# PRABHAKAR V. SINARI v. SHANKER ANANT VERLEKAR Navember 29, 1968

- **Citation:** [1969] 2 S.C.R. 1013
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1966-11-19
- **Case number:** Criminal Appeal No. 152 of 1967
- **Bench:** J. C. Shah, A. N. Grover
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/prabhakar-v-sinari-v-shanker-anant-verlekar-navember-29-1968-4549
- **Pages:** 6

## Headnote

Code of Criminal Procedure, •· 197-Sanction for prosecution
of
public servant-Police Officer interfering in dispute over land and asking one party to take possession-Whether act• in
discharge of official
duty.
A private complaint was !!led again•! the appellant who wa. a Deputy Superintendent of Police. According to the statement of the complainant there was a dispute between him
and
certain hawkers
who
wanted to trespass on his land and at his instance the police wa. informed.
The appellant came to the spot, threatened and assaulted him, .
and suggested to the hawkers to enter upon the land, whereupon
the
hawkers took possession df the land. The Magistrate after
recording
the statement of the complainant issued summons to the appellant and
others for answering charges under ss.' 149, 341, 342, 352, 500 and 504
of the Indian Penal Code read with s. 34 thereof. The appellant filed a
petition for revision under s. 435 Cr. P.C. before the Sessions Judge in
which the main point taken was that the l'revious sanction under s. 197
Cr. P.C. required for the prosecution of the appellant had not been obtained. The Sessions Judge ordered that the complainant be asked
to
obtain the required sanction before prosecuting the appellant. But the
Judicial Commissioner's Court ordered that the order of the Magistrate
issuing the summons be confirmed. In appeal to this Court by special
leave,
HELD : The language of •· 197 Cr. P.C. clearly is that no court can
take cognizance of an offence alleged to have been committed by any
nerson belonging to the cate~ories mentioned in the section which would
include the appellant when he is accused of an offence alleged to have
been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty.
In the present case it wa• not clear in what cal'acity the appellant
came to the snot. On the basis of the statement of the comnlainant it
was not established that he came in the capacity of a police officer.
Ordinarily if a per>on is in possession of some pronerty and other
per~ons a"e threatenin~ to disnossess him it is no part of the duty of a
pohce officer to take sides and decide the dispute in favour of one party
or th~ other or to. force one party to give uo possession to the other,
even 1f he was satisfied that the party seeking to take po8'ession
wa.
lawfully entitled .to ~o so. This the police officer could only do if there
had been anv direction by a competent court for rendering help in the
matter of delivery of possession.
[In dismissing the apoeal the Court observed that it would be open
to the appell~~t to est.ablish during the course o'f further
proceedingo
that the requ1S1te sanction under s. 197 must be obtained.]
H ;oi;/d f!'ood Math~ms v. State of Wm Bengal, [1955] I S.C.R. 216,
King' 7;, ?'f. ~lt. King, 15 I.A. 41, Phanindra Chandra Neol!V \', TM
•
· ·
,
ata/og Dubey v. H. C. Bhari, [1955) 2 S.C.it 925,
1014
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1969] 2 S.C.R.
934, Amrik Singh v. State of Pepsu, [19551 1 S.C.R. 1302 and Nagra; v.
State of Mysore, [1964} 3 S.C.R. 671, referred to.

## Text

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PRABHAKAR V. SINARI
v.
SHANKER ANANT VERLEKAR
Navember 29, 1968
[J. C. SHAH AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.]
Code of Criminal Procedure, •· 197-Sanction for prosecution
of
public servant-Police Officer interfering in dispute over land and asking one party to take possession-Whether act• in
discharge of official
duty.
A private complaint was !!led again•! the appellant who wa. a Deputy Superintendent of Police. According to the statement of the complainant there was a dispute between him
and
certain hawkers
who
wanted to trespass on his land and at his instance the police wa. informed.
