# PUSHALAL MANSINGHKA (P) LTD v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, DELHI, RAJASTHAN & M.P

- **Citation:** [1967] 3 S.C.R. 961
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1967-05-05
- **Case number:** Civil Appeals Nos. 557 and 558 of 1966
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/pushalal-mansinghka-p-ltd-v-commissioner-of-income-tax-delhi-rajasthan-m-p-4080
- **Pages:** 10

## Headnote

A
B
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PUSHALAL MANSINGHKA (P) LTD.
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, DELHI,
RAJASTHAN & M.P.
May 5, 1967
(J. C. SHAH, S. M. SIKRI AND V. RAMASWAMI, JJJ
Income-Tax Act 1922 s. 4(1) (a)-Exporter in Part 'B' State selling
goods to pwchasers in Part
'A" and Part
'C' States-Sending 'selves'
rail1vay receipts through local bank 'lo be given to purchaser on payment of price-Bank discounting some bills locally-whether property in
goods passing and income accruing,
outside Part
1B' State.-Whether
exen1ption 1jro1n tax available under Part 'B' States (Taxation. Concessions)
Order, 1950,
The appellant carried> on mining business at Bhilwara whioh was, during the relevant period. in a Part 'B' State and exPorted mica t.o Kodarma
and Giridih situated in Part 'A' and Part 'C' States respectively.
The
appellant entered into contracts with purchasers whereby the consignments would be sent to Kodarma and Giridih by
railway
and
the
railway receipts would be sent through the bank.
The goods were consigned to "self" and the railway receipts along with the Bills of Exchange
were presented by the appellant to its bank in Bhilwara for collection
after endorsing the railway receipts in favour of the bank.
The bank,
in its turn, endorsed the railway receipts in favour of its branches in
Part 'A' and Part 'C' States and the goods were delivered to the buyers
only when they paid the price to the bank's branches and obtained the
raihvay receipts.
In the course of the appellant's assessment to income-tax for
the
years 1950-51 and 1951-52, the appellant claimed that it was
entitled
to the benefit of rebate under the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions}
Order. 1950 in regard to profits from sales made by it and thats. 4(1) (a)
of the Income-tax Act, 1922 was not applicable to its transactions. The
Income-tax Officer held that the sales took place in Part 'A' and Part
'C' States and the entire profits from those sales accrued and were received by the appellant in those States and therefore no rebate
was
admissible under the Order.
He also rejected the appellant's claim that
in regard to some of the sales, Bills were discounted by the local bank
and hence payment to that extent should be treated as having been received at Bh1lwara in a Part 'B' State.
Appeals made to the Appellate
Assistant Commissioner and the Tribunal were dismissed and, the High
Court, upon a reference, also decided against the appellant.
In the appeal to this Court it was also contended on behaif of the
appellant that as the mica was extracted, processed, sorted and packed
at B'.dlwara in Part 'B' State, there was accrual of a part of the mcome
at Bhilwara and the ap!"'llant was, in any case, entitled to claim apportionment of the profits accrued.
HELD : ( i) The appellant became entitled to the purchase money only
on the pa.sing of title to the purchasers at Kodarma and Giridih in Part 'A'
and Part 'C' States and the income therefore accrued. to the appellant
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1967] 3 S.C.R,
Jn those Stales. The appellant was not therefore entitled to exemption
.under the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions) Order, 1950. [970BJ
A
When the seller draws a hundi or a bill of exchange on the pur·
<:haser and delivers the hundi or the bill of exchange with a relative
railway receipt to his own banker fo'. the purpose of deliv~ry of the
railway receipt to the purchaser on hiS honourmg the hund~, the pro·
pcrty in the goods cannot be held to pass to the purchaser till he pays
B
the price and takes delivery of the railway receipt from the banker.
,[968 DJ
:
Income may accrue to an assessee ·without actual receipt of the same.
If the assessee acquires a right to receive the income, the income can be
said to accrue to him though it may be received later on its being ascer-
¢ained.
