# PAYMENT OF WAGES INSPECTOR v. SURAJMAL MEHTA & ANR - **Citation:** [1969] 2 S.C.R. 1051 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1968-12-03 - **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 1577 of 1966 - **Bench:** J. M. Shelat, C. A. Vaidialingam - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/payment-of-wages-inspector-v-surajmal-mehta-anr-4554 - **Pages:** 10 ## Headnote Payment of Wages Act (4 of 1936), ss. 2(vi)d and 15, and Industrial Disputes Act (14 of 1947), SS, 25FF and 33C(2)-Retrenchment compensation under s. 25FF, Industrial Disputes Act-If wages under Payment of Wages Act-Jurisdiction of Authority under s. 15, Payment, of Wages Act-Scope of. · The State Electricity Board revoked the licence of a company and took over the undertaking. The !st respondent, who was the director of the company, served notices on the employees that their services would not be required. Thereupon, the appellant filed an application under s. 15(2) o'f the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, on behalf of the employees, for re· covering from the !st respondent wages for the notice month and retrenchment compensation under s. 25FF of tlie Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. The !st respondent contested the claim as well as the jurisdiction of the authority under the Payment of Wages Act to deal with the application, on the ground that he was not the person responsible !for payment of. compensation and that the right of the workmen was defeated by reason of the proviso to s. 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act, because there was no interruption in their employment and the new employer (the Electricity Board) was responsible:for payment of the compensation. But the Authority held against the !st respondent. The !st respondent then filed a writ petition in the High Court and the High Court held that s. 15 of .the Act did not apply and that the proper forum for such an application was the Labour Court under s. 33C(2) o'f the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. In appeal to this Court, on the questions : (1) Whether compensation payable w1der s. 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act can fall under the amended definition of wages ins. 2(vi)d of the payment of Wages Act, as it is a 'sum which by reason of the termination of employment of the person employed, is ·payable under any law .... which provides for the payment df such sum whethe·r with or without deductions but does not provide for the time within which the payment is to be made' and . (2) Whether the authority under s. .15 of the Payment of Wages Act had jurisdiction to entertain the application, HELD : (I) The three sections, namely s. 25F introduced into the Industrial Disputes Act, by Act 43 of 1951, and ss. 25FF and 25FFF incorporated by Act 18 of 1957, involve termination of service in consequence of retrenchment, transfer and closure respectively. In ss. 25FF and 25FFF notice and compensation have been provided for 'in accordance with the provisions oif s. 25F. These words are used only as a measure of compensation and are not used for laying down any time within which the employer must pay compensation. . Since section 25FF unlike s. 25F, does not contain any conditions precedent, it can be said not to have provided any time within which such compensation is to be paid. Therefore, the compensation payable under s. 25FF read with s. 25F of the Indμstria,I .. Disputes Act would be wages within the meanin.g of s. 2(vi) (tl) t>f the Pity-''", ment of Wages Act. [1055 C-E] · · · ·: .~'. · · 1052 SUPRE:ME COURT REPORTS .. [1969] 2 S.C.R. Ml•. Hatisjngh Mfg. Co. Ltd. v. Union of India, [1960] 3 S.C.R. A 528 and Anakapa/la Co-operative Agricultural and Industrial Society Ltd. v. Workmen, [1963] Supp. I S.C.R. 730, followed. ( 2) The words 'where contrary to the provisions of the Act, in s. 15(2) of the Payment of Wages Act being the governing words, the Authority appointed under s. 15 ( 1) has jurisdiction to entertain applications only in two classes of cases, namely, of deductions and fines not authorised under ss. 7 to 13 of the Payment of Wages Act and of delay in payment of wages beyond the wage periods fixed und<:r s. 4 and time c:Jf payment laid down in s. 5. Section 15(1) provides that the Authority has the power to determine all matters incidental to the claim arising from deductions from or delay in payment of wages, but while deciding whether a particular matter is ## Text A B • c D E F ' G • H PAYMENT OF WAGES INSPECTOR v. SURAJMAL MEHTA & ANR. December 3, 1968 (J. M. SHELAT AND C. A. VAIDIALINGAM, JJ.] Payment of Wages Act (4 of 1936), ss. 2(vi)d and 15, and Industrial Disputes Act (14 of 1947), SS, 25FF and 33C(2)-Retrenchment compensation under s. 25FF, Industrial Disputes Act-If wages under Payment of Wages Act-Jurisdiction of Authority under s. 15, Payment, of Wages Act-Scope