# r959 TM State oj Ultar Pradesh v. M. P. Singh Shah]. .r959 December .r5 - **Citation:** [1960] 2 S.C.R. 609 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1960 - **Bench:** B. P. Sinha, P. B. Gajendragadkar, K. SuBBA RAo, K. C. DAS GuPTA, J.C. Shah - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/r959-tm-state-oj-ultar-pradesh-v-m-p-singh-shah-r959-december-r5-1879 - **Pages:** 19 ## Headnote Fundamental Rights-Restriction by State imposed by la1t1Reasonableness-Objective test-Duty of Court-Constitutionit validity-Bihar Mica Act, r947, s. 25(r)(c)-Constitution of India, Arts. Ig(r)(j), (g) and r9(5) & (6). The Secretary of the Government of Bihar in the Revenue Department issued a notice to the petitioner company who were the lessees of mining lease, charging it with violation of ss. IO, 12 and 14 of the Bihar Mica Act, 1947, and calling upon it to show cause why action should not be taken to cancel its licence which was being issued from year to year for mining Mica. The company asked for particulars of the alleged violation of the provisions of the Act from the Government which was furnished. The company sent a written representation to the Government - denying the allegations. After two years of the said representa- .,. • tion, the Government issued a notification cancelling the 78 .r959 TM State oj Ultar Pradesh v. M. P. Singh Shah]. .r959 December .r5. 610 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] 1959 petitioner company's licence under the provisions of s. 25(r)(c) of the Act. Mineral Development Ltd. v. The Slate of Bihar The company moved th\> Supreme Court under Art. 32 of the Constitution for the issue of a writ of certiorari to quash the said order of the Government of Bihar cancell!ng the licence and for the issue of writ of mandatnus directing them to forbear from giving effect to the said order of cancellation, on ground inter alia that the Government acted illegally and with mala fides and infringed the fundamental rights of the petitioner under Art. rg(r), sub-els. (f) and (g) of the Constitution and that the provision of s. 25(r)(c) of the Bihar Mica Act, 1947, operate as an unreasonable restriction on the said right, and even if the said section did not infringe its fundamental rights, the order of the Government in cancelling the lease without affording it a reasonable opportunity to show cause within the meaning of the second proviso to that section, infringed its fundamental rights. Held, that the provisions of s. 25(1)(c) of the Bihar Mica Act, does not impose an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental rights under Art. rg(r)(f) & (g) of the Constitution. 1 The restrictions 'vhich a State is authorised to impose under cls .. (5) & (6) of Art. rg of the Constitution, in the interest of the general public over the fundamental rights of a citizen under sub-els. (f) & (g) of clause (r) of Art. rg must be reasonable and must not depend upon the mere uncontrolled discretion of. the executive. It is the duty of this Court to decide having regard to the concept and principle of reasonableness which is correctly laid down in The State of Madras v. V. G. Row, whether a particular Statute satisfied the objective test of "reasonableness." The statutory conditions of the Bihar Mica Act, subject to which the licence is given are, obviously, reasonable and necess_ary for regulating the mining industry. The power to cancel the licence which is conferred on the Government under s. 25 of the said Act is only to achieve the object of the Act, i.e., to enforce provisions which have been enacted in the interest of the public, and that power is exercisable on the basis of objective tests and in accordance with the principles of natural justice. The general proposition that whenever discretionary power is conferred on a State Government or the Union Government by law, the said law 1nust necessarily operate as a reasonable restriction on a fundamental right, negatives the concept of fundamental rights for the simple reason that fundamental rights are guaranteed against State action. Therefore, the conferment of such a power on the State Government and not upon a subordinate officer is only one of the considerations that may enter into the judicial verdict on reasonableness of a particular law and the reasq_nableness of that law falls to be decided only on the cumulative effect of the circumstances under which such power ## Text _Characters 0–39,944 of 43,284. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39944 for what follows._ ' - - , S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 609 manufacturing process, namely sugarcane, were workers within the meaning of the Factories Act and accordingly they were excluded from the definition of ' Commercial Establishment' under the Act. However, even if the Supervisors and Kamdars were employed "in any other kind of work connected with the subject of manufacturing process", unless they were employed in the factory, the provisions of the Factories Act do not apply to them, there is_ no dispute that they are employees of a ' Commercial Establishment ' within the meaning of the Act. . The High Court was therefore in error in acquitting the respondents of the offences of which they were convicted by the Trial Magistrate. The orders of acquittal passed by the High Court are set aside and the orders of conviction -and sentence passed by the Trial Magistrate are restored. In view of the order of this Court dated October I, 1956, made at the time of granting special leave, the respondents are entitled to their costs of hearing in this court. Appeal allowed. MINERAL DEVELOPMENT LTD. v. THE STATE OF BIHAR AND ANOTHER (B. P. SINHA, C.J., P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. SuBBA RAo, K. C. DAS GuPTA and J.C. SHAH, JJ.) Fundamental Rights-Restriction by State imposed by la1t1Reasonableness-Objective test-Duty of Court-Constitutionit validity-Bihar Mica Act, r947, s. 25(r)(c)-Constitution of India, Arts. Ig(r)(j), (g) and r9(5) & (6). The Secretary of the Government of Bihar in the Revenue Department issued a notice to the petitioner company who were the lessees of mining lease, charging it with violation of ss. IO, 12 and 14 of the Bihar Mica Act, 1947, and calling upon it to show cause why action should not be taken to cancel its licence which was being issued from year to year for mining Mica. The company asked for particulars of the alleged violation of the provisions of the Act from the Government which was furnished. The company sent a written representation to the Government - denying the allegations. After two years of the said representa- .,. • tion, the Government issued a notification cancelling the 78 .r959 TM State oj Ultar Pradesh v. M. P. Singh Shah]. .r959 December .r5. 610 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] 1959 petitioner company's licence under the provisions of s. 25(r)(c) of the Act. Mineral Development Ltd. v. The Slate of Bihar The company moved th\> Supreme Court under Art. 32 of the Constitution for the issue of a writ of certiorari to quash the said order of the Government of Bihar cancell!ng the licence and for the issue of writ of mandatnus directing them to forbear from giving effect to the said order of cancellation, on ground inter alia that the Government acted illegally and with mala fides and infringed the fundamental rights of the petitioner under Art. rg(r), sub-els. (f) and (g) of the Constitution and that the provision of s. 25(r)(c) of the Bihar Mica Act, 1947, operate as an unreasonable restriction on the said right, and even if the said section did not infringe its fundamental rights, the order of the Government in cancelling the lease without affording it a reasonable opportunity to show cause within the meaning of the second proviso to that section, infringed its fundamental rights. Held, that the provisions of s. 25(1)(c) of the Bihar Mica Act, does not impose an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental rights under Art. rg(r)(f) & (g) of the Constitution. 1 The restrictions 'vhich a State is authorised to impose under cls .. (5) & (6) of Art. rg of the Constitution, in the interest of the general public over the fundamental rights of a citizen under sub-els. (f) & (g) of clause (r) of Art. rg must be reasonable and must not depend upon the mere uncontrolled discretion of. the executive. It is the duty of this Court to decide having regard to the concept and principle of reasonableness which is correctly laid down in The State of Madras v. V. G. Row, whether a particular Statute satisfied the objective test of "reasonableness." The statutory conditions of the Bihar Mica Act, subject to which the licence is given are, obviously, reasonable and necess_ary for regulating the mining industry. The power to cancel the licence which is conferred on the Government under s. 25 of the said Act is only to achieve the object of the Act, i.e., to enforce provisions which have been enacted in the interest of the public, and that power is exercisable on the basis of objective tests and in accordance with the principles of natural justice. The general proposition that whenever discretionary power is conferred on a State Government or the Union Government by law, the said law 1nust necessarily operate as a reasonable restriction on a fundamental right, negatives the concept of fundamental rights for the simple reason that fundamental rights are guaranteed against State action. Therefore, the conferment of such a power on the State Government and not upon a subordinate officer is only one of the considerations that may enter into the judicial verdict on reasonableness of a particular law and the reasq_nableness of that law falls to be decided only on the cumulative effect of the circumstances under which such power is conferred. ' - - • S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 611 The concept of " reasonable opportunity " is an elastic one and is not susceptible of easy and· precise definition. What