The appellant came to the spot, threatened and assaulted him, .
and suggested to the hawkers to enter upon the land, whereupon
the
hawkers took possession df the land. The Magistrate after
recording
the statement of the complainant issued summons to the appellant and
others for answering charges under ss.' 149, 341, 342, 352, 500 and 504
of the Indian Penal Code read with s. 34 thereof. The appellant filed a
petition for revision under s. 435 Cr. P.C. before the Sessions Judge in
which the main point taken was that the l'revious sanction under s. 197
Cr. P.C. required for the prosecution of the appellant had not been obtained. The Sessions Judge ordered that the complainant be asked
to
obtain the required sanction before prosecuting the appellant. But the
Judicial Commissioner's Court ordered that the order of the Magistrate
issuing the summons be confirmed. In appeal to this Court by special
leave,
HELD : The language of •· 197 Cr. P.C. clearly is that no court can
take cognizance of an offence alleged to have been committed by any
nerson belonging to the cate~ories mentioned in the section which would
include the appellant when he is accused of an offence alleged to have
been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty.
In the present case it wa• not clear in what cal'acity the appellant
came to the snot. On the basis of the statement of the comnlainant it
was not established that he came in the capacity of a police officer.
Ordinarily if a per>on is in possession of some pronerty and other
per~ons a"e threatenin~ to disnossess him it is no part of the duty of a
pohce officer to take sides and decide the dispute in favour of one party
or th~ other or to. force one party to give uo possession to the other,
even 1f he was satisfied that the party seeking to take po8'ession
wa.
lawfully entitled .to ~o so. This the police officer could only do if there
had been anv direction by a competent court for rendering help in the
matter of delivery of possession.
[In dismissing the apoeal the Court observed that it would be open
to the appell~~t to est.ablish during the course o'f further
proceedingo
that the requ1S1te sanction under s. 197 must be obtained.]
H ;oi;/d f!'ood Math~ms v. State of Wm Bengal, [1955] I S.C.R. 216,
King' 7;, ?'f. ~lt. King, 15 I.A. 41, Phanindra Chandra Neol!V \', TM
•
· ·
,
ata/og Dubey v. H. C. Bhari, [1955) 2 S.C.it 925,
1014
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1969] 2 S.C.R.
934, Amrik Singh v. State of Pepsu, [19551 1 S.C.R. 1302 and Nagra; v.
State of Mysore, [1964} 3 S.C.R. 671, referred to.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
152 of 1967.
·
Appeal by special leaw from the judgment and order dated
November 19, 1966 of the Judicial Commissioner Court, Goa,
Daman and Diu in Criminal Reference No. 103 of 1966.
R. N. Sachthey, for the appellant.
The respondent did not appear.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Grover, J.
The sole point for decision in this appeal by
special leave is whether a complaint which had been filed against
the appellant and four other persons by the respondent for
various alleged offences could be entertained without· necessary
sanction being obtained for the prosecution of the appellant,
who at the material time, was the Deputy Superintendent of
Police, under s. 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
The original complaint is not before us as it has not been
included in the appeal record but the allegations contained therein are given in the judgment of the learned Judicial Cornmis·
sioner.
The complainant alleged that on March 5,
1966 at
about 4 p.m. accused Nos. 2 to 5 who were hawkers by profession
and some other persons attempted to trespass on his land in
Margao town with the intention of putting up stalls there. The
complainant having been threatened by them, sent his brother
to the police station. The police came and asked the hawkers to
keep their handcarts at the place where they were kept before.
Later on at about 5-30 p.m. the appellant came to the spot and
spoke to the complainant in a very arrogant tone. The appellant
informed the complainant that he was Deputy Superintendent of
Police and that he had in his possession documents which proved
that the land belonged to one Atma Ram. The appellant asked
the complainant fo produce his documents of title but the comtifainant replied that those documents had been prc1duced by
him in some litigation in the civil courts. The aupellant is then
alleged to have threatened the complainant that 'lie would Jock
him up in case there was any interference with what the hawkers
wanted to do. The appellant also beckoned accused Nos. 2-5 and
other hawkers to enier upon the land. When the complainant
'protested he was warned by the appellant that if he talked he
would be slaoped.
The appellant also assaulted him.
Thereafter the possession of the land was taken over by the hawken.
The magistrate to whom the complaint was presented examined the complainant und(}r s. 200, Criminal Procedure Code
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PRABHAKAR V. SHANKEll (Grover, J.)
1015
and issued summons to answer the charges under ss. 149, 341,
342, 352 500, 503 and 504 read with s. 34 against the appellant and ~ther accused persons requiring them to appear on
April 19, 1966.