of. · The State Electricity Board revoked the licence of a company and took over the undertaking. The !st respondent, who was the director of the company, served notices on the employees that their services would not be required. Thereupon, the appellant filed an application under s. 15(2) o'f the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, on behalf of the employees, for re· covering from the !st respondent wages for the notice month and retrenchment compensation under s. 25FF of tlie Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. The !st respondent contested the claim as well as the jurisdiction of the authority under the Payment of Wages Act to deal with the application, on the ground that he was not the person responsible !for payment of. compensation and that the right of the workmen was defeated by reason of the proviso to s. 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act, because there was no interruption in their employment and the new employer (the Electricity Board) was responsible:for payment of the compensation. But the Authority held against the !st respondent. The !st respondent then filed a writ petition in the High Court and the High Court held that s. 15 of .the Act did not apply and that the proper forum for such an application was the Labour Court under s. 33C(2) o'f the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. In appeal to this Court, on the questions : (1) Whether compensation payable w1der s. 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act can fall under the amended definition of wages ins. 2(vi)d of the payment of Wages Act, as it is a 'sum which by reason of the termination of employment of the person employed, is ·payable under any law .... which provides for the payment df such sum whethe·r with or without deductions but does not provide for the time within which the payment is to be made' and . (2) Whether the authority under s. .15 of the Payment of Wages Act had jurisdiction to entertain the application, HELD : (I) The three sections, namely s. 25F introduced into the Industrial Disputes Act, by Act 43 of 1951, and ss. 25FF and 25FFF incorporated by Act 18 of 1957, involve termination of service in consequence of retrenchment, transfer and closure respectively. In ss. 25FF and 25FFF notice and compensation have been provided for 'in accordance with the provisions oif s. 25F. These words are used only as a measure of compensation and are not used for laying down any time within which the employer must pay compensation. . Since section 25FF unlike s. 25F, does not contain any conditions precedent, it can be said not to have provided any time within which such compensation is to be paid. Therefore, the compensation payable under s. 25FF read with s. 25F of the Indμstria,I .. Disputes Act would be wages within the meanin.g of s. 2(vi) (tl) t>f the Pity-''", ment of Wages Act. [1055 C-E] · · · ·: .~'. · · 1052 SUPRE:ME COURT REPORTS .. [1969] 2 S.C.R. Ml•. Hatisjngh Mfg. Co. Ltd. v. Union of India, [1960] 3 S.C.R. A 528 and Anakapa/la Co-operative Agricultural and Industrial Society Ltd. v. Workmen, [1963] Supp. I S.C.R. 730, followed. ( 2) The words 'where contrary to the provisions of the Act, in s. 15(2) of the Payment of Wages Act being the governing words, the Authority appointed under s. 15 ( 1) has jurisdiction to entertain applications only in two classes of cases, namely, of deductions and fines not authorised under ss. 7 to 13 of the Payment of Wages Act and of delay in payment of wages beyond the wage periods fixed und<:r s. 4 and time c:Jf payment laid down in s. 5. Section 15(1) provides that the Authority has the power to determine all matters incidental to the claim arising from deductions from or delay in payment of wages, but while deciding whether a particular matter is incidental to the claim or not, care should be taken neither to unduly expand or curtail the jurisdiction of the Authority, because, the jurisdiction is a special jurisdiction. Section 15(2) postulates that the wages payable by the person responsible for payment under s. 3 are certain and such that they cannot be disputed. [1058 B-Dl In the present case, (a) the claim was not a simple case of deduc· !ions having been unauthorisedly made or payment having been delayed beyond the wage periods or the time of payment fixed under ss. 4 and 5 of the Act; (b) In view of the. de'fence taken by the !st respondent, the failure to pay compensation did not fall under ss. 4 and 5 of the Act; and · ( c) The claim for compensation denied by the employer in the circumstance could not fall within the ambit of s. 15(2). [1059 HJ It could not have been intended that such matters could be tried by B c D the Authority under the Act as matters incidental to the claim of comE pensation under s. 25FF. The proper forum would be the Labour Court which can decide sm:h questions under s. 33C(2) of the Industrial Disputes