is reasonable opportunity under one set of circumstances need not be reasonable under different circum~tances. It is the duty of the Court to ascertain in each case, having regard to the overall picture before it, to come to a conclusion whether reasonable opportunity is given to a person to "show cause. " Tribunals or authorities who are entrusted with quasijudicial functions are as much bound by the relevant principles governing the " doctrine of bias" as any other judicial tribunal. In the instant case the Revenue Minister had personal bias within the meaning of the decisions and he should not have taken part in either initiating the enquiry or in cancelling the licence. Neither the necessary conditions to enable the Government to take action under s. 25(1)(c) of the Act has been established nor the State Government has afforded reasonable opportunity to the petitioner within the meaning of the second proviso to s. 25(1) of the Act. Staie of Madras v. V. G. Row, [1952] S.C.R. 597, followed. Thakur Raghubir Singh v. Court of Wards, Ajmer, [1953] S.C.R. 1049, held inapplicable. ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Petition No. 159 of 1956 . Petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution of India for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. N. 0. Chatterjee and D. N. Mukherjee, for the petitioners. Mahabir Prasad, Advocate-General for the State of Bihar, Bajrang Sahai and R. 0. Prasad, for the respondents. 1959. December 15. The Judgment of the Court - was delivered by I959 Mineral Development Ltd. v. The State of Bihar J SUBBA RAO J.-This petit:ion . under Art. 32 of the Sub~a Rao]. Constitution is filed by the Mineral Development Limited against the State of Bihar and another for the issue of a writ of certforari to quash the order of the Government of Bihar dated September 7, 1955, cancelling the petitioner's licence and for the issue of a writ of mandamus directing them to forbear from giving effect to the said order of cancellation. One Raja Bahadur Kamakshya Narain Singh (hereinaner called the proprietor) was the proprietor of Ramgarh and Serampur estates in the district of 612 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] - '959 Hazaribagh in the State of Bihar. On December 29, Mineral 194 7, the said proprietor executed a mining lease in Dev•lopment Ltd. fayour of the Mineral Development Limited (hereinv. after called the Company) for all minerals in respect The State of of 3,026 villages for a period of 999 years. On or about Bihar January 3, 1951, the Deputy Commissioner, HazariSubb•Rao J. bagh, granted the Company a licence bearing No. H.L. 261-H in form 'B' under s. 6 of the Bihar Mica Act, 1947 (hereinafter called the Act) for mining mica. The licence was renewed from year to year by the relevant authority and the last of the renewals expired on December 31, 1954. The Secretary to the Government of Bihar in the Revenue Department issued a notice dated March 7, 1953, to the Company charging it with violations of ss. 10, 12 and 14 of the Act and calling upon it to show cause within 15 days of the receipt of the said notice why action should not be taken to cancel the licence issued in favour of the Company. By letter dated March 20, 1953, the Company requested the Secretary to the Government, Revenue Department, Bihar,. to furnish the Company with particulars of the alleged violations of the provisions of the Act. After a reminder was sent, the Company was furnished by the Government with the particulars by its letter dated May 1, 1953. On or about May 17, 1953, the Company sent a written representation to the Govern- ' ment denying the allegations made against it and explaining how the Company complied with the provisions of the Act. After this letter, no further correspondence passed bet~een the Government and the Company. But on September 7, 1955, i.e., two years after the said representation, the Government issued a notification cancelling the Company's licence No. 261-H of 1951. The result of this notification was that the Company was prevented from carrying on the mining operations in large tracts of land it had taken on lease from the said proprietor. The Company in its petition has stated that it liad invested a large sum of about Its. 16 lakhs to obtain the mining lease and spent a considerable sum in prospecting and developing the mines, that by the arbitrary act of the Government it could not work the • - ' - - , S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 613 mines, that a large number of labourers had been z959 thrown out of employment and that in the result it Mineral was being put to heavy loss. It has filed the present Development Ltd. petition for the reliefs mentioned already for the v •. reasons, among others, that the Government acted. The State of illegally and with mala fides and infringed the fundaBihar mental rights of the petitioner under Art. 19(1), subSubba Rao J. els. (f) and (g) of the Constitution. The first respondent to the petition is the