# P. Krishna Menon v. The Commissioner of Income-tax - **Citation:** [1961] 2 S.C.R. 742 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1958-10-06 - **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 232 of 1960 - **Bench:** J. L. Kapur, M. Hidayatullah, J. c. SHAH - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/p-krishna-menon-v-the-commissioner-of-income-tax-2032 - **Pages:** 18 ## Headnote Income Tax-Gift or Remuneration for past services-Payment to retired Dewan. of 1-ndian State ~Ex-Ruler-Liability to· taxIndian Income-tax Act, r922 (II of r922), s.7(r), Explanation (2). A who was the Dewan of the State of Bhavnagar before responsible government was introduced in the State, was granted a monthly pension of Rs. 2,000 by the Maharaja of the State by an order dated January 15, 1948. On March I, 1948 the State of Bhavnagar was merged in the United States of Saurashtra and the Maharajah ceased to be the Ruler of the State. Subsequently on May 31, 1950, the Maharaja directed his banker in Bombay to pay A a sum of Rs. 5 lakhs out of the amount lying to his credit an as to how that amount of Rs. 5 lacs was to be adjusted in the accounts and on December 27, 1950, the Maharaja made the following order:- "In consideration of Shri Annantrai P. Pattani the Ex-Diwan of our Bhavnagar State having rendered loyal and meritorious services Rs. 5,00,000 (Rupees Five Lacs) are given to him as gift. Therefore, it is ordered that the said amount should be debited to our Personal Expense Account." On March 1, 1948, Bhavnagar State was merged in the United States of Saurashtra and the Maharaja ceased to be the ruler of the said State as from that 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 745 date. The assessability of this sum of Rs. 5 lacs was '960 raised in the course of the assessment proceedings for M h h-A 1 . a es nan rai tlie assessment year 1951-52 and at the request of the Pattani & Another assessee which is stated to be oral the Maharaja wrote v. on March 10, 1953, the following: The Commissioner "I confirm that in June 1950, I gave you a sum of 0! Income-tax, rupees five lacs (Rs. 5,00,000) which was a gift as a Bombay North, Ahmedabad token of my affection and regard for you and your family. This amount was paid to you by Premcha.nd Kapur J. Roychand & Sons according to my letter of 31st May, 19.50, from moneys in my account with them." On these facts the Income-tax Officer held that Rs. 5,00,000 received on June 12, 1950, was liable to income-tax under s. 7(1) read with explanation (2) of that section as it stood before the amendment by the Finance Act, 1955. The assessee took an appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner which was dismissed. Against that order an appeal was taken to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal but the Tribunal also dismissed the appeal. The Tribunal held that looking to the circumstances they would attach more importance to the "contemporaneous document, i.e., the order of the 27th December, 1950"; which clearly mentioned why the sum of Rs. 5,00,000 was paid to the assessee. The Tribunal was not inclined to "believe in the contents of that letter and would leave the matter at that." The reference is to the letter of the Maharaja dated March 10, 1953. The Tribunal further held that there was no distinction between the Maharaja and the State and "assuming for a moment that this view of ours is not found to be correct, still it is clear from the Huzur Order No. 13 dated 22-1-1948 (vide para 2 above) that the assessee rendered services not only to the State, if it is distinct from the Maharaja but to the Maharaja as well; for that Huzur Order clearly refers to assessee rendering "valuable services sincerely and conscientiously to us and our State". \Ve would, therefore, held that the amount of Rs. 5 lacs is a taxable receipt falling nnder Section 7(1) read with Explanation 2." At the instance of the assessee the following question of law was referred to the High Court: 746 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1961] I96o "Whether the sum of Rs. 5 lacs has been properly M h h A . brought to tax in the hands of the assessee for the , a es nantrat t 1951 52?" . Pattani & Another assessmen year - . v. and a further question as to the applicability of s. 4(3) The Commissioner (vii) of the Income-tax Act was not referred on the Bo/ 1 b"' 0"',~-tox, ground that it did not arise out of the order of the ont ay north, T 'b l Ahmedabad rI una ' The High Court, on the findings given by the TriKapur J. bunal came to the conclusion thats. 