their normal
tenure be curtailed otherwise than in accordance with law nor State Govtmment
can delay elections of these bodies.
27. A question similar to one in hand of interpretation of provisions of
the Constitution in Part IX-A concerning Municipalities came up for
consideration before a Constitution Bench of this Court in Kishansing Tomar
E
v. Municipal Corporation of the City of Ahmedabad and Ors., [2006) 8 SCC F
352 : JT (2006) 9 SC 320. Examining the underlying object of inserting Part IXA by the Constitution (Seventy-fourth) Amendment Act, I 992 and highlighting
effective and meaningful role to be played by local bodies in political
governance of the country, K.G. Balakrishnan, J. (as His Lordship then was)
stated;
"The object of introducing these provisions was that in many States
the local bodies were not working properly and the timely elections
were not being held and the nomiitated bodies were continuing for
long periods. Elections had been irregular and many times unnecessarily
delayed or postponed and the elected bodies had been superseded
G
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648
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(2007] 8 S.C.R.
or suspended without adequate justification at the whims and fancies
of the State authorities. These views were expressed by the then
Minister of State for Urban Development while introducing the
Constitution Amendment Bill before the Parliament and thus the new
provisions were added in the Constitution with a view to restore the
rightful place in political governance for local bodies. It was considered .
necessary to provide a Constitutional status to such bodies and to
ensure regular and fair conduct of elections. In the statement of
objects and reasons in the Constitution Amendment Bill relating to
urban' local bodies, it was stated:
In many States, local bodies have become weak and ineffective on
C account of variety of reasons, including the failure to hold regular elections,
prolonged supersessions and inadequate devolution of powers and functions.
As a result, urban local bodies are not able to perform effectively as vibrant
democratic units of self-Government.
D
Having regard to these inadequacies, it . is considered necessary that
provisions relating to urban local bodies are incorporated in the Constitution,
particularly for -
(i)
putting on a firmer footing the relationship between the State
Government and the Urban Local Bodies with respect to:
E
(a) the functions and taxation powers, and
F
G
H
(b) arrangements for revenue sharing.
(ii)
ensuring regular conduct of elections.
(iii) ensuring timely elections in the case of supersession; and
(iv) providing adequate representation for the weaker sections like
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women.
Accordingly, it has been proposed to add a new Part relating to the.
Urban Local Bodies in the Constitution to provide for-
***
***
***
(t) fixed tenure of 5 years for the Municipality and re-election within .
a period of six months of its dissolution.
The effect of Article 243-U of the Constitution is to be appreciated in
-
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GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER, I.)
649
the above background. Under this Article, the duration of the A
Municipality is fixed for a term of five years and it is stated that every
Municipality shall continue for five years from the date appointed for
its first meeting and no longer. Clause (3) of Article 24J-U states that
election to constitute a Municipality shall be completed - (a) before
the expiry of its duration specified in Clause ( 1 ), or (b) before the
expiration of a period of six months from the date or its dissolution. B
Therefore, the constitutional mandate is that election to a Municipality
shall be completed before the expiry of the five years' period stipulated
in Clause ( l) of Article 243-U and in case of dissolution, the new body
shall be constituted before the expiration of a period of six months
and elections have to be conducted in such a manner. A Proviso is C
added to Sub-clause (3) Article 243-U that in case of dissolution, the
remainder of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would
have continued is less than six months, it shall not be necessary to
hold any election under this clause for constituting the Municipality
for such period. It is also specified in Clause (4) of Article 243-U that
a Municipality constituted upon the dissolution of a Municipality 0
before the expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder
of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would have
continued under Clause (I) had it not been so dissolved".
28. In our judgment, the controversy raised and interpretation sought
to be suggested by the parties as regards powers of President of District E
Panchayat on the one hand and of the District Development Officer on the
other has nowhere affected directly or even indirectly Part IX of the
Constitution. With respect, the question agitated has no bearing on
constitutional set up or status of Local Self Government. We are, therefore,
unable to agree with the learned counsel for the appellant that the decision F
of the High Court impugned in the present appeal is inconsistent with the
provisions of Part IX of the Constitution.
29. The learned counsel for the appellant relied upon Section 83 of the
Act, which we have already referred to. It deals with powers and functions
of the President and Vice-President of the District Panchayat and, inter alia, G
states that the President of the District Panchayat may exercise administrative
supervision c ·1er the District Development Officer for securing implementation
of resolutions or decisions of the Panchayat or of any committee thereof.
Inviting our attention to dictionary meaning of 'administration' and
'supervision', the counsel contended that both the expressions are of wide H
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2007] 8 S.C.R.
A amplitude and take within their sweep all administrative matters which are
subject to supervisory control of the President. In our view, the High Court
is right that Section 83 empowers the President to secure implementation of
policy decisions taken by the elected wing of the Di~ct Panchayat by
issuing necessary instructions and directions to District Development Officer.
B
30. The learned Single Judge has explained this principle by giving an
illustr~tion. It was stated that suppose a primary health centre or a primary
school is tq be set up by the Panchayat.