State of Bihar and the second respondent is the Additional Secretary to the Government of Bihar in the Revenue Department. They filed a counter denying the allegations made against the Government and particularly stated that they had acted within their rights and cancelled the licence in strict compliance with the provisions of the Act. The arguments of Mr. Chatterjee, learned Counsel for the petitioner, may be broadly formulated under the following four heads : (i) The Bihar Mica Act, 1947,-as amended by the Bihar Mica (Amendment) Act, 1949, is ultra vires for want of constitutional competence; (ii) the provisions of the Act are repugnant to the provisions of the Central Act 53 of 1948, and, therefore, to the extent of such repugnancy the former Act should yield to the latter Act, with the result that the licensing provisions under the Act ceased to have any legal effect; (iii) the petitioner has the fundamental rights under Art. 19(l)(f) and (g) of the Constitution to acquire, hold and dispose of his property and to carry on any occupation, trade or business in respect thereof, and that the provisions of s. 25(l)(c) of the Act operate as an unreasonable restriction on the said rights, and are therefore void ; and (iv) even if the said section did not infringe his fundamental rights, the order of the Government in cancelling the lease without affording him reasonable opportunity to show cause within the meaning ofthe second proviso to that section infringed his fundamental right. The first two contentions need not detain us; for the petition may be disposed pf on the basis of th~ last two contentions. · 614 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)) '959 Mineral Development Ltd. The first question, therefore, is whether the provisions of s. 25 of the Act infringe the fundamental rights of the petitioner under sub.els. (f) and (g) of Art. 19(1) of the Constitution. The said provisions of the Constitution read: v. The Slate of Bihar Subba Rao J. Article 19: "(l) All citizens shall have the right- * • • (f) to acquire, hold and dispose of property ; and (g) to practi8e any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business." Under sub-els. (f) and (g) of Art. 19(1), every citizen has the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property, and to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. But els. (5) and (6) of Art. 19 authorize the State to make a law imposing restrictions in the interest of the general public, but · the restrictions so imposed must be reasonable. The concept of reasonableness has been clearly explained by Patanjali Sastri, C.J., in State of ~Madras v. V. G. Row (1 ) as under : "It is important in this context to bear in mind that the test of reasonableness, wherever prescribed, should be applied to each individual statute impugned, and no abstract st.andard, or general pattern of reasonableness can be laid down as applicable to all cases. The nature of the right alleged to have been infringed, the underlying purpose of the restrictions imposed, the extent and urgency of the evil sought to be remedied thereby, the disproportion of the imposition, the prevailing conditions at the time, should all enter into the judicial verdict." ·These observations, if we may say so with great respect, lay down the correct principle. I.t follows that it is the duty of this Court to decide, having regard to the aforesaid considerations and such others, whether a particular statute satisfies the objective test of "reasonableness". While not disputing the general principle, the learned Counsel :for the petitioner strongly relied upon the decision of this Court in Thakur Raghubir Singh v. Court of Wards, Ajmer (2) in support of his contentions.- The facts in that case (1) [1952) s.c.R. 597. 607. 12) [1953J s.c.R. 1049, 1055. f - ,( S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 615 were : s. 112 of the Ajmer Tenancy and Land Records z959 Act (XLII of 1950) provided that "if a landlord Mineral habitually infringes the rights of a tenant under this Development Ltd. Act, he shall, notwithstanding anything in section 7 v. of the Ajmer Government Wards Regulation, 1888 The Stale of (I of 1888) be deemed to be a 'landlord who is disBihar qualified to manage his own property' within the Subba Rao J. meaning of section 6 of the said Regulation a.nd his property shall be liable to be taken under the superin-- tendence of the Court of Wards." The determination of the question whether a landlord had habitually infringed the rights of his tenants was left to the Court of Wards. The petitioner whose estate was taken over by the Court of Wards questioned the validity of the power conferred on the Court of Wards. This Court held that ·the said section was void as being an unreasonable restriction on the rights in property as the restriction made the enjoyment of that right depend upon the mere discretion of the executive. Mahajan, J., as he then was, observed: "When a law deprives a person of possession of his