7(1) explanation (2) of the Income-tax Act applied. It held that it was not possible to regard the receipt of this sum of money by the assessee as a windfall nor as a personal gift of the nature of a testimonial; that the gift was not made in appreciation of the personality or character of the assessee nor was it symbolical of its appreciation of his personal qualities; that the consideration for the gift was in terms stated to be past services and therefore it could not be treated as a mere gift by an employer to an employee when the Court did not know what motivated the making of that gift. On the facts of the case the High Court reached the conclusion, though with some reluctance, that the case fell within the ambit of s. 7(1), Explanation (2). The High Court also held that this sum could not be exempted from tax on the ground that it was merely a casual or nonrecurring receipt because once connection with the employment was established there was no question of considering the recurring or the casual nature of the receipt. During the pendency of the proceedings in the High Court the assessee died and his heirs and legal representatives were brought on the record and hence they are the appellants. It was argued on behalf of the appellants that the facts showed that the sum paid cannot fall within s. 7(1), Explanation (2), of the Income-tax Act. By Hazur Order dated January 22, 1948, the Maharaja had compensated the assessee for' valuable services rendered and single-minded loyalty to the Maharaja and to his State during the difficult period of the war and thereafter, which had added to the prestige and prosperity of the State and in appreciation of that the 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 747 Maharaja had granted to the assessee a monthly peni96o sion of Rs. 2,000, which was paid to the assessee even M h h A 1 . • a es nan rai after the merger and of the establishment of the Pattani & Another United States of Saurashtra from out of the public v. revenue. At the time when Rs. 5,00,000 were paid, The Commissioner the State of Bhavnagar as such had ceased to exist. of Income-tax, The Maharaja wa.s no longer a Ruling Chief but was B°;;_~~~a~:~h, the Governor of the State of Madras. The order by which Messrs. Premchand Roychand & Sons, Bombay, Kapur J. were directed to pay the sum of Rs. 5,00,000 out of the account of the Maharaja does not mention any reason for payment. When as is alleged an accountant of the Maharaja asked as to how that amount of Rs. 5,00,000 was to be adjusted in the accounts, the Maharaja wrote on December 27, 1950, what is described as an order and directed that the sum should be debited to his Personal Expense Account. It also stated, why it is not clear, that that sum was to be given to the assessee in consideration of the assessee's loyal and meritorious services as a gift. When asked later to clarify the reasons for making this gift the Maharaja made it clear that the gift was as a token of affection and regard for the assessee and his family and that the amount was paid by Messrs. Premchand Roychand & Sons from out of the private monies of the Maharaja with that firm. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal took into account the two documents the first of which has been described as an order of December 27, 1950, which was treated as a "contemporaneous document" and the other the letter of March IO, 1953, which was about two yea.rs later. The Tribunal did not accept the correctness of what was stated in the letter but attached a great deal of importance to the document of December 27, 1950, which the Tribunal thought was a contemporaneous document. It appears to us that the Tribunal was in error in treating the document of December 27, 1950, as a contemporaneous document and because of this erroneous approach the finding that it has given cannot be treated as a finding of fact which should bind the court in its decision. It is obvious that the reason why the 748 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1961) r96o Tribunal attached all this importance to the document Mah"h--;;_,,anfrai of Decem 1 ber 27 1 d, lb950d •. ffiwas 1 that it was contemporaPpttani & Another neons. t wou e 1 cu t to accept that a document T C v. . . written six months after the fact of payment could be he 01nmissioner d d . of Income-tax terme as contemporaneous ocument particularly Bombay North, when the object of that document was only to instruct Ahmedabad an accountant as to how he should make a particular entry. The letter which was written by the Maharaja Kapur,]. on March 10, 1953, was rejected because of the circumstances of the case one of which was the