Act, since such court can go up into those matters fully, expeditiously and without expense. [1060 C] Punjab National Bank Ltd. v. Kharbanda, [1962] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 977, Central Bank of India Ltd. v. Rajagopalan, [1964] 3 S.C.R. 14-0, Bombay Gas Co. Ltd. v. Gopal Bhiva, (1964] 3 S.C.R. 709, D'Costa v. F B. C. Patel, [1955] I S.C.R. 1353 andi Shri Ambica Mills Co. Ltd. v. S. B. Bhatt; [1961] 3 S.C.R. 220, referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1577 of 1966. Appeal from the judgment aJ!ld order dated March 25, 1964 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Misc. Petition No. 31 of 1963. I. N. Shroff, for the appellant. The respondent did not appear. G - • ' • The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H <.. ShelJit, J . . This appeal, by certificate, is directed against the judgment and order of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh and • l'AYMllNT OF WAGES INSTR. v. SURAJMAL (She/at, J.) 1053 . A raises the question of the scope of jurisdiction of the Authority >--' under the Payment of Wages Act, 4 of 1936 (hereinafter referred to. as the Act.) On the licence of the Barnagar Electric Supply and Industrial Company, of which respondent 1 was at all material times "'r ~ 'the managing diredtor, having been revoked by the Madhya B Pradesh Government and the company's undertaking having been taken over by the Madhya Pradesh' Electricity Board, respondent • 1 served notices on the company's employees that their services would no longer be required as from October l, 1962. Thereupon the appellant on behalf of 20 employees of the company filed an application under sec. 15(2) of the Act to recover from ,. c respondent 1 wages for the notice month and retrenchment compensation amounting to Rs. 12,853.60P. payable to the employees under sec. 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act, 194 7. On respondent 1 contesting the claim as also the jurisdiction of the Authority, the Authority raised certain preliminary issues, namely : (1) whether the said application was maintainable in view of the D revocation of the company's licence, (2) whether the Authority had jurisdiction to determine the liability of respondent 1 for retrenchment compensation before the amount thereof was ascertained under sec. 3 3C(2) of the Industrial Disputes Act and (3) whether in view of the services of the workmen not having been interrupted by the said transfer and the terms and conditions of service applicable to them after the said transfer being not in any E way less favourable than before and the said Board as the new • employer being liable after the transfer for compensation in the event of retrenchment, the employees were entitled to claim any compensation. By his order dated May 21, 1963 the Authority held against respondent 1 on the question of jurisdiction. Respondent 1 thereupon filed a writ petition in. the High Court and '-- Division Bench of the High Court held that sec. 15 of the Act F did not apply and that the proper forum for such an application was a Labour Court under sec. 33C(2) of the Industrial Disputes Act. This appeal challenges the correctness of this order. Mr. Shroff for the appellant contended ihat after the amendment of the definition of 'wages' in the Act by Act 68 of 1957 G and the amended definition having now included "any sum which by reason of the termination of employment of the person emII! ' ployed is payable under any law, contract or instrument which provides for payment of such sum whether with or without deductions but does not provide for the time within which the pay- ~ ment is to be made" as wages, there could be no doubt that the legislature has conferred jurisdiction on the Authority under the ' H Act to determine compensation payable under sec. 25FF of the ~ Industrial Disputes Act in an application under sec. 15(2) of the · Act and that therefore the Hi~h Court was in error. in quashing the order passed by the Authority. Mr. Chagla, appearing for the 1054 SUPREME COURT· REPORTS -(1969] 2 $.C.R. Respondents 1 and 2 i\11 the next appeal, on th_e other hand, conA \ tended ( 1) that the Authority under the Act was a special Authority with_ limited jurisdiction, that it_ has _to deal only with the subject matters specified in the Act and its jurisdiction must there.- fore be strictly construed, and ( 2) that the Act a.nd the Industrial Disputes Act deal with different subjects, provide different tribunals with different jurisdictions and therefore it is not possible B to hold that Parliament which enacted _ b\)th the Acts could possibly have contemplated that claim arising under the Industrial Disputes Act_ should be determined by a tribunal set up under a different- Act. · On these contentions the first question which arises for determination is whether compensation payable under sec. 