property for an indefinite period of time merely on the subjective determination of an executive officer, such a law can, on no construction of the word "reasonable" be described as coming within that expression, because it completely negatives the fundamental right by making its enjoyment depend on the mere pleasure and discretion of the executive, the citizen affected having no right to have recourse for establishing the contrary in a civil court." In that case the combined operation of s. 112 of Act XLII of 1950 and the provisions of Regulation I of 1888 was that the Court of Wards could in its own discretion and on its own subjective determination assume superintendence of the property of a, landlord who habitually infringed the rights. of his tenants. The Act also did not provide any machinery for determining the question whether a certain landlord was a person who habitually infringed the rights of his tenants. Even the condition precedent for the assumption of superintendence by the Court r959 Mineral Developn1ent Ltd. v. The State of Bihar Subba Rao]. 616 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1960(2)) of Wards, viz., the previous sanction of the Chief Commissioner, was also a matter entirely resting on his discretion. It will be seen that under that Act the entire question was left to the unbridled discretion of the executive without providing for any machinery to ascertain the grounds for its action. That decision cannot apply to the facts of the present case as they differ in material respects from those considered by ·this Court in that decision. The short question, therefore, is whether s. 25 of the Act places unreasonable restrictions on the petioner's fundamental rights under Ai:t. 19(l)(f) and (g) of the Constitution. It is conceded that the State can make a law imposing restrictions, in the interest of the public, on citizens in respect of their enjoyment of mineral rights; but the complaint is that the law which enables the State in its uncontrolled discretion to prevent the owner or the lessee of such a field from enjoying his land or leasehold interest or to carry on his mining operations permanently or for an indefinite period is unreasonable. So stated there is plausibility in the argument. But let us look at the law more closely to ascertain whether it suffers from such a vice. The Act was passed in the year 194 7 and was amended from time to time. The declared object of the Act is " to regulate the possession and transport of, and trading in, mica in the Province of Bihar ". It was necessitated, presumably, because of the scarcity of mica and its importance in the industrial field, and for that reason for regulating home consumption and foreign export. The learned Counsel for the petitioner did not controvert the position, and indeed conceded that reasonable restrictions can legitimately be imposed on the mining operations of the petitioner. Section 4 of the Act imposes a prohibition on the possession of, and trading in, mica without licence, proprietor's certificate, or digger's permit. Sections 5 and 6 prescribe a machinery for granting proprietor's certificate, miner's or dealer's licence; Sections IO to 12 define the duties of licensees and registered proprietors in the matter of keeping accounts and producing them for inspection. Section 14 prohibits - • - S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 617 the removal of mica from one place to another withr959 out a pass. Sections 17, 19 and 21A impose penalties . 1 for the infringement of the provision.s of the Act and Devet:),:~:i Ltd. the rules made thereunder. Sect10n 22 to 24 deal v. with miscellaneous matters, such as the power of a The State of polic~ officer to arrest without warrant persons guilty Bihar of an offence under this Act, to search, seize and detain mica removed without a pass etc. Then comes Subba Rao f. s. 25. As the main argument of the learned Counsel turns upon the provisions of s. 25, it is necessary to read the entire section, which is as follows : Section. 25. "(1) The State Government may cancel the licence or proprietor's certificate of any licensee or registered proprietor who- ( a) allows his licence or proprietor's certificate, as the case may be, to be used on behalf of any other person as authority to buy or have in his possession or sell mica extracted from a mica mine or from a mica dump, or · (b) being a person to whom a miner'1:1 lice';ice has been granted extracts mica from a mine the particulars of which are not endorsed on his licence, or (c) is guilty of repeated failure to comply with any of the other provisions of this Act or rules made thereunder, or (d) is convicted of an offence under Chapter XVII of the Indian Penal Code committed in respect of mica : Provided that a licence or a proprietor's certificate shall not be cancelled solely by reason of conviction from which the licensee or the registered proprietor has no right of appeal or revision; Provided further · that a licence or a proprietor's certificate shall not be cancelled unless the licensee or the proprietor has been furnished with the grounds for such cancellation and has been afforded reasonable oppurtunity to show cause why his licence shall not be cancelled. (2) A fresh licence or proprietor's certificate shall not, without the previous sanction of the State Government, be granted to any licensee or registered 79 '959 Mineral Development Ltd. v. The Stat8 of Bihar Subba Rao]. 