# RAJ KUMAR SINGH HUKAM CHANDJI v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX MADHYA. PRADESH - **Citation:** [1971] 1 S.C.R. 748 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1970-08-11 - **Case number:** Civil Appeals Nos. 326 and c 327 of 1967 - **Bench:** J. C. Shah, K. S. Hegde, A. N. Grover - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/raj-kumar-singh-hukam-chandji-v-commissioner-of-income-tax-madhya-pradesh-5123 - **Pages:** 13 ## Headnote Indian Income-tax Act (ll of 1922)_.;_Remuneration as Managing Director-Whether assessable as income of individual or of Hindu un· divided family. A Hindu undivided family carrying on management of a company disrupted into 3 branches, one being that of the assessee, and the shares of tne company were more in the names of his family members. The consideration for all these subsequent acquisitions was from the Hindu undivided family funds. All the shares-the previous and subsequent acquisition-were treated in the books and the balance shee of the assessee family as its property and its dividends were also credited to the account of the family. As Managing Director of the company the assessee received certain remuneration. On the question whether the managing director's remuneration received by the assessee was assessable in his individual hands or in the hands of the assessee's Hir·"· un.divided family, this Court :- HELD :-The remuneration was assessable as the assessee's individual . income and not as the income of his Hindu undhidoo family. A B c D The broad principle that has to be applied in such cases is whether the remuneration received by the coparcener in substance though not in· form was but one investment of the family funds in the busi"ess or whether E it was a compensation made for the services rendered by the individual coparcener. If it is the former, it is an income of the Hindu undivided family but if it is the latter then it is the income of the individual coparcener. If the income was essentially earned as a result of the funds invested the fact that a coparcener has rendered some service would not change the character of the receiot. But if on the other. hand it is cssen .. tially a remuneration for the services rendered by a coparc&ier, the circum· stances that his services were avaHed of berause of the reason that he was F a member of the family which had invested funds in th•t businer On beh•lf of the famiiy. In t'1e past the salary received by him was assessed a• hidndividual income. The same was the case as reoa•ds the s•larv received by the other manaoing directors. The tribunal had found that he was not aooointed as manaoing H director as a result df any outlav or e~oenr On beh•lf of the famiiy. In t'1e past the salary received by him was assessed a• hidndividual income. The same was the case as reoa•ds the s•larv received by the other manaoing directors. The tribunal had found that he was not aooointed as manaoing H director as a result df any outlav or e~oenscssable iin his hands in individual capacity. As was done in the early assessments also." For that reason he did, not assess the sum of Rs. 6;\000;- and the sitting fee of _Rs. 1.,420/- received by Rajkumar in the account year relevant to the assessment year 1954-55 in li•e hands of the Hindu undivided family but they were asse;sed in the hands of Rajkumar as an individual. On January 10, 1961, the Commissioner of Income-tax, in ev~rcise of his power und"t ~. 33 (BJ issued a notice to the assessee to show cause why the ao»Cssment of the assessee for the asses •. nent year 1954-55 shou!·l not be revised by treating the sum oi Rs. 60,000/- plus Rs. 1,420/- as the income of the assessee Hindu Undivided family of whi-=h Rajkumar was the Karta. The assessee opposed that notice. He claimed the amount in question as his individual income. The Commissioner did not accept the contention of the ass~c-.;ee and purporting to rely on the decision of this Court in Com111is.\ioner of Income-tax, West Bengal v. Kalu Babu Lal Chand;( 1) hdd that that income was of the assessee. He taxed the dS>e~see accordingly. Aggrieved by that decision, the assessee took up tht• matter in anneal to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal. Before the tribunal, learned Counsel for the assessee conceded thm the sitting fee of Rs. 1.420/- may be treated as the income 0f tt.e ?s,essee. H0 nce the disoute centred round the sum of Rs. 60,000/- received by Rajkumar as salary. The tribunal U"held the wntentitin of the assessee. The tribunqJ after tracing the history of the Private Ltd. Co. of which R"il(umqr w"' a nire,c•or "nd the manner in which the earlier assessments were made observed : --- H "From the facts set out above it is clear •hat tliis JS not a nart and oarcel of the s"me transactioo or the same scheme of arrangement. Whatever may be said of (1) 37 I. I. T. R. 123.; 752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1971] l S.C.R. the bigger Hindu undivided family, it was sheer accident of circumstances that the smaller Hmdu unaiv1d .. d family