The appellant filed a petition . for
revisi<?n
under s. 435 of the Code before the learned SeSSJons Judge m
which the main poini taken was that the previous sanction under
s. 197, Cr. P.C., to prosecute the appellant was required which
had not been obtained.
The learned SessiQns Judge made an
order recommending that the magistrate be directed to require the
complainant to obtain the requisite sanction before prosecuting
the appellant. This matter was heard by a: bench consisting of
the Judicial Commissioner and the Additional Judicial Commissioner.
The Judicial Commissioner was of the view that there
was no material on the record to come to the conclusion that
the acts complained of would be protected by the provisions of
s. 197 (1) of the Code.
The learned Additional Judicial Commissioner took a contrary view and held that sanction was necessary. The order of the court was that there being no third Judge
to resolve the difference of opinion, the order of the learned
magistrate issuing the summons be confirmed in terms of proviso
to s. 7 (2) of the Goa, Daman and Diu (Judicial Commissioner's
Court) Regulation, 1963.
It may be mentioned that in the statement recorded under
s. 200 of the Criminal Procedure Code, by the magistrate, the
complainant made more or less the same allegations
as
were
made in the complaint.
According to the learned Additional
Judicial Commissioner in the statement made in court it was not
affirmed that the complainant had been wrongly retrained or
confined nor was it mentioned that he was actually assaulted in
the sense that physical force was used against him. The worst
that could be said, according to the Additional Judicial Commissioner, was that the appellant had warned the respondent that
he would be arrested if he interfered with the entry of the hawkers on the disputed land and that the appellant also made some
ge~t~res .w!th the hand indicating threat of assault. In our
opm10n. 1t 1s not necessary to go into the allegations in the original
compla!nt. It would suffice to read the statement made by the
complamant before the magistrate which is reproduced below :
.
"I confirm the matter in my complaint. On 5th
mstant, at about 4.00 p.m. the accused Nos. 2 to 5
attempted to trespass upon my plot situated near the
ma~ket of. this city with a view of setting upon thereon
their m_oblle shops.
I, therefore, sent my brother to
the Pohce, who came to the spot and sent the vendors
~wa~ .. At about 5.30 p.m. on the same day Mr. Sinari,
m c1'?1. dre~s turned up at that place. At that time, I
was sitting in the verandah of the shop of one Kbaran-
10 l~
SUPRl!ME COURT REPORTS
[1969] 2 S.C.R.
· gute situated at the same place.
He called me near
him. Thereafter he asked me whether I knew him, to
this I replied in the affirmative. After this, he identified himself as Dy.
Superintendent of Po!ic1:
and
threatened me that if I interfered with vendors he would
arrest me.
Subsequently, he directed the vendors to
enter my plot and warned me that he should slap me
on my face.
Jn case I oppose to this. He told me
further that he was dealin.~ with the
case,
when I
brought to his notice that my documents were lying
with the Municipality and with the Court.
The: same
accused made some gestures of threats of assault with
hands. I kept myself mum in view of this unusual
attitude and the vendors' took possession of my property."
The learned Judicial Commissioner as also the
Additional
Judicial Commissioner have discussed the case law on the subject exhaustively and have also summarised the principles deducible from the various pronouncements. It seems to us that there
is no difficulty in finding the true rule which has been laid down
by numerous decisions including those of the Privy Council,
Federal Court and this Court. Jt is only in the application of
the settled rule that certain amount of difficulty may be experienced owing to the peculiar facts of a particular case.
The
language of s. 197, Cr. P. Code clearly is that no court can
take cognizance of an offence alleged to have been committed
by any person belonging to the categories mentioned in the
section which would include the apoellant when he is accused
of an offence allel!ed to have been committed bv him while acting or purportin)1; to act in the discharge of his official duty. This
Court observed in Ronald Wood Matham v.
State of West
Bengal(') that the question whether sanction under s. 197 was
necessary for instituting proceedings on charges of consoiracy
and of bribery stood concluded bv the decisions of the Judicial
Committee in H. FJ. B. Gill v.
The King(')
and Phanindra
Chandra Neof?Y v. The King(•) and must be answered in the negative. so far as the aopellant in that case was concerned.
After
a full discussion of the case Jaw the result was stated in Matajog
Dubey v. H. C. Bhari(') : thus :
"There must he a reason a hie connection between
the act and t!ie discharge of official duty: the act must
bear such relction to the dufv that the accused could
!av a reasonable, but not a pretended or fanciful claim,
that he did it in the course of the performance of his
duty."