618 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1960(2)] proprietor whose licence or proprietor's certificate has been cancelled under this section." This section .embodies the severest punishment that can be imposed under the Act on a licensee or a proprietor. It enables the State Government to cancel the licence. The power is entrusted to the highest executive in the State which ordinarily can be relied upon to discharge . its duties honestly, impartially and in the interest of the public without any extraneous consid_erations. The section provides clearly ascertainable standards for the State Government to apply to the facts of each case. Clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d) of s. 25(1) describe with sufficient particularity the nature of the defaults to be committed and the abuses to be guilty of by the licensee in order to attract the penal provisions. Clause (c) with which we are directly concerned embodies the last step that can be resorted to by the State Government to eliminate the recalcitrant operator from the field of mining industry if only he is guilty of repeated failures to comply with any of the provisions of the Act or the rules made thereunder other than those mentioned in the other clauses of the section. The discretion of the State Government under cl. (c) of s. 25(1) is hedged in by two important restrictions: viz., (i) the failure to comply with the provisions of the Act or the rules made thereunder, should be a repeated failure and not a mere sporadic one, i.e., the defaulter must be a recalcitrant one; (ii) before cancelling the licence the State Government should afford reasonable opportunity to the licensee to show cause why his licence should not be cancelled. That apart, the cancellation of the licence has not-the effect of barring the licensee or the proprietor from applying for a fresh licence. The only condition imposed is that a fresh licence shall not be granted to him without the previous sanction of the State Government. In the foregoing circumstances, can it be said that the section imposes an unreasonable restriction on the petitioner's fundamental rights? The statutory conditions subject to which the licence is given are, obviously, reasonable - • - ,- .. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 619 and necessary for regulating the mining industry. The 1959 provisions of the Act, as we have already pointed·out, , 1 were only designed to compel a licensee. ~o keep Deve:;:::, Ltd. accounts, produce them before the authorities when v. required, to prevent him from removing mica from the The State of fields without passes and to impose penalties for Bihar contravening the rules. The only vice is said to lie in the power to cancel a licence conferred on the Subba Rao f. State Government under s. 25 of the Act. The power given to the State Government is only to achieve the object of the Act i.e., to enforce the said provisions, which have been enacted in the interest of the public; and that power, as we have indicated, is exercisable on the basis of objective tests and in accoi:dance with the principles of natural justice. We. cannot, therefore, hold that s. 25(l)(c) of the Act imposes an unreasonable restriction on the petitioner's fundamental rights under Art. 19(l)(f) and (g) of the Constitution. Before leaving this part of the case, we must make it clear that we do not intend to lay down as a proposition that whenever discretionary power is conferred on a State Government or the Union Government by law, the said law m11'3t neces;;artly operate as a reasonable restriction on a fundamental right. Such a general proposition negatives the concept of fundamental rights for the simple reason that fundamental rights are guaranteed against State action. Therefore, the conferment of such a power on the State Government and not upon a subordinate officer is only one of the considerations that may enter into the judicial verdict on the reasonableness of a particular law and the reasonableness of that law falls to be decided only on the cumulat,ive effect of the circumstances under which such power is conferred. The next question is, did the State Government comply with the provision of s. 25(1)(c), read with the second proviso thereto, of the Act? Under the said proviso the State. Government can cancel a licence after affording reasonable opportunity to the licensee to show cause why his licence should not be cancelled. This proviso confers a quasi-judicial power on the '959 Mineral Development Ltd. v. The State of Bihar Subba