contemporaneous document. It does not appear to us that the Tribunal gave sufficient or any consideration to the fact that the Maharaja had already passed an order of a liberal and almost generous grant of a pension of Rs. 2,000 per mensem which was in lieu of the services rendered by the assessee both to the State as well as to the Maharaja and his family and that pension was ordered before the merger of the State and when the employment of the assessee as the Dewan terminated. According to what was stated in the letter of the Maharaja dated March 10, 1953, the sum of Rs. 5,00,000 was given as a gift in token of Maharaja's affection and regard for the assessee and the assessee's family. ·There is no reason shown why the Maharaja should have aided and abetted the assessee in escaping income-tax. The only reason stated by the Tribunal is based on a wrong assumption as to the nature of the document of December 27, 1950. The payment of Rs. 5,00,000 was sought to be brought within the purview of s. 7( l) of the Act read with explanation (2). This section at the relevant time provided:- S. 7(1) "The tax shall be payable by an assessee under the head "Salaries" in respect of any salary or wages, any annuity, pension or gratuity and any foes, commissions, perquisites or profits in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages, which are due to him from, whether paid or not or are paid by or on behalf of ............................................. any private employer ............................................................ . Explanation 2: A payment due to or received by 2 ~.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 749 an assessee from an employer or former employer or i96o from a provident or other fund, is to the extent to M h h-A . h. h . d t . t f t 'b t' b th a cs nanlrai w ic it oes no cons1s o con n u 10ns y e Pattani s. Another assessee or interest on such contributions a profit v. receiveq in lieu of salary for the purpose of this sub- The Commissioner section unless the payment is made solely as compenof fncome-ta.•, . ' l b Bombay North, sat10n for loss of emp oyment and not y way of Ah,,;edabad remuneration for past services; ..................... ". Counsel for the appellants contended that the payKapur J. ment did not fall within this section because it was a gift made on account of personal qualifications and was a testimonial unconnected with any service rendered. The submission was that the assessee had already been compensated for his services to the Maharaja personally and the State and this sum of Rs. 5 lacs was a gift in token of affection and regard and not· as a payment in consideration of the services already rendered to the State or the Maharaja or both. It will not be inappropriate to mention that in the document dated December 27, 1950, it is stated that Rs. 5,00,000 was paid to the assessee as ex-Dewan of Bhavnagar State in consideration of his having rendered loyal and-·meritorious services to Bhavnagar State. There is no mention in the document of December, 1950, of any services rendered to the Maharaja and it does not seem to have been considered by the Tribunal as to why the Maharaja should make out of his personal account the gift of such a large amount for something which was not done for the Maharaja specifically, particularly when the services to the State and to the Maharaja and his family had already been well compensated. This lends support to the submission of the appellants that the amount was paid merely as a gift in token of Maharaja's affection and' regard for the assessee. Mr. Kolah for the appellants relied on several cases in support Of his contention that the amount was not liable to tax under s. 7. In Beynon v. Thorpe (1) the assessee resigned his position as a Managing Director of the Company; did no work for the company; did (t) (1928] 14 T.C. 1. 95 750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1961] x960 not attend any Board meetings and received no remu- -- . neration as a Director of the Company. It was, howP Mahesh 'AAnonthra• ever, a custom of the company to give to its retiring attani C>' not er · 1 v. employees voluntary p~ns10n or a lowance and the The commissioner company voted a pens10n of £ 5,000 a year to the of Income-ta•. assessee but this resolution was rescinded and by Bombay North. another resolution£ 5,000 was voted to the assessee" Ahmcdabad not as or because he is a Director but as a personal Kapur]. gift". The assessee was assessed under Schedule 'E' in respect of both the pension and the final payment but these assessments were discharged on appeal by the Special