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act can fall under the _amended definition in sec. 2(vi)(d) of the Act and can be called 'wages'. The High Court thought that it was not but Mr. Shroff relied on ceirtain decisions of this Court to contest that part of the'' conclusion of the High Court. The Industrial -Disputes Act, which as ·enacted in .194 7, was a piece of legislation which mainly provided :machinery for investigation and settlement of industrial disputes, has since then undergone frequent modifications. .In 1953, by Act 43 of that year Chapter VA consisting of secs. 25A to 25J was incorporated providing therein compensation for lay-off and retrenchment. It also provided a definition of retrenchment in sec. 2(00). Chapter VA, as it then stood, did not expressly provide for compensation for termination of service on account of transfer of an undertaking by an agreement or as a result of operation _of law or the closure of the undertaking. Consequently, in Hariprasad, v. Divikar(') this Court held that retrenchment as d Cl/69-16 I 0$6 SUPREME COVRT REPORTS (1969) 2 s.c.R While considering the scope of jurisdiction of the Authority under sec. 15 of the Act it is relevant to bear in mind the fact that the right to compensation is conferred by the Industrial Disputes Act which itself provides a special tribunal for trying cases of individual workmen to whom compensation payable under Ch. VA has not been paid. Section 33C of that Act provides both a forum and the procedure for computing both monetary as well as non-monetary benefits in terms of money and further provides machinery for recovery of such claims. In Punjab National Bank Ltd. v. Kharbanda(') this Court held that while sub-sec. 1 of sec. 3 3C applied to cases where any money was due to a workman from an employer under a settlement, award or under the provisions of Ch. VA and the amount was already computed or calculated or at any rate there could be no dispute about its calculation or compu· tation, sub-sec. 2 applied to benefits including monetary bel)efits conferred on a workman under an award, settlement etc., but which had not been calculated or computed and there was a dispute as to their calculation or computation. The Court rejected the contention that sub-sec. 2 applied only to a non-monetary benefit which had to be converted in terms of money. The Court also observed that sec. 33C was a provision in the nature of execution and where the amount to be executed was worked out or where it might be worked out wit!Jout any dispute sub-sec. 1 would apply, but where such amount due to the workman was not stated or worked out and there was a dispute as to its calculation, sub.- sec. 2 would apply and the workman would be entitled to apply ·t!Jereunder to have the amount computed provided he was entitled to a benefit, whether monetary or non-monetary, which was capable of being paid in terms of money. In the Central Bank of India Ltd. v. Rajagopalan( 2 ) this Court held t!Jat where the right of a workman was disputed by his employer the Labour Court c.ould go into t!Je question as to whether he had a right to receive such a benefit. Sub-sec. 3 of sec. 33C under which the Labour Court can appoint a commissioner to take evidence for computing the benefit postulates 1hat it has the jurisdiction to decide whether the workman claiming benefit was entitled to it where such right was disputed by the employer. In Bombay Gas Co. Ltd. v. Gopal Bhiva( 3 ) this Court held that the Labour Court could in an application unier sec. 33C(2) go even into the question whether the award under whic)l the workman had made a claim was a nullity. Being in the nature of an executing court it could interpret the award and also consider the plea that the award sought to be enforced was a nullity. It is thus clear that a workman whose claim, monetary or otherwise, is disputed by his employer can lodge such a claim before a specified Labour Court. under sec. 33C and obtain ail inexpensive and expeditious remedy. The (1) (1962] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 977. (2) [1964] 3 S.C.R. 140. (3) (1964] 3 S.CR. 709. A • II c ... D E F ~ G • ' JI A B c D • E F G ? H PAYMENT OF WAGES INSTR. v. SURAJMAL (She/at, J.) 1057 question then is whether for such a claim the legislature intended to provide alternative remedies both under the Industrial Disputes Act and the Payment of Wages Act. For deciding this question it is necessary to refer to some of the provisions of and the scheme of the Payment of Wages Act. The Act was passed to regulate the payment of wages to certain classes of persons employed in any tactory or by a railway administration or by a person fulfilling a contract with a railway adnunistration or in any industrial establislunent to which a State Government by notification has extended the Act. Section 3 lays down as to who shaJ! be responsible for payment of wages. Section 4 provides for the hxation of wage periods and