came to hold these shares. Both Raikumm and Rajabahadur belong to the same branch and both of them are managing directors. The managing directors were appointed by a resolution of the Board of Directors and they were su'2ject to removal by the Director~ at any time. The appointment of managing director was no: conditioned upon either Rajkumar or Rajabahadur acquiring these shares. On the disruption oi the lareer Hindu undivided family the smaller Hindu undivided family got for its share certain shares. Whatever may be said of the directors' fees, that having been now conceded as income of the Hindu undhided family, the same cannot be said of the managing directors' remuneration. The managing director holds office by virtue of the resolution of the Board of Directors. He may not be a servant of the Company but still h~ receives his salary for his persopal services. The contnbution of . the share capital may at best be considered as acquiring the qualification of a director. It is not al! p-:;oplc who hold shares that could automatically aspire to be managing directors. There. is_ no evidence to show that Rajkumar and Rajabahadur were appointed managing directors Oil behalf of the family or that the income was earned by utilizing the joint family proμeny or 1 was detriment to the family property. There is no material in this case to hold that the acquisitiM of the business or floatation of the company and Lh.c appointment of the managing directors were inseμarably Jinked together. As already noticed right up to t'.1e accounting year relevant to the present assessment yenr !be income was treated as income of Rajkumar in his individual capacity. It is true no doubt that there is no question of res judicata but this fact has certainly to be taken into consideration. This income has been a~~essed under s. 7. It has been earned by Rajkumar for his services. It has accrued in his hands. It is open to rum to give it over to the family and the mere fact that it w~s included in the family's account or the balance sheet cannot in any event affect the question at issue ........... . Rajkumar was not appointed as managing director as a result of any outlay. or exoenditure of or Jetriment, to the family property. The managin!! directorshio was an emoloyment of llersonal resoonsibility and ability and the mere fact that certain qualification shares and 0ther shares were property of the Hindu· undivided A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H RAJ KUMAR v. C.!.T. (Hegde, !.) family .was not the sole or even !!!e main reason for .his appointment to the responsible post of managmg director. We are clearly of the opinion therefore that the remuneration received by Rajkumar was assessable only in his hands as an individual and cannot be considered as and clubbed with the income of the Hindu undivided family." 753 The High Court of Madhya Pradesh did not agree with the conclusion reached by the Income-tax Appellate :rnbunal. It felt that in view of the decision of this Court in Commissioner of /11come-tax, West Bengal v. Kalu Babu Lal Chand(') the answer to the question referred to it should be in favour .of the Revenue. The question of law arising for decision in this case has been the subject matter of numerous decisions of this Court and of Yarious High Courts. But yet the law cannot be said to have been settled beyond controversy. The two opposing view points to which we shall refer presently try to seek sustenance from one or the other decisions of this Court. As far bacj( as 1921 in Gokul Chand v. Hukum Chand NaJh Mal(') the Judicial Committee ruled "that there could be no valid distinction between the direct use of the joint family funds and the use which qualified the members to make the gains on his efforts". In making this observation, the Judicial Committee appears to have been guided by certain ancient Hindu law texts. That view of the law became a serious impediment to the progress of the Hindu society. It is well know,n that the decision in Gokul Chand's case(') gave rise to great deal of public dissatisfaction and the central legislature was constrained to step in and enact the Hindu Gains of Learning Act. 1930 (30 of 1930) which nullified the effect of that decision. Then came the decision of this Court in Commissioner of lncometax v. Kalu Babu Lal Chand.(') On the facts of that case, this Court held that the remuneration earned by Rohatgi as the managing director of a firm was the income of his Hindu Undivided Family. The facts of that case were somewhat peculiar. They were set out at p. 130 of the report. It would be best to quote that passage which reads : "Here was the Hindu undivided family of which B. K. Rohatgi was the karta. It became interested in the concern then carried on by Milkhi Ram and others under the name of Lndia Electric Works. The karta was one of the promoters of the company which he floated with a view to take over the India Electric Works as a going concern. In anticioation of the incorporation of that company the karta of the family took 9ver the (!) 