Commissioners who decided that the allowances were gifts of personal nature only. It was held that the payments were not income assessable to income-tax in the hands of the assessee. Rowlatt, J., said at p. 14: "Now the question is whether this ceases to be a mere gift because what has led to it is a past employment, an employment which has ceased. It has been made abundantly clear by the Court in Scotland in Duncan's case(') that this sort of sums received by a person cannot possibly be put as receipts from his office or in respect of his office or employment, and they saiain terms of that kind in a ca~e like this that these emoluments cannot be taxed under Schedule 'E', and I am bound to say I think that goes a very long way to conclude this case. But it is said that nevertheless they are in respect of the employment. Well, it seems to me that is a complete fallacy. It is nothing but a gift moved by the remembrance of past services already efficiently remunerated as services in them· selves; it is merely a gift moved by that sort of grati· tude or that sort of moral obligation if you please: it is merely a gift of that kind. In this case it happens to be very large; in many cases it is very small, but in all the cases it seems to me, whether it is large gift like this or whether it is a small gift to a humble servant, they are exactly on the same footing as gifts which are ma.de to a child or gifts wl1ich are made to any other person whom the giver thinks he ought to supply with funds for one reason or another; and as the (1) [1909] 5 T.C. 417 - 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 751 Lord President in Scotland points out it is only a r96o matter of history that the feeling between the parties ,,1 h L-A . h. h h t d h 'ft . t f l i., a es,. nantra1 w ic as genera e t e g1 arises ou o an emp oy- Pattani & Another ment." v. Mr. Kolah also relied on Ree.J v. Seymour (1). In that The Commissioner case a committee of a Cricket Club grarlted a benefit of Income-tax, t h t £ • l . k t . th . . O t. Bombay North, ma c o a proiess10na cr1c e er m eir service. u Ahmedabad of the profits of the benefit match the beneficiary, who was the assessee purchased a farm and assessment Kapur J. was made on him under Schedule 'E' in respect of the proceeds of the benefit match but this was discharged by the General Commissioner on appeal. This sum was held to be in the nature of a personal gift and not assessable to income-tax. Viscount Cave in his speech posed the question which Rowlatt, J., put, i.e., "is it in the end a personal gift or is it remuneration"; if the latter it is subject to tax, if the former it is not. In that case the test applied by Viscount Cave was that the terms of the assessee's employment did not entitle him to a benefit; the purpose for which the amount was paid was to express gratitude of the employers and of the cricket-loving public for what he had done and in their appreciation of his personal qualities. It was also stated that if the benefit had taken place after Seymour's retirement no one would have sought to tax the proceeds as his income and the circumstance that it was given before but in contemplation of, retirement does not alter its quality and the whole sum was a testimonial and not a perquisite and therefore it was not a remuneration for services but a personal gift. Counsel also relied on Moorehouse v. Dooland (9). In that case a cricket professional was employed under a contract in which it was provided that collections shall be made for any meritorious performance by him in accordance with the rules for the time being of the employing Cricket League Club. The assessee played twenty matches and on eleven occasions collections were made on his behalf under the rules of the Club and a total sum of £ 48 15s. was collected. This was sought to be taxed as fees, wages perquisites or profits (1) [1927] II T.C. 625. (2) [1955] 28 I.T.R. 86. 752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1961] z96o arising from his employment. It was held that (1) the M h h-A t . test of liability to tax on voluntary payments from a es nan rai • Pattani & Another the standpomt of the person who receives it was that v. it accrued to him by virtue of his office or employThe Commissioner ment, i.e., by way of remuneration of his services; 0! Income-tax. (2) that if the assessee's contract of employment enBombay North t"tl d h" t · 1 d h Ahm•dabad • I e 1m o receive vo u_nta;ry payments an (3) t at the payment was of a per10d10 and recurring character. Kapur ;. On the other hand if a voluntary payment was made in circumstances which showed