sec. 5 lays down the time within which payment of wages has to be made. Sec. 7 provides that wages shaJl be paid without any deductions except those authorised by the Act and sec. 8 provides that no fine shall be imposed on any employed person save in respect of such acts or omissions on his part as the employer with the previous approval of the State Government or the prescribed authority may have specified by notice. Sections 9 to 13 lay down the deductions which an employer is authorised to make and the conditions under which such deduction can be made. Section 13A provides for the maintenance of certain registers and records by the employer and ss. 14 and l 4A provide for appointment of inspectors under the Act, their powers and the facilities to be afforded by the employer to such inspectors. Section 15 ( 1) provides for the appointment of a person to be the Authority under the Act to hear and decide for any specified area claims arising out of (a) deduction from wages or ( b) delay in payment of wai;es .of persons employ~d or paid in that area including all matters mc1dental to such claims. Sub-sec. 2 provides that "Where contrary to the provisions of this Act any deduction has been made from the wages of an employed person, or any payment.~£ wages has been .delayed,. su.ch person himself, or any legal pract1110ner or any official of a registered trade union . . . . or any inspector under this Act, or any other person acting with the permission of the authority . . . may apply to such authority for a direction under sub-sec. 3." The first proviso to sub-sec. 2 lays down a period of limitatio,n of 12 months from the date of deduction or the due date of payment and the second proviso empowers the Authority to admit applications beyond the period of limitation on sufficient cause being shown. Sub·sec. 3 empowers the Authority to direct refund to the employed person of the amount deducted, or the payment of the delayed wages and also empowers it to award compensation specified therein without prejudice to any other penalty to which the employer guilty of unauthorised deduction or delay in payment is liable under the Act. Under sub-sec. 5 of sec. 15 the amount 1058 SUPREME COuRT REPORTS [l.969j 2 S.CR. awarded by the authority can be recovered as if it were a fine imposed by a magistrate. Section 20 provides for penalty for offences under certain provisions of ss. 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 to 13 extending upto Rs. 500/·. It is explicit from the terms of sec. 15(2) that the Authority appointed under sub-sec. 1 has jurisdiction to entertain applications only in two classes of cases, namely, of deductions and fines not authorised under ss. 7 to 13 and of delay in payment of wages beyond the wage periods fixed under sec. 4 and the time of payment laid down in sec. 5. This is clear from the opening words of sub-sec. 2 of sec. 15, namely, "where contrary to the provisions of this Act" any deduction has been made or any payment of wages has been delayed. These being the governing words in the sub-sec. the only applications which the Authority can entertain are those where deductions unauthorised under the Act are made from wages or tliere has been delay in payment beyond the wage period and the time of payment of wages fixed or prescribed under ss. 4 and 5 of the Act. Section 15(2) postu· !ates that the wages payable by the person responsible for payment under sec. 3 are certain and such that they cannot be disputed. In D'Costa v. B. C. Pate/(1) this Court held after considering the scheme of the Act that the jurisdiction of the Authority under sec. 15 was confined to deductions and delay in payment of the actual wages to which the workman was entitled and that the Authority under the Act had no jurisdiction to enter into a question of potential wages, i.e., where the workman pleads . that he ought to have been up-graded as persons junior to him were upgraded and that he ought to have been paid wages on a scale paid to those so up-graded. This Court held that the Authority had judisdiction to interpret the terms of a contract of employment to find out the actual wages payable to the workman where deduction from or delay in payment of such wages is alleged, but not to enter into the question whether the workman should have· been up-graded from being a daily rated worker to a monthly rated workman. In Shri Ambica Mills Co. Ltd. v. S. B. Bhatt(') this Court again examined the scheme of the Act and held that the only claims which could be entertained by the Authority were claims arising out of deductions or delay made in the payment of wages. The Court, however, observed that in dealing with claims arising out of deductions or delay .made in payment of wages the Authority inevitably would have to consider questions incidental to these matters, but in determining the scope of these incidental matters care must be taken to see that