The basic conception is that he must have acquired a right to
receive the income. [966 BJ
(ii) When the local bank discounted the bills, the payments could
not be re$arded as income accruing in a Part 'B'

## Text

A
B
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E
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PUSHALAL MANSINGHKA (P) LTD.
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, DELHI,
RAJASTHAN & M.P.
May 5, 1967
(J. C. SHAH, S. M. SIKRI AND V. RAMASWAMI, JJJ
Income-Tax Act 1922 s. 4(1) (a)-Exporter in Part 'B' State selling
goods to pwchasers in Part
'A" and Part
'C' States-Sending 'selves'
rail1vay receipts through local bank 'lo be given to purchaser on payment of price-Bank discounting some bills locally-whether property in
goods passing and income accruing,
outside Part
1B' State.-Whether
exen1ption 1jro1n tax available under Part 'B' States (Taxation. Concessions)
Order, 1950,
The appellant carried> on mining business at Bhilwara whioh was, during the relevant period. in a Part 'B' State and exPorted mica t.o Kodarma
and Giridih situated in Part 'A' and Part 'C' States respectively.
The
appellant entered into contracts with purchasers whereby the consignments would be sent to Kodarma and Giridih by
railway
and
the
railway receipts would be sent through the bank.
The goods were consigned to "self" and the railway receipts along with the Bills of Exchange
were presented by the appellant to its bank in Bhilwara for collection
after endorsing the railway receipts in favour of the bank.
The bank,
in its turn, endorsed the railway receipts in favour of its branches in
Part 'A' and Part 'C' States and the goods were delivered to the buyers
only when they paid the price to the bank's branches and obtained the
raihvay receipts.
In the course of the appellant's assessment to income-tax for
the
years 1950-51 and 1951-52, the appellant claimed that it was
entitled
to the benefit of rebate under the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions}
Order. 1950 in regard to profits from sales made by it and thats. 4(1) (a)
of the Income-tax Act, 1922 was not applicable to its transactions. The
Income-tax Officer held that the sales took place in Part 'A' and Part
'C' States and the entire profits from those sales accrued and were received by the appellant in those States and therefore no rebate
was
admissible under the Order.
He also rejected the appellant's claim that
in regard to some of the sales, Bills were discounted by the local bank
and hence payment to that extent should be treated as having been received at Bh1lwara in a Part 'B' State.
Appeals made to the Appellate
Assistant Commissioner and the Tribunal were dismissed and, the High
Court, upon a reference, also decided against the appellant.
In the appeal to this Court it was also contended on behaif of the
appellant that as the mica was extracted, processed, sorted and packed
at B'.dlwara in Part 'B' State, there was accrual of a part of the mcome
at Bhilwara and the ap!"'llant was, in any case, entitled to claim apportionment of the profits accrued.
HELD : ( i) The appellant became entitled to the purchase money only
on the pa.sing of title to the purchasers at Kodarma and Giridih in Part 'A'
and Part 'C' States and the income therefore accrued. to the appellant
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1967] 3 S.C.R,
Jn those Stales. The appellant was not therefore entitled to exemption
.under the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions) Order, 1950. [970BJ
A
When the seller draws a hundi or a bill of exchange on the pur·
<:haser and delivers the hundi or the bill of exchange with a relative
railway receipt to his own banker fo'. the purpose of deliv~ry of the
railway receipt to the purchaser on hiS honourmg the hund~, the pro·
pcrty in the goods cannot be held to pass to the purchaser till he pays
B
the price and takes delivery of the railway receipt from the banker.
,[968 DJ
:
Income may accrue to an assessee ·without actual receipt of the same.
If the assessee acquires a right to receive the income, the income can be
said to accrue to him though it may be received later on its being ascer-
¢ained.
The basic conception is that he must have acquired a right to
receive the income. [966 BJ
(ii) When the local bank discounted the bills, the payments could
not be re$arded as income accruing in a Part 'B' State. When the bank
:gave credit of part of the amount of some of the bills to the appellant,
it was apparent from the conditions specified in the discount form of
-the bank that the responsibility of the appellant did not cease till the
bank realised payments from the purchasers.