that it was given by way of a present or a testimonial on grounds personal to the recipient, the proper conclusion was that the payment was not profit accruing to the recipient by virtue of his office or employment but a gift to him as an individual paid and received by reason of his personal needs or by reason of his personal qualities. Applying these principles the proceeds were by the terms of the contract of employment received by way of remuneration and were liable to tax. In that case the payment was treated as being subject to tax because it was substantially in respect of services and accrued to the assessee by reason of his office. It is quite clear that had the gift been as a testimonial or a contribution for specific performance peculiarly due to the personal qualities of the recipient, it would have been treated as a mere present. The next case relied upon was David Mitchell v. Commissioner of Income-tax (1) where the test laid was whether the payment was made in appreciation of the personality and character of the assessee or in appreciation of the- professional services rendered by him in order to give him an extra profit over and above the share of profit he might get from the firm for the services rendered. Counsel for the respondent argued that the gift made by the Maharaja was not in respect of personal qualities of the recipient but was relatable to his office although made by an ex-employer and was therefore taxable; that the gift was voluntary is clear but it is not quite clear how the amount can be said to be relatable to the office held by the recipient. Even (1) [1956] 30 I.T.R. 701. I 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 753 according to the case of the respondent the amount I960 was paid about two years after the assessee had ceas- ,,,. / h-A 1 , • J.v.1. a zes nan rav ed to be an employee of the MaharaJa or the State and Pattani &- Another immediately on his ceasing to be the Dewan of Bhavv. nagar State, the Maharaja had granted him a pension The Commissioner from out of the public funds for his services to the 0! I 11come-tax, State as Dewan and for services rendered to the 80;;ayd ~or~h, Maharaja and his family a handsome and a generous me a a monthly pension of Rs. 2,000 per mensem. Apart Kapur J. from the fact that the Tribunal relied upon a document which was not contemporaneous, it seems to have overlooked the fact that there was a gap of two years before the amount of Rs. 5,00,000 was paid by the Maharaja out of his personal funds. Counsel for the respondent relied upon a judgment of this Court in P. Krishna Menon v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, Mysore, Travancore-Oochin and Ooorg, Bangalore {1). In that case the assessee was a teacher who taught his disciples Vedanta philosophy without any motive or intention of making any profit. One of the disciples made gifts of money to him on several occasions and it was contended by the assessee that he was not liable to tax on the amounts received from his disciple as he was not carrying on any vocation. But it ,was held that in teaching Vedanta philosophy the assessee was carrying on a vocation and that the payments made by the disciple were received by the recipient from. his vocation. It was also held that if the voluntary payments had been made for reasons purely personal to the donee and not connected with his office or V'Ocation, they would not be taxable but if they were made because of the office they would be taxable. The question- was not what the donor thong ht h~ was doing but why the do nee received it. The first thing to notice about that case is that those gifts were not made by the disciple as a gift to mark his esteem and affection for his preceptor but as was stated by the disciple in his affidavit he had paid those amounts because he had obtained the benefit of the teachings by the preceptor on Vedanta. lb was found in that case and the disciple admitted (I) [1959] Supp. I s.c.R. 133. 