# MOHD. NOOR AND ORS. ETC. ETC v. MOHD. IBRAHIM AND ORS. Etc. ETC

- **Citation:** [1994] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 790
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1994-07-19
- **Bench:** R.M. Sahaj, B.L. Harsaria
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/mohd-noor-and-ors-etc-etc-v-mohd-ibrahim-and-ors-etc-etc-12377
- **Pages:** 5

## Headnote

Rajasthan Pre-emption Act, 1966-Sections 2(vii), 3, 4, 11/Rajasthan
Tenancy Act, 195~Section 14(a)-Pre-emption-fl.ight of-Co-sharers in
Khatedari rights of agricultural /ands-Whether entitled to claim pre-empC tiolt-He/d, No-Transfer made by a Khatedar tenant-Not a transfer of
ownership.
D
Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 195~Sections J4(a), 14(c), 40to 43, 59-Nature of Khatedari rights-Transfer of such right;--W/iether amounts to transfer
of ownership-Held, No.
The appellants in the present appeal were co-shares in the Khatedari
rights or the land transferred. The question that arose for consideration
was whether a co-sharer or khatedari rights of agricultural land was
entitled to claim pre-emption under the Rajasthan Pre-Emption Act, 1966.
E Consequently the dispute was whether the sale or the land amounted to
transfer or ownership within meaning of Section 2(vii) or the Act.
Dismissing the appeal, this Court
HELD : 1.1. A Khatedar tenant is a person by whom rent is payable
F
u/s 43 or the Rajasthan Tenancy Act. The effect or it in law is that such a
person cannot be deemed to be an absolute or unlimited owner which is
necessary before the right of pre-emption can be exercised. [802-E]
1.2. The Rajasthan Tenancy Act permits transfer of agricultural
land. Therefore, a kbatedar tenant is entitled to transfer bis tenancy land.
G But a co·sharer can claim the right of the pre-emption only iC it is a sale
of ownersMp. The tenancy legislation visulaizes transfer of subordinate
right but the Rajasthan Pre-Emption Act, 1966 recognises transfer or
absolute right only. Transfer or Khatedari rights being transfer or subor·
dinate right only, no right or pre-emption exists in such transfer. Even
H though a kbatedar tenant is an owner for all practical purposes, bis
790
-
NOOR v. IBRAHIM [SAHAl,J.]
791
ownership is limited and, therefore, the transfer by a Khatedar tenant of A
an agricultural holding does not give right to a co-sharer to claim right of
pre-emption. Right of pre-emption is a right of substitution in ownership
either of land or house. It is not available in transfer of tenancy.
(793-H, 794-A·D)