·
(II (t9SSJ t S.C.R. 216.
'<3) 76 T.A. 10.
(2) 75 T.A. 41.
(4) (1955) 2 S.C.R. 925, 934.
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PRABHAKAR V. SHANKER (Grover, J.)
1017
At an earlier stage it had be~n observed that it did ~ot matter
if the acts exceeded were stnctly necessary for the discharge of
the duty. What had to be found out was whether the act and
the official duty were so inter-related that o~e could postulate
reasonably that it was done by the accused m the performance
of the official duty though possibly in excess of the needs and
requirements of the situation .. In Amrik Singh v. State of
Pepsu('), Venkatarama Iyer J. speaking for th.e Court s~mmed
up the result of the various decisions on the su~iect and said t?at
it was not every offence committed by a public servant which
required sanction for prosecution under s. 197 ( 1) of t_he Co?e
of Criminal Procedure nor even every act done by him while
he was actually engaged in the performance of his officia~ dutie~.
But if the act complained of was directly concerned with
hiS
.official duties so that, if questioned, it could be claimed to have
been done by virtue of the office, then sanction would be necessary and that would be so, irrespective of whether it was in fact,
a proper discharge of his duties or not.
Reference may be· made to Nagrai v. State of Mysore(') in
which the appellant, a Sub-Inspector of Police, was committed to
Sessions Court for trial on a complaint that he and another person
had severely beaten one T and when he was forcibly taking him
away and was requested by K to excuse T he wantonly fired on
two persons. Emphasis on the question of sanction has been
laid on the rule that the jurisdiction of the court to proceed with
the complaint emanates from the allegations made in the complaint and not from what is alleged by the accused or what is
finally established in the case as a result of the evidence recorded.
We are unable to agree with the learned Additional' Judicial
Commissioner that if the allegations of the complainant are
taken to be correct it was established that the appellant held out
~reats t~ arrest the complainant ?r to give him a slap on his face
m the discharge or puroorted discharge of his
duties.
There
are ~any "!alters o~ which there is
comi;il~te absence of any
matenal or mformatmn. In the first place 1t 1s not clear in what
can.acity the appellant came to the spot. According to the complamai!lt he sent his brother to the police station because the
hawkers were attemnting to tresnass on his land.
Normally it
would be the officer-in-charge of the police station who would
go to the snot to prevent anv breach of peace or apprehended
breach of neace. Even if the appellant who was a superior
officer con!? come to nrevent any ugly. situation arising between
the complamant and the hawkers. It 1s not established that the
apoellant came in the canacity of a police officer. On the contrary the necessary implication in the statement of the complain-
(!) (1955) t S.C.R. 1302,
(2) ft964)3S.CJt,1171.
1018
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
( 1969] 2 S.C.R.
ant is that the appellant came in civil dress, wanted the h~wkcrs
to be put in possession of the disputed plot and actually directed
them to enter the plot and warned the complainant that if he
resisted he would be slapped in his face. Until some more material is placed on the. record it cannot be held that it was
any
part of the duty of the appellant to ensure that the hawkers _we!e
put_in possession of the disputed land. It may be that the appellant was entitled to interfere and take proper steps if he apprehended any breach of peace but there is nothing whatsoever in
the complainant's statement which would show that any such
situation existed which could justify interference by the appellant.
Ordinarily if a person is in possession of some property and
other persons arc threatening to dispossess him it is no part of
the duty of a police officer to take sides and decide the dispute in
favour of one party or the other or to force one party to give up
possession to the other, even if he was satisfied that the party
seeking to take possession was lawfully entitled to do so.
This
the police officer could only do if there had been any direction
by a competent court for rendering help in the matter of delivery
of possession. Whatever way the matter is looked at we are unable to hold on the basis of the allegations contained in the statement .of the complainant that the acts alleged against the appellant were such as could be regarded to have been committed by
him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge: of his
official duties. It will be open to the appellant to establish
during the course of further proceedings that the requisite sanction
under s. 197 must be obtained; but at this stage we concur in
the view of the learned Judicial Commissioner thaf no such sanction was necessary.
The appeal fails and it is dismissed.
G.C.
. Appeal dismis8ed.
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