754 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1961] s96o that he had received benefit from the teaching of his M , ,-A t . preceptor and that the - Another "In cons1derat1on o n nnan rai . a ·am v. the Ex-Diwan of our Bhavnagar State having render- The Commissioner ed loyal and meritorious services Rs. 5,00,000 (Rupees of Income-tax, Five lacs) are given to him as gift. Therefore, it is Bombay North, ordered that the said a.mount should be debited to our Akmedabad Personal Expense Account." Hidayatullah J. After the assessment proceedings had commenced in this case, the original assessee produced a letter written by the Ma.haraja on March 10, 1953, as fol-· lows: "I confirm that in June, 1950, I gave you a sum of rupees five lacs (Rs. 5,00,000) which was a gift as a token of my affection and regard for you and your family. This amount was paid to you by Premchand Roycha.nd & Sons according to my letter of 31st May, 1950, from moneys in my account with them." The question in this case was whether s. 7(1) of the Income-tax Act read with Explanation 2 to that section as it stood prior to the amendment in 1955, applied to this payment. That section, so far as it is material, is as follows: "7(1). The tax shall be payable by an assessee under the head •Salaries' in respect of any salary or wages, any annuity, pension or gratuity and any fees, commissions, perquisites or profits in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages, which are allowed to him by or are due to him, whether paid or not, from, or are paid by or on behalf of any private employer; Explanation 2.-A payment due to or received by a.n assessee from an employer or former employer or from a provident or other fund, is to the extent to which it does not consist of contributions by the assessee or interest on such contributions a profit received in lieu of salary for the purpose of this subsection, unless the payment is made solely as compensation for loss of employment and not by way of t. £ Ii . " remunera ion or pas services;............ . To determine whether the second Explanation applies 756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [196lj 1960 to the facts in this case, it has to be found if this payM h h-·A1 . ment was received by the assessee from a former ema es nan rai , Paltani & Another ployer by way of remuneration for past services. The v. Tribunal did not accept the letter of the Maharaja, The Commissioner and observed as foJiows: of Income-tax, "In support of the latter view Mr. Tricumdas Bombay Noith. strongly relied u1mn the letter dated 10-3-1953 addresAhmedabad sed by the Maharaja to the assessee, vide para 2 above. liidayalullah J. We have already indicated the circumstances in which that letter came to be written and would merely observe t.hat we find it difficult to bring ourselves to believe in (sic) the contents of th11t letter and would leave the matter at that." This, in my opinion, is a finding upon the cvidentiary value of the lotter of the Maharaja, and though the order of the Tribunal is worded mellifluously, the Tribunal's decision is quite clearly that it was not persuaded to accept it. Indeed, of the two documents, greater worth has to be attached to one which was issued before the .controversy started 11nd was written not to the assessee but to the Maharaja's accountant who enquired how the account was to be adjusted. The use of the word 'contemporaneous' to describe the order to the accountant meant no more than this that it was earlier in time and very soon after the amount was given. The Tribunal did not rely on any extraneous evidence in reaching its conclusion, but on something which had proceeded from the Maharaja himself. The motive of the Maharaja may be irrelevant, because what has to be seen is not why the payment was ma.de but for what the assessce had received it. The Maharaja no doubt had been generous in fixing the pension at Rs. 2,000 per month. But the payment of such a large sum was not just bounty but to reward the past services, 'vhich judged from the scale of the pension had not adequately been paid for in the p11st. In this connection, the words of the i\faharaja. himself (and what better evidence can there be?) were that the amount was paid "in consideration of Shri Annantrai P. Pattani the Ex-Dewan of our Bhavnagar State having rendered loyal and meritori- · ous services Rs. 5,00,000 are given to him as gift" 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 757 The word 'gift' does not alter the nature of the pay1 960 ment. The MaharaJ·a indeed made a gift, as he had M h h-A 1 . . h. . l l d. l a es nan ra• stated over again; but t IS order qmte c ear y isc os- Pattani & Another es that it was by way of remuneration for past serviv. ces. The case, therefore, falls within the ruling of the The Commissioner Supreme Court reported in P. Krishna Menon v. The of Income-tax, C · • .i' J M T Bvmbay North ommissioner oJ ncome-tax, ysore, ravancoreAh d b d ' Cochin and Coorg, Bangalore (1), and is indistinguishme a a able from it. In the earlier case of this Court, the Hidayatullah J. person who gave the money did not even mention any past services; but this Court found that because the recipient had taught him Vedanta philosophy, the payment was really in the nature of