Rao]. .620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(2)] State Government. The concept of "reasonable opportunity " is an elastic one and is not ·susceptible of easy and precise definition. The decisions on cases under Art. 311 of the Constitution afford illustrations of the applications of the said doctrine to varying situations. What is reasonable opportunity under one set of circumstances need not be reasonable under different circumstances. It is the duty of the Court to ascertain in each case, having regard to the overall picture before it, to come to a conclusion whether reasonable opportunity is given to a person " to show cause" within the meaning of the second proviso to s. 25(1) of the Act. Tribunals or authorities who are entrusted with quasi-judicial functions are as much bound by the relevant principles governing the "doctrine of bias" as any other judicial tribunal. This Court in a recent decision in Gullapxlli N ageswara Rao v. The State of Andhra Pradesh (1) observed: "The principles governing the "doctrine of bias" vis-a-vis judicial tribunals are well-settled and they are: (i) no man shall be a judge in his own cause ; (ii) justice should not only be done but manifestly and undoubtedly seem to be done. The two maxims yield the r8sult that if a member of a judicial body is "subject to a bias (whether financial or other) in favour of, or against, any party to a dispute, or is in such a position that a bias must be assumed to exist, he ought not take part in the decision or sit on the tribunal" ; and that "any direct pecuniary interest, however small, in the subject.matter of inquiry will disqualify a judge, and any interest, though not pecuniary, will have the same effect, if it is sufficiently substantial to create a reasonable suspicion of bias". The said principles are equally applicable to authorities, though they are not courts of justice or judicial tribunals, who have to act judicially in deciding the rights of o.thers, i.e., authorities who are empowered to discharge quasijudicial functfoms." In view of the foregoing principles the first question to be considered is whether in the present case the (1) (1959] S.C.R. Supp. (1) 319. - ' ... ·. - - S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 621 authority functioning for the State Government-it is x959 admitted ~hat the then Revenue Minister of the S~ate Mineral made the impugned order-had personal bias agamst Development Ltd. the petitioner. Secondly, we will have to scrutinize v. the record to ascertain whether reasonable opportunity The state of was given to the petitioner to show cause or whether Bihar it was denied that right. Thirdly, we will have to ascertain whether the State Government found that Subba Rao f. the petitioner was guilty of repeated failure to comply with any of the other provisions of the Act or the rules made thereunder and cancelled the licence on the basis .of that finding. It may be mentioned that the learned Advocate General, who appeared before us on behalf of the State, submitted that the State Government exercised its power under s. 25(l)(c) of the Act. The notice to show cause was issued by the State Government to the petitioner on March 7, 1953. The licence granted in favour of the petitioner was cancelled by the State Government by its notification dat.ed September 1, 1955. Admittedly, during this period Sri Krishna Ballav Sahay was the Revenue Minister of the Government of Bihar, and he was in charge of the department dealing with mines. There was political rivalry between the said Minister and Sri Raja Bahadur Kamakshya Narain Singh, the ex.landlord of Ramgarh and Serampur estates in the district of Hazaribagh, who leased the lands in question to the petitioner. The case of the State is that the said lease was benami only for the said proprietor ; and the case of the petitioner is that the wife of the proprietor, Rani Lalita Rajya Luxmi Devi, is the registered shareholder of the Company. The question whether the lease is only benami for the proprietor or not is , now in dispute in title suit No. 53 of 1954 pending on the file of the court of the Subordinate Judge, Hazaribagh. We shall, therefore, assume for the purpose of this case that there is a disp'\].te on the question of title, the State Government asserting that the lease is only benami for the proprietor and the petitioner claiming to be the real lessee and the wife of the proprietor only a registered shareholder of the 0 • 622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] z959 Company. Whichever version is true, the proprietor, . directly or because of his wife, is very much interested Mineral • th C t th G ' Developme"t Ltd. m e ,ompany, a any rate, e overnment s case v. is that he is the owner. It is alleged in the petition The Stale of that the ·said proprietor opposed the Revenue Biha' Minister in the general election held in 1952 to the Bihar Legislative Assembly in the constituency of Subba Rao J. Giridih and Barkagaon and defeated him. It is