When the appellant negotiated the documents with the bank, the latter did so only as part of
·its banking business. The discounting by the bank of the Bills could not
mean that there was a sale of the goods to the bankers. Therefore if
any money was paid by the bank to the appellant as price for the hundi,
h was not the sale price of the goods in any sense and the bank was not
'acting as the agent of the buyer. [969C.HJ
Co/quhuun v. Brooks, [1888] 21 Q.B.D. 52 at 59; E. D. Sassoon &
Company Ltd. v. C.I.T. Bombay City, 26 I.T.R. 27, 51; C.I.T. Bombay
Presidency & Aden v. Chuni/a/ B. Mehta 6 l.T.R. 521; Mirabita v. Imperial Ottoman Bank, [1878] 3 Ex.D.164, 172 and Prinz Ada/bert, [19!7J
A.C. 586, 589; referred to.
The contention that the profits earned should be apportioned as there
was accrual of part of ·the income in a Part 'B' State could not be considered as it was not raised before the Tribunal. [970E-F]
C.I.T. Bombay v, Alunedbhai Umarbhai & Co., 18 I.T.R. 472; The
Anglo-French Textile Co. Ltd, v. C.I.T. Madras, 25 I.T.R. 27 and C.l.T.
Bombay v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. L.td., 42 J.T.R. 589, referred
to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 557 and
558 of 1966.
Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated
April 29, 1964 of the Rajasthan High Court in Income-tax Reference No. 2 of 1963.
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K. D. Karkhanis, Ganpat Rai, E. C. Agarwala. for P. C. Agarwa/a, for the appellant (in both the appeals).
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S. T. Desai, S. K. Aiyar and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondent (in both the appeals).
' ...
PUSHALAL LTD. v. C.I,T, (Ramaswami, J.)
963
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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
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Ramaswaml, J.
These appeals are brought, by special leave.
from the judgment of the Rajasthan High Court dated April 29,
1964 in Income-tax Reference No. 2 of 1963.
The appellant is a private limited company having its mines,
factory and Head Office at Bhilwara in Rajasthan which was at
the relevant periods in a Part 'B' State.
The appellant carried
on mining business at Bhilwara and was engaged in the cutting,
processing, sorting and packing of mica which was exported by
it to Kodamia and Giridih which were situated in Part 'A' and
Part 'C' States and sold there to purchasers.
The mica was sent
almost entirely by railway from Bhilwara to Kodarma and Giridih.
The appellant followed the mercantile method of accounting and
the as.sessment years in question are 1950-51 and 1951-52, the
corresponding previous years being the years from Novtmber 2,
1948 to October 21, 1949, and October 22, 1949 to November
9, 1950 respectively.
The total sale proceeds of the appellant
during the two assessment years amounted to Rs. 19,77,544/-.
The appellant tendered bills to the local branch of the Bank
of Rajasthan to the extent of Rs .. 15,64,475/- and received pay~
ment of that amount at Bhilwara.
The appellant claimed that it
was entitled to the benefit of rebate in regard to profits from these
sales under the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions) Order,
1950 and thats. 4(1)(a) of the Income-tax Act, 1922 (hereinafter called the 'Act') was not applicable to its transactions.
By
his orders dated March 24, 1955 and May 31, 1954 the Incometax Officer held that the sales took place in Part 'A' and Part 'C'
States and the entire profits from those sales accrued and were
!received by the appellant in Part 'A' and Part 'C' States an<l
therefore no rebate was admissible under the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions) Order, 1950.
The Income-tax Officer also
rejected the claim of the appellant that in regard to some of the
sales bills were discounted by the Rajas'han Bank and payment
to that extent should be treated as having been received at Bhilwara in the Part 'B' State. It was held by the Income-tax Officer :
(1) that the letter for discounting was forged, (2) that even assuming that the appellant tendered some of its bills for discounting, the responsibility of the appellant under the conditions
stipulated by the Bank in its form did not cease till the Bank
realised payment from the purchaser and hence there was no
discounting of the bills which were merely handed to the Bank
for collection.