under the guise of deciding incidental matters the limited jurisdiction was not unreasonably or unduly expanded. Equally, care must also _be taken (1) [19:i5] 1 S.C.R. 1353. (2) [1961] 3 S.C.R. 220. A B c D E F G H ' - ..... ' .. • , ' • 'i-- • A B PAYMENT OF WAGES INSTR. v. SURAJMAL (She/at, J.) 1059 to see that the scope of these incidental matters was not unduly curtailed so as to affect or impair the limited jurisdiction conferred on the Authority. The Court declined to Jay down any hard and fast rule which would afford a determining test to demarcate the field of incidental facts which could be legitimately c~nsidered by the Authority and those which could not be so considered. It is true, as stated above; that the Authority has the jurisdiction to try matters which are incidental to the claim in question. Indeed, sec. 15 (1) itself provides that the Authority has the power to determine all matters incidental to the claim arising from deduction from or delay in payment of wages. It is also true that C while deciding whether a particular matter is incidental to the claim or not care should be taken neither to unduly expand nor curtail the jurisdiction of the Authority. But it has at the same time to be kept in mind that the jurisdiction under sec. 15 is a special jurisdiction. The Authority is conferred with the power to award compensation over and above the liability for penalty of D fine which an employer is liable to incur under sec. 20. E F G H The question, therefore, is whether on the footing that compensation payable under ss. 25FF and 25FFF of the Industrial Disputes Act being wages within· the meaning of sec. 2 (vi) ( d) of the Act, a claim for it on the ground that its payment was delayed by an employer could be entertained under sec. 15(2) of the Act. In our view it could not be so entertained. In the first place, the claim made in the instant case is not a simple case of deductions having been unauthorisedly made or payment having been delayed beyond the wage-periods and the time of payment fixed under ss. 4 and 5 of the Act. In the second place, in view of the defence taken by Respondent 1, the Authority would inevitablv have to enter into questions arising under the proviso to sec. 25FF, viz., whether there was any interruption in the employment of the workmeu, whether the conditions ot service under the Board were any the less favourable than those under the comoany and whether the Board, as the new employer, had become liable to oay compensation to the workmen if there was retrenchment in the future. Such an inquiry would necessarily be a prolonged inquirv involving questions of fact and of law. Besides, the failure to pay compensation on the ground of such a plea cannot be said to be either a deduction which is unauthorised under the Act. nor can it fall under the class of delayed wages as envisaged by ss. 4 and 5 of the Act. It may be that there may conceiYeably be cases of claims of compensation which are either admitted or which cannot be disputed which by reason of its falling under the definition of wages the Authoritv may have iurisdiction to trv nnd determine. But we do not think that a claim for compensation under sec. 25FF which is denied by the employer on the ground that it 1060 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (196')] 2 5.CR. was defeated by the proviso to that section, of which all the conditions were fulfilled, is one such claim which can fall within the ambit of sec. 15(2). When the definition of wages was expanded to include cases of sums payable under a contract, instrument or a law it could not have been intended that such a claim Jor compensation which is denied on grounds which inevitably would have to be inquired into and which might entail prolonged inquiry into questions of fact as well as law was one which should be summarily determined by the Authority under seo. 15. Nor could the Au_thority have been intended to try as matters inciden- · ta! to such a claim questions arising under the proviso to sec. 25FF. In our view it would be the Labour Court in such cases which would be the proper forum which can determine such questions under sec. 3 3C(2) of the Industrial Disputes Act which also possesses power to appoint a commissioner to take evidence where question of facts require detailed evidence. Mr. Shroff, however, drew our attention to the decision in Uttam Chand v. · Kartar Singh(') a decision of a learned Single Judge of th!~ High Court of Punjab, taking a view contrary to the one which we are inclined to take. But that decision contains no reasons and is, therefore, hardly of any assistal)ce. In the result we agree with the_ High Court that the Authority had no jurisdiction under sec. 15(2) of the Act to try these applications. The appeal consequently must fail and is dismissed. But we make no order· as to costs. Y.P. Appeal dismissed. (1)]1967] 1 LL.J. 232, A • B I "'" c D ... • (