also ~tated that before the said election, the Revenue Minister filed a criminal case against the proprietor in the District Court of Hazaribagh charging him uuder s. 500 of the Indian Penal Code. The High Court in & judgment dated April 15, 1952, delivered in the petition to transfer the said case to some other Court recorded the admitted fact that there was political rivalry between the Minister and the proprietor. Ultimately, this Court transferred the said criminal case from the State of Bihar to the file of a Magistrate's Court in Delhi on the ground that there was political rivalry between the two persons. These facts are not denied in the counter-affidavit filed by the State. In the said counter-affidavit the following cryptic statement occurs : "That the allegations in para. 14(b) of the petition about the alleged political rivalry between Sri Kamakshya Narain Singh and Sri Krishna Ballav Sahay, the then Minister, Revenue, has no bearing on the facts of this case so far as the orders of the Government are concerned and to that extent the allegations are denied." It may, therefore, be taken that the allegations of personal bias of the Revenue Minister against the proprietor is not denied. It is also not disputed that ' the proceedings against the petitioner were started during the tenure of the said Revenue Minister and that the actual order of cancellation was made by him . We have no hesitation in holding that the Revenue Minister had personal bias against the proprietor and that he was also acting on the belief that the lease was only benami for the said proprietor. We, therefore, hold that the said Revenue Minister had personal bias within the meaning of the decisions and he should ' - ' / S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 623 not have taken part in either initiating the enquiry or x959 in cancelling the licence. M" 1 On the basis that s. 25 of the Act is constitutionally Devslo;::;:1 Ltd. valid, the question is whether the provisions of that v. section have been complied with in the present case. The State of If they were not complied with, the order of the State Billa• Government mA.de in derogation of the said provisions s~bba Rao J. would certainly infringe the fundamental rights of the petitioner. The main objection to the validity of the impugned order is that the State Government did not afford the petitioner reasonable opportunity to show cause why his licence should not be cancelled. The subject-matter of the mining leasehold interest is· in respect of 3,026 villages for a period of 999 years. It is alleged in the petition that a large amount of about Rs. 16 lakhs were spent by the petitioner to obtain the mining lease and in addition a considerable sum was spent in prospecting and developing the mines. On March 7, 1953, the Government of Bihar through its Secretary in the Revenue Department issued a notice to the petitioner asking it to show cause within 15 days of the receipt of the said notice why action to cancel the miner's licence No. 261-H under.s. 25(l)(c) of the Act should not be taken by the Government. It is stated in the notice that the petitioner committed "violations of ss. 10, 12 and 14 in respect of their mica godowns at Marhand and Sultana, ss. 10 and 12, in respect of the godowns at Simaria ands. 10 in respect of Kowabar godowns and have thus been guilty of repeated failures to comply with those provisions of the Bihar Mica Act, 1947." On receipt of this notice, the petitioner by its letter dated March 20, 1953, asked the Government to furnish it with partjculars of the allegations contained in the said notice and on March 27, 1953, renewed its request for the !'aid particulars. On May I, 1953, the Government sent a Memorandum No. A/MI-8022/53R. to the petitioner Con:ipany giving ·the particulars of the violations of the provisions of the Act. The subject of the memorandum is described as "Repeated failure to comply with the provisions of the Bihar Mica Act, 1947." The particulars show that between December 3, 1952, and December 11, 1952, '959 Miner-al Development Ltd. v. The State of Bihar Subba Rao ]. 624 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] the Inspector of Mica Accounts inspected different godowns of the petitioner and found contravention of the provisions of ss. IO, 12 and 14 of the Act. What is important to notice is that the inspection, though spread over a few days, was really one inspection of different godowns and the particulars disclosed were comparatively trivial defaults in carrying out the provisions of the Act. It may also be noticed that one of the particulars related to an inspection alleged to have been made on March 6, 1952; and, in respect of that inspection, the petitioner was prosecuted and convicted; but the licence was renewed for the next two years in spite of the said conviction. The result of that inspection is, therefore, not germane to the enquiry initiated by the notice dated March 7, 1953, After giving the particulars the memorandum con-