On appeal, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner
by his order dated September 20, 1957 held that the. Income-tax
Officer was justified in holding that the appellant was not entitled
to any rebate under the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions)
Order, 1950. On further appeal, the Appellate Tribunal held by
its order dated August 18, 1958 that the appellant received the
964
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1967] 3 S.C.R.
sale proceeds in regard to the goods consigned to the purchasers
in Part 'A' and Part 'C' States and not in Part 'B' State and
therefore the appellant was not entitled to the rebate claimed
liy it.
The Appellate Tribunal thereafter .stated
~ case under
s. 66 ( 1) of the Act and referred the followmg question of law for
the opinion of the High Court :
"Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of
the case, the assessee was entitled to any rebate under
the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions) Order .in respect of income from the mining business for the assessment years 1950-51 and 1951-52 ?"
By its judgment dated April 29, 1964, the High Court answered
the question in the negative and against the appellant.
The method of the appellant in making sales was as follows :
The representatives of the buyers from Kodanna and Giridih used
to visit Bhilwara, inspect the various qualities of mica which tbe
appellant had for sale and entered into written contracts for pur-
.chase.
The aforesaid contracts are marked as Annexure 'A' to
the statement of the case and it is admitted by the parties that
they represent all the contracts with which we are concerned in
these appeals.
These contracts plainly show that the buyers
purchased specified qualities of mica, "Bhilwara godown delivery"
on the condition that the consignments would be sent to Kodarma
or Giridih as the case may be and the railway receipts would be
·sent "through bank".
There is the further stipulation that 25
per cent of the price would be sent by way of an advance, within
a 'Week's time, that the packing expenses would be payable by
the buyers and that after the consigmnents left the godown at
Bhilwara, they would be entirely at the buyer's risk.
Apart from
these written terms and conditions of the contract, the Income-tax
Appellate Tribunal has recorded the further finding of fact that
the appellant. consigned the goods to "self" and that the railway
receipts alongwith the bills of exchange were presented by the
appellant to the Rajasthan Bank, Bhilwara for collection after
endorsing the railway receipts in favour of the Bank. It has also
been found that the Raja.~than Bank in its turn endorsed the railway receipts in favour of its branches in Part 'A' and Part 'C'
States and that the goods were delivered to the buyers only when
they paid the price to the Bank and obtained the railway receipt>.
Paragraph 4 ( 1 )(iii) of the Part 'B' States (Taxation Concessions) Order, 1950 is to the following effect :
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"4. Scope of_ the main concessions-( 1) The provisions of paragraphs 5, 6, sub-paragraph (1) of paraH
graphs 11, 12 and 13 of this Order shall apply-
............................... , ........ .
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PUSH.A.LAL LTD. v. C.J.T. (Ramaswami, J.)
96 5
(iii) in the case of any other assessee who is not
resident in the previous year in the taxable territories
or in the taxable territories other than Part B States,
to so much of the income, profits and gains included in
his total income as accrue or arise in any Part B State
and are not deemed to accrue or arise, or are not received or deemed to be received within the meaning of
clause (a) of sub-section (I) of section 4 of the Act,
in the taxable territories other than the Part B States."
Section 4(1){a) of the Act reads:
"4. Application of Act.-(1) Subject to the proviC
sions of this Act, the total income of any previous year
of any person includes all income, profit and gains from
whatever source derived whichD
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(a) are received or are deemed to be received in the
taxable territories in such year by or on behalf
of such person, or"
The question to be considered in this case is :-Where did the
income or the right to receive the payment under the contracts
of sale accrue or arise ? According to the Oxford English Dictionary the meaning of the word "accr.ue" is "to fall as a natural
growth or increment; to come as an accession or advantage". The
word "arise" is defined as "to spring up, to come into existence".
The word "receive" is not used in the same sense as "accrue" and
"arise" in para 4(1)(iii) of Part B States (Taxation Concession)
Order. The words "accrue" and "arise" do not mean
actual
receipt of the profits or gains.
Both these words are used in
contra-distinction to the word "receive" and indicate a right to
receive.
In Colquhoun v. Brooks(') Lord Justice Fry had to
construe the expression "profits or gains, arising or accruing" in
16 and 17 Victoria Chapter 34, Section 2, Schedule 'D' and observed in that connection as follows :
"In the first place, I would observe that the tax is in
respect of 'profits or gains
arising
or accruing'.