## Text

A
MOHD. NOOR AND ORS. ETC. ETC.
v.
MOHD. IBRAHIM AND ORS. Etc. ETC.
JULY 19, 1994
B
[R.M. SAHAJ AND B.L. HARSARIA, JJ.)
Rajasthan Pre-emption Act, 1966-Sections 2(vii), 3, 4, 11/Rajasthan
Tenancy Act, 195~Section 14(a)-Pre-emption-fl.ight of-Co-sharers in
Khatedari rights of agricultural /ands-Whether entitled to claim pre-empC tiolt-He/d, No-Transfer made by a Khatedar tenant-Not a transfer of
ownership.
D
Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 195~Sections J4(a), 14(c), 40to 43, 59-Nature of Khatedari rights-Transfer of such right;--W/iether amounts to transfer
of ownership-Held, No.
The appellants in the present appeal were co-shares in the Khatedari
rights or the land transferred. The question that arose for consideration
was whether a co-sharer or khatedari rights of agricultural land was
entitled to claim pre-emption under the Rajasthan Pre-Emption Act, 1966.
E Consequently the dispute was whether the sale or the land amounted to
transfer or ownership within meaning of Section 2(vii) or the Act.
Dismissing the appeal, this Court
HELD : 1.1. A Khatedar tenant is a person by whom rent is payable
F
u/s 43 or the Rajasthan Tenancy Act. The effect or it in law is that such a
person cannot be deemed to be an absolute or unlimited owner which is
necessary before the right of pre-emption can be exercised. [802-E]
1.2. The Rajasthan Tenancy Act permits transfer of agricultural
land. Therefore, a kbatedar tenant is entitled to transfer bis tenancy land.
G But a co·sharer can claim the right of the pre-emption only iC it is a sale
of ownersMp. The tenancy legislation visulaizes transfer of subordinate
right but the Rajasthan Pre-Emption Act, 1966 recognises transfer or
absolute right only. Transfer or Khatedari rights being transfer or subor·
dinate right only, no right or pre-emption exists in such transfer. Even
H though a kbatedar tenant is an owner for all practical purposes, bis
790
-
NOOR v. IBRAHIM [SAHAl,J.]
791
ownership is limited and, therefore, the transfer by a Khatedar tenant of A
an agricultural holding does not give right to a co-sharer to claim right of
pre-emption. Right of pre-emption is a right of substitution in ownership
either of land or house. It is not available in transfer of tenancy.
(793-H, 794-A·D)
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2696 of B
1982 Etc. Etc.
From the Judgment and Order dated 1.12.81 of the Rajasthan High
Court in B.B.C.R.S.A.No. 174 of 1981:
B.D. Sharma, Rajendramal Tetia, Indira Makwana and Narotam C
Vyas for the Appellants.
Sushi! Kumar Jain and Sudhanshu Atreya for the Respondent.
VJ. Francis for the Respondent in Nos. 5 & 8.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
R.M. SAHA!, J. The short and the only question that arises for
consideration in these appeals is whether a co-sharer of khatedari rights of
agricultural land is entitled to claim pre-emption under the Rajasthan
Pre-Emption Act, 1966 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act').
D
E
Right of pre-emption has not been looked upon favourably as it
operates, 'as a clog on the right of the owner to alienate his property'. In
Radhakishan Laxminarayan .Toshniwal v. Shridhar Ramchandra Aishi &
Ors., AIR (1960) SC 1368 = (1961) 1 SCR 248, it was observed that, 'to
(To) defeat that law of pre-emptiori by any legitimate means' was not fraud. F
Therefore, availability of this weak or archaic right has to be construed
strictly. It the Act, there is no provision extending the benefit of pre-emption to agricultural holdings. A person claiming pre-emption, therefore, has
to squarely fall with in the forecorners of the provisions con!ained therein.
The right of pre-emption is defined in Section 3 to means, 'a right
accruing under Section 4 of the Act upon transfer of any immovable
property to acquire such property and to be substituted as the transferee
thereof in place of and in preference to the original transferee'. Section 11
G
of the Act entitles a person to bring a suit for pre-emption when a transfer H
792
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.
A
has been completed. Transfer under clause (viii) of Section 2 of the Act
means 'a sale, or a mortgage where the final decree for foreclosure in
re~pect thereof has been passed'. A transfer of immovable property for
purposes of the Act, therefore, must be a transfer or mortgage. Sale has
been defined by clause (vii) of Section 2 to mean, 'a transfer of ownership
B in immovable property in exchange for a price paid or promised or partly
paid and partly promised'. A co-sharer under Section 2(i) of the Act is
entitled to claim pre-emption by filing a suit under Section 11 of the Act.
Since factually there was no dispute that each of the appellants are cosharers in the khatedari rights of the land transferred the entire dispute
that shall clinch the issue is if the sale of the land amounted to transfer of
C ownership within meaning of Section 2(vii) of the Act.
To determine this it is necessary to examine the nature of Khatedari
rights and if a transfer of such right amounts to transfer of ownership. A
khatedar tenant is one of the tenants mentioned in clause (a) or Section
14 of the Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (hereinafter referred to as 'the