remuneration for past services. The facts in P. Krishna Menon's case (1) were that the assessee was teaching his disciples Vedanta philosophy without any motive or intention of making a profit out of such activity. One J. H. Levy who used to go to Travancore from England at intervals attended his teachings. Levy had an account with Lloyd's Bank at Bombay, and on December 31, 1944, Levy transferred the entire amount of Rs. 2,41,103-11-3 to the credit of an account which Levy got the assessee to open in his own name. Levy made further remittances and by August 19, 1951, had paid about Rs. 4,50,000. It was held by this Court that the assessee was carrying on a vocation. In deciding the question whether the amounts were assessable to tax, this Court observed as follows:- " .. .it seems to us that thf present case is too plain to require any authority. The only point is, whether the moneys \£ere received by the appellant by virtue of his vocation. Mr. Sastri contended that the facts showed that the payments were purely personal gifts. He drew our attention to the affidavit of Levy where it is stated 'all sums of money paid into his account by me have been gifts to mark my esteem and affection for him and for no other reason'. But Levy also there said, 'I have had the benefit of his teachings on Vedanta'. It is important to remember however that the point is not what the donor (1) [1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 133. 96 758 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1961] 1 96° thought he was doing but why the donee received - "t" Mahesh Ananlrai 1 • Pattani &AnotherSarkar, J., then referred to the dictum of Collins, v. M. R., in Herbert v. McQuade (1), which may be quoted 1"he Commissioner here: Bof 1'b" 0 '";;1•,xh. "Now that judgment, whether or not the particuom ay " 0 ' ' 1 f t · "fi d · · t · 1 ffi . f Ahm,dabad ar ac s iusti e 1t, 1s cer am y an a rmat10n o a _, principle of law that a payment may be liable to Hidayatullah J. income-tax although it is voluntary on the part of the persons who made it, and that the test is whether, from the standpoint of the person who receives it, it accrues to him in virtue of his office; if it does, it does not matter whether it was voluntary or whether it was compulsory on the part of the persons who paid it. That seems to me to be the test; and if we once get to this-that the money has come to or accrued to, a person by virtue of his office-it seems to me that the liability to income-tax is not negatived merely by reason of the fact that there was no legal obligation on the part of the persons who contributed the money to pay it." The learned Judge also referred to the observations of Rowlatt, J., in Reed v. Seymour (2) and of Viscount Cave, L. C., in Seymour v. Reed{'), and observed that the real question was, is the payment in the nature of a personal gift or is it a remuneration?, and quoted as the reply the words of the Lord Chancellor-"If the latter, it is subject to the tax; if the former, it is not." Sarkar, J., also referred to the observations of Lord Ashbourne in Blakistan v. Cooper('), which were: "It was suggested that the offerings were made as personal gifts to the Vicar as narks of esteem and respect. Such reasons no doubt played their part in obtaining and increasing the amount of the offerings, but I cannot doubt that they were given to the vicar as vicar and that they formed part of the profits accruing by reason of his office.", and concluded as follows: "We have no:doubt in this case that the imparting (1) [1902] 2 K.B. 631. (3) [1927] A.C. SS~· (2} [1926] l K.B. 588. (4) [1909] A.C. 104. ·• 2 .S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 759 of the teaching was the causa causans of the makr96o ing of the gift; it was not merely a causa sine qua non. M " 11-A- , • . a es nani.rai The payments were repeated and came with the same Pattani& Another regularity as Levy's visits to the appellant for receivv. ing instructions in Vedanta. We do not feel impress- The Commissioner ed by Mr. Sastri's contention that the first payment of Income-tax, of Rs. 2,41,103-11-3 was too large a sum to be paid as Bombay North, ·a t• I t d . Ahmedabad consi era ion. n any case, we are no concerne m this case with that payment. We are concerned with Hidayatullah J. payments which are of much smaller amounts and as to which it has not been said that they were too large to be a .consideration for the teaching. And one must not forget that these are cases of voluntary payments and the question of the appraisemelit of the value of the teaching received in terms of money is not very material.