I
cannot read those words as meaning 'received by'. If
the enactment were limited to profits and gains 'received
by' the person to be charged, that limitation would
apply as much to all Her Majesty's subjects as
to
foreigners residing in this country.
The result would
be that no income-tax would be payable upon profits
which accrued but which were not actually received,
although profits might have been earned in the kingdom and might have accrued in the kingdom.
I think,
(1)[1888]21Q.B.D.52 at 59.
966
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1967) 3 S.C.R.
therefore, that the words 'arising or accruing' are general words descriptive of a right to receive profits."
It is clear, therefore, that the income may accrue to an assessee
without actual receipt of the same. If the assessee acquires a
right to receive the income, the income can be said to accrue to
him though it may be received later on its being ascertained. The
basic conception is that he must have acquired a right to receive
the income.-(See E. D. Sassoon & Company Ltd. v. C.l.T.
Bombay City)(').
As pointed out by the Judicial Committee in C.l.T. Bombay
Presidency & Aden v. Chunilal B. Mehta( 2 ), it is impossible to
lay down any general test to determine the place where the
profits of the business accrue. In some cases it may be the place
of the formation of the contract, but other matters-for instance
the place where the contract is carried out or acts are done under
the contract-may be decisive in certain circumstances. When the
business consists of buying and selling goods, profits accrue as
a general rule at the place where the contract of sale is made or
where sales are effected.
But the question depends very much
upon the facts and circumstances of each particular case.
At
page 533 of the Report the Judicial Committee observed as
follows:
"Their Lordships are not laying down any rule of
general application to all classes of foreign transactions,
or even with respect to the sale of goods.
To do so
would be nearly impossible and wholly unwise-to use
the language of Lord Esher in Erichsen v. Last(8 ).
They are not saying that the place of formation of the
contract prevails against everything else.
In some circumstances it may be so, but other matters--acts done
under the contract, for example--cannot be ruled out
a priori. In the case before the Board the contracts were
neither framed nor carried out in British India; the
High Court's conclusion that the profits accrued or
arose outside British India is well-founded."
OCn the context of the facts found in this case we are of the
opinion that profits accrued to the appellant at the place where
the sales were effected; in other words, where the property in
the goods passed to the purchasers.
The problem in the present
case therefore is to determine whether the property in the goods
passed to the purchasers at Bhilwara, as claimed by the appellant,
or at Kodarma or Giridih, as claimed by the respondent. In the
case of a contract for sale of unascertained goods the property
does not pass to the purchaser unless there is unconditional appropriation, of the goods in a deliverable state to the contract.
(!) 26. T.R. 27, 51.
(3) [1881) 8 Q.B.D.414,
(2) 6 1.T.R. 521
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i'USHALAL LTD. v. C.l.T. (Ra11ws111t1111i, J.j
961
A
Section 23 of the Indian Sale of Goods Act (Act 3 of 1930)
states :
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.. ( l) Where there is a contract for the. sa.le of unascertained
or future
goods
by
descnpuon
and
goods of that description
and
in a
deliverable
state
are
unconditionally
appropriated
to
the contract either by the seller with the assent of the
buyer or by
1 the buyer with the assent of the seller, the
property in the goods thereupon passes to the buyer.
Such assent'may be express, or implied and may be given
either before or after the appropriation is made.
( 2) Where, in pursuance of the contract, the seller
delivers the goods to the buyer or to a carrier or other
bailee (whether named by the buyer or not) for the
purpose of transmission to the buyer, and
does
not
reserve the right of disposal, he is deemed to have
unconditionally appropriated the goods to the contract."
Section 25 provides as follows :
"(! ) Where the1;e is a contract for the sale of
specific goods
or where
goods
are
subsequently
appropriated to the contract, the seller may, by the terms
of the contract or appropriation,
reserve the right of
disposal
of
the
goods
until certain conditions arc
fulfilled.
In such case, notwithstanding the delivery of
the goods to a buyer, or to a carrier or other bailee
for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, the property in the goods does not pass to the buyer umi! the
conditions imposed by the seller are fulfilled.