D Tenancy Act') and clause (c) defines the circumstances in whith a person
may become a khatedar tenant. Such a tenant has a right to bequeath his
interest under Section 59 of the Tenancy Act and transfer his interest under
Section 41 of the same Act on conditions specified in Sections 42 and 43.
His interest is heritable under Section 40 as well. Is that sufficient in law
E
F
to make him owner of the property? Is the transfer made by a khatedar
tenant is a transfer of ownership? A khatedar tenant, admittedly, is a
person by whom rent is payable under Section 43 of the Tenancy Act. The
effect of it in law is that such a person cannot deemed to be an absolute
or unlimited owner which is necessary before the right of pre-emption can
be exercised. In Butterworth's Word< and Phrases Legal Defined, Second
Edition, Vol. 4, Page 61, 'ownership' has been defined as under :
"Ownership consists of innumerable rights over property, for example, the rights of exclusive enjoyment, of destruction, alteration,
and alienation, and of maintaining and recovering possession of
G
the property from all other persons. Such rights are conceived not
as separately existing, but as merged in one general right of
ownership
11
•
Salmond summed up the concept of ownership as under :
H
"Summing up the conclusion to which we have attained, we may
-:
-
NOOR v. IBRAHIM !SAHA!. J.]
793
define the rights of ownership in a material thing as the general,
A
permanent and inheritable right to the uses of that thing."
Austin in his book of Jurisprudence, 3rd Edition, Page 817 defines
the 'right ownership' as
'a right indefinite in point of user, unrestricted in point of disposition, and unlimited in point of duration over a determinate thing.'
The theoretical concept of 'ownership', therefore, appears to be that a
person can be considered to be owner if ho has absolute dominion over it
in all respects and is capable of transfering such ownership. Heritability
and transferability are not doubt some of the many and may be most
important ingredients of ownership. But they by themselves cannot be
considered as sufficient for clothing a person with absolute ownership.
Their absence may establish lack of ownership but iheir presence by itself
B
c
is not sufficient to establish it. The ownership concept does not accord with D
the status of a person who is paying the rent. A tenant under various
legislations either urban or rural property, agricultural or otherwise, enjoys
right of heritability and transferability. At the same time, he does not
become owner of the property. Transfer of ownership is distinct and
different from transfer of interest in the property. A licensee or even a
tenant may be em:tled by law to transfer his interest in the property but E
that is not a transfer of ownership. For instance, a lessee from a corporation or a local body or even Stage Government to raise building may have
heritable and transferable right but such a person is not an owner and the
transfer in such a case of his interest in the property and not the ownership.
In Inder Sen & Anr. v. Naubat Singh & Ors., 1.L.R. 7 All. 553(FB) it was
held that absolute ownership is an aggregate of compendium of rights such
as right of possession, the right of enjoying usufruct of the land and so on
F
and so forth. The ownership, therefore, is a sum total of various subordinate rights. The right to transfer the subordinate right either under
general law or statutory law does not make it transfer of ownership. Section G
6 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 permits transfer of any property.
It may be transfer of absolute or subordinate right. The Tenancy Act
permits transfer of agricultural land, therefore, a khatedar tenant is entitled
to transfer his tenancy land. But a co-sharer can claim the right of preemption only if it is a sale of ownership. ln other words the tenancy
legislation visualizes transfer of subordinate right but the Act recognises H
794
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994]SUPP. 1 S.C.R.
A
transfer of absolute right only. Transfer of khatedari rights being transfer
of subordinate right only no right of pre-emption exists in such transfer.
It is true that after abolition of zamindari in various States the tiller of the
soil has become owner of the land. But it cannot be disputed that the
proprietorship of the land vests in the State 'to whom the rent is payable.
B
It is not uncommon that a person in possession of an agricultural holding
even as an owner cannot put his land to any use as he desires. For instance,
if the land has to be converted from agricultural use to non-agricultural
use then the tenure-holder is required to obtain permission of the State
Government or the appropriate authority appointed by it. All these indicate that even though a Khatedar tenant is an owner for all practical
C purposes but his OWnership is limited and, therefore, the transfer by a
Khatedar tenant of an agricultural holding does not give right to a cosharer to claim right of pre-emption. '!'he submission that the ownership of
the State was a mere fiction cannot be accepted. Right of pre-emption is
a right of substitution in ownership either of land or house. It is not
D available in transfer of tenancy.
In the result, all these appeals fail and are dismissed.
A.G.
Appeals dismissed.
-