( 2) Where goods are shipped and by the bill of
lading the goods are deliverable to the order of the seller
or his agent, the seller is prima fac:e deemed to reserve
the right of disposal.
,,
................................. ' ..
In the present case, the appellant has reserved the right of disposal over the goods at the time of despatch. The consignment
was sent "self", the railway receipt was taken in the name of
the appe:Iant and the railway receipt along with
the bill
of
exchange was presented by the appellant to the Rajasthan Bank
for. collection after endorsing the railway receipt in favour of the
Ra1asthan Ba~k. The. goods were delivered to the buyers only
when they paid the pnce to the bank and obtained the railway
receipts .endorsed in their favour.
The fact that the goods are
by the bill of lading, made deliverable to the order of the selle;
or his agent is a prima facie reservation of the right of disposal
so as to prevent the property from passing to the purchaser. If
L9Sup. or Cl 67
SUPREME COURT RllPORTS
l1967] 3 S,<.,.K,
tile seller deals with, or claims to retain, the bill of lading, in
order to secure the contract price, as when he sends forward the
bill of lading with a bill of exchange attached, with directions
that the bi!! of lading is not to be delivered to the purchaser till
acceptance or payment of the bill of exchange the appropriation
is •not absolute, but until acceptance of the draft,. or payment 01
tender of the price, is conditional only, and until such acceptance
or payment or tender, the property in the goods does not pass
to the purchaser.-(Mirabita v.
Imperial Ottoman Bank)(').
lf the seller discounts a draft upon the buyer with a bank, and
authorises the bank to hand to the buyer a bill of lading w th~
order of the seller and endorsed in blank by him upon his acceptance of the draft, the intention to be inferred, according
lO
general mercantile understanding, is that the. seller intend;
to
transfer the ownership when the draft is accepted, but intends also
to remain the owner until this has been done.
So, when the
seller draws a hundi or a bill of exchange on the purchaser and
delivers the hundi or the bill of exchange with a relative railway
receipt to his own banker for the purpose of delivery of the
railway receipt to the purchaser on his honouring the hulidi, the
property in the goods cannot be held to pass to the purchaser
till he pays the price and takes delivery of the railway receipt
from the banker.
The matter is very clearly put by Lord Smnner
in Prinz A dalbert (") as fol!ows :
"When a shipper takes his draft not as yet accepted
but accompanied by a bill of lading, endorsed in this
way, and discounts it with a banker, he makes himself
liable on 'the instrument as drawer, and he further makes
the goods, which the bill of Jading represents, security
for its payment.
If, in turn, the discounting banker surrenders the
bill of lading to the acceptor against his acceptance the
inference is that he is satisfied to part with his sec~ritv
in consideration of getting this further party's liability
o~ t~e bill, and that in so doing he acts with the per1111ss1on and by the mandate of 'the shipper and drawer.
Possession of the i.ndorsed bill of lading enables the
acceptor to get possession of the goods on the ship's
arrival. If the shipper, being then owner of the goods.
authorises and directs the banker, to whom he is himself liable and whose interes·t it is to continue to hold
the bill of lading till the draft is accepted, to surrender
!h~ bill of lading against the acceptance of the draft,
1t 1s natural to infer that he intends to transfer the ownershir when this is done. but intends also to remain the
owner until this ha• been done ........ The genera!
-(0[i87813 Ex~ D~-164,172-.
(2) [19l7]A.C. ;s6.589.
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PUSHALAL LTD. v. C.I.T. (Ramaswami, /.)
H69
Jaw infers under these circumstances that the ownership
in the goods is 'transferred when the draft drawn against
them is accepted."
It was argued on behalf of the appellant that after the railway
receipts had been endorsed in favour of the bank and the appellant got the consideration by discount of the railway receipts
the title in the goods had passed from the appellant to the Bank
of Rajasthan which became thereafter the agent of the purchilser.
We do not think there is any substance in this argument.
Before
the Appellate Tribunal the case of the appellant
was that the
railway receipt and the bills were sent by it to the bank for
collection from the purchasers from Part 'A' and Part 'C' States.
It was held by the Appellate Tribunal that the letter dated July
8, 1948 alleged to have been written by the appellant was a faked
document and no instructions were given to the Rajasthan Bank
for discounting the appellant's bills.
Even assuming
that
the
bank gave credit of part of the amount of some of the bills to
the appellant, it is apparent from the conditions specified in the
discount form of the bank that the responsibility of the appellant
did not cease till the bank realised payments from th~ purchaser.
The discount form of the bank provided :
"The bank is sending the goods at the risk of the
consigno~ ........ In case the bill is dishonoured by
the purchaser ........ the responsibility will be that of
the consignor and the bank will have the right ·to recover the amount from him ........ In case the amount
is not recovered from the purchaser, the bank has the
right to debit the same. amount to the account of the
consignor."
Jr i~ clear therefore that when the appellant negotiated the hnndi
with the banker, the latter did so only as a part of its banking
business.
Even if there was a purchase of the hundi
by the
banker it cannot mean that. there was a sale of the goods to the
banker. In the first place, there was no agreement between the
banker and the seller for the sale of the goods.
Secondly, the
banker had only a security over the goods till the price was paid
by th~ buyer.
To hold otherwise wou1d mean that the
seller
committed a breach of contract with the buyer and sold the ooods
to the banker.
1:hat is, howe~er, not the case.
The app~Jlant
only performed h1~ contra~t with the buyer in accordance wilh
the usual commercial pracUce.
Therefore if any money was paid
by the ban.k to the appellant as price for the hundi it was not
the. sale pnce of the goods in any sense and the ba.nk wa; not
actmg as 'the age~t of the buyer.
On the other hand, the nu~:
chase of the hund1 by the bank was onlv a convenient arrangement between the bank and its own customer, the appellant to
L9S•.1p.Cf'67
19
'
970
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1967] 3 S.C. R
avoid freezing of credit of the latter and it was done in the course
of its usual banking transactions. It follows therefore that the
price of the goods sold can be held to be accrued only when the
purchaser pays th~ price or enters into an arrangement with the
bank which is the endorsee of the hundi; for, till then, the latter
will have a right of recourse against the appellant in case the
hundi is dishonoured.
In the present case, the appellant became
entitled to the purchase money only on the passing of title to the
purchasers at Kodarma and Giridih in Part 'A' and Part 'C' States
and it must therefore be held that the income accrued to the
appellant in Part 'A' and Part 'C' States.
We proceed to consider the next contention of the appellant.
namely, that mica was extracted, processed, sorted, packed and
despat~hed at Bhilwara in Part 'B' State and there was accrual of
a part of the income at Bhilwara and the appellant was, in any
case, entitled to claim apportionment of the profits
accrued.
Counsel on behalf of the appellant placed reliance upon the decisions of this Court in C.l.T., Bombay v. Ahmedbhai Umarbhai &
Co. (1)
and in The Anglo-French Textile Co. Ltd. v. C.1.T ..
Madras( 2 ), where it was pointed out that in the case of a composite business, for instance where a person carries on a manufacturing and selling business it was not possible to say that the
only place where the profits accrue to him is the place of sale.
The profits are received by him firstly for his business as a
manufacturer and secondly for his trading operations and profit
and loss has to be apportioned between these business according
to the principles of accountancy.
But it is not possible for us to
accept this argument in this case, because the appellant did not
raise the question of apportionment of profits before the Appellate Tribunal, nor was it considered and decided by it.
In C.l.T.
Bombay v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. (8 ) it was pointed
out by this Court that when a question of law is neither raised
before the Tribunal nor considered by it it will not be a question
arising out of the order of the Tribunal and the High Court will
be acting beyond its jurisdiction in dealing with any such question.
We accordingly hold that Mr. Karkhanis is unable to make
good his argument on this aspect of the case.
For these reasons we hold that these appeals must be dismissed with costs--one hearing fee.
R.K.P.S.
---·---.---·---
(1) 18 1.T.R. 472.
(2) 25 J.T.R. 27.
(3) 42 l.T.R. 589.
Appeals ·dismi.isetf.
A
B
c
D
E
G
II