37 I. T. R. 173. (2) 48, I. A. 162. Ll69 Sup. CJ. (P)/71-4 754 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971) I S.C.R. concern, carried it on and supplied the finance at all stages out of the joint family funds and the finding is that he never contributed anything out of his separate property, if he had .any. The Articles of 11ssociation of the company provided for the appointment as managins director of the very person who, as the karta of the family, had promoted the company. The acquisition of the business, the floatation of the company and appoint· ment of the managing director appear to us to be in· separably linked together. The joint family assets were used for acquiring the concern and for financing it and in lieu of all that detriment to the joint family properties '.he joint family got not only the shares standing in the 11ames of two members of the family but also, as part and parcel of the same scheme, the managing directorship of the company when incorporated. lt is also significant that right up to the accounting year re!evant to the assessment year 1943-44, the income was treated as the income o(the Hindu undivided family. It is true that there is no question of res judicata but the fact that the remuneration- was credited to the famil) is certainly a fact to be taken into consideration." The next came the decision of this Court in Mathura Prasad v. Commissiollftof Income-tax('). The facts found in that case are more or less similar to those found in Kalu Babu Lal Chand's case( 2 ). Those facts are : Mathura Prasad, the Manager of his Hindu Undivided Family had e.ntered into a partnership as representing his family of which he was the karta for the benefit of the family. There was also no dispute that in the flrm of Badri Prasad Jagan Prasad, the assets of the assessee family were vested. The Tribu'nal found that Mathura Prasad, the manager. became a partner in t!;.e firm with the help of joint family funds and as partner he was entrusted with the management of the Agarwal Iron Works. On the basis of those facts, it was held that the allowance received by Mathura Prasad was therefore directly related to the investment of the family funds in the partnership business. In the course of the judgment, it was observed: "It was suggested that Mathura Prasad earned the allowance sought to be brought to tax because of the special aptitude he possessed for managing the Agarwal . Iron Works, and the allowance claimed by him was not earned by the use of the joint family funds. But no such contention was. raised before the High Court. We have been taken through the iietition filed in the. High (I) 60 J.T.R. 428. (2) 37 J.l.R. 123. B c D E ;:; F G H A B c D E F G H - RAJ KUMAR v. C.J.T. (Hegde, J.) Court Wider section 66 ( 2) of the Act, and there is no averment to the effect that Mathura Prasad had any special aptitude for management of the Agarwal Iron Works, and what was agreed to be paid to _him was as remuneration for perfo=ing services because of such aptitude." 755 Then we come to the decision of this Court in Piyewe Lal Adishwar Lal v. Commissioner of Income-tax('); Therein one Sheel Chandra, who was the karta of his Hindu Undivided family consisting of himseLf and his yoooger brother, furnished as securtiy his family properties for being appointed the treasurer of a bank. He would not have been appo\nted treasurer of the bank but for the security given. In that case 'also, it was contended'O'n behalf of the Conunissioner of Income-tax that the salary earned by Sheel Chandra was a family income and is liable to be taxed as such. That contention was negatived by this Court. From that decision it follows· that it is not any airid every kind of aid received from family funds which taints an income as family income. Before an income earned by the exertions of a coparcener can be considered as a family income, a direct and substantial nexus between the iinicome in dispute and the family funds should be established. On October 27, 1967, this Court rendered three different decisions namely V. D. Dhanwatey v. Commissioner of Incometax, M.P. ( 2 ), M. D. Dhanwatey v. Commissio11er of Income-tax, M.P.( 3 ) and S. RM. CT. PL. Palaniappa Chettiar v. Cominr. of Income-tax, Madr'as('); The facts in V. D. Dhanwate,Y's case are : V. D. Dhanwatey as the karta of his Hindu undivided family was a partner of a firm. His contribution to the capital of the firm belonged to the family. Interest was payable on the capital cointributed by each partner. Under cl. (7) of the deed of partnership the general management and supervbion of the partnership business was to be in the hands of V. D. Dha.nwatey. Under cl. ( 16), he was to be paid monthly remuneration at the gross earning of the partnership business. The question was whether the salary received by V. D. Dhanwatef was assessable in the hands of his Hindu Undivided Family. On the above facts, the High Court held that the remuneration paid to V. D. Dhanwatey was only an increased share in the profits of the fitm paid to V. D. Dhanwatey as representing his Hindu undivided family and hence the said amount was taxable in the hands of his undivided family. By a majority decision this Court agreed with the view taken by the High Court. This Court held that the remuneration paid by the firm to V. D. Dhanwate directly r~lated to the invest- (I) 40, I. T. R. 17. (3) 68 I. T. R. 385. (2) 68 I. T. R, 365. (4) 68 I. T. R. 221. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 971 J l S.C.R. ments in the partnership business from the assets of the family and that there was real and sufficient connection between the investments from the joint family funds and the remuneration paid to him. On that basis this Court ruled that the salary paid to V. D. Dhanwatey was assessable as the income of his Hindu Undivided Family. The facts found in M. D. Dhanwatey's case(') were that M. D. Dhanwatey, as the karta cf his Hindu undivided family was a partner in the firm. His share in the capital of the firm was entirely contributed by the family. Clause (5l of the deed of partnership provided for payment of interest to the partners on their share contribution. Under Cl. ( 8), he was to be the manager in-charge of the works and under cl. ( 16) he was to be paid a monthly remuneration. The question was whether the salary received by him could be included in the total income of his Hindu undivided family. This Court held that the salary received by him could be included in the total income of his Hindu undivided family. In Palaniappa Chettiar's case(2), the facts found are as follows: In 1934, the karta of a Hindu undivided family acquired 90 out of 300 shares in a transport company with the funds of the family. There were initially four shareholders including the karta and two of them were directors. On the death of one of them in 1941, the kart a became a director of the company. On the death of another, who was managing the business of the company, he became the managing director of the company in 1942. At the relevant period he was entitled to a salary and a commission on the net profits of the company. The managing director had con- :rol over the financial and administrative affairs of the company and the only qualification under its articles of association was the qualification of a director, viz., the holding of not less than- 25 shares in his own right. The question was whether the managing director's remuneration and commission and sitting fees received by the karta were assessable as the income of the family. This Court held that \he shares were acquired by the family not with the object that the karta should become the managing director but in the ordinarv course of investment and there was no real connection between the investment of _joint family funds in the purchase of the shares and the appointment of the karta as managing direetor of the company. The remuneration of the managing director was not earned by any detriment to the _joint family assets. Hence the amount received by the karta as managing director's remuneration, commission a.id sitting fees were not assessable as the income of the Hindu undivided family. (I) 68 I. T. R. 385. (2) 68 I. T. R. 221 A B c D E F G H A 8 c D E F a H KAJ KUMAR v. C.I.T. (Hegde, J.) 757 The next case decided by this Court was Commisisoner of Income-tax, Mysore v. Gurunath Dhakappa( 1). Therein the karta of a Hindu Undivided family was a pa~tner in a registered firm, representing his family. He was appointed manager of the firm on a remuneration of Rs. 500/- per month. For the ass.essment year 1960-61, he received a sum of Rs. 14,737 /- from the firm including a sum of Rs. 6,000/- as his salary for managing the firm's business. There was no finding that the salary received by the karta had directly related to the assets oll the family utilised in the firm. On the basis of those facts, this Court held that the sum of Rs. 6,00Q/- could not be treated as the income of the Hindu undivided family. In the course of the judgment this Court observed: "In the absence of a finding that the income which was received by Dhakappa was directly related to any assets of the family utilised in the partnership, the income cannot be treated as the income of the Hindu Undivided Family." Then we come to the decision of this Court in P. N. Krishna Iyer v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Kerala.(') Therein Krishna Iyer, the karta of his Hindu undivided family received salary, commission and sitting fees as governing director of a private company which carried on transport business, The shares which qualified the karta to become a member of the company were purchased with the aid of joint family funds. The entire capital assets of the company originally belonged to the joint family and were made available to the company in consideration of a mere promise to pay the amount for which the assets were valued. Dividends from shares of the value of Rs. 4,88,000 allotted to the karta by the company in consideration of valuable services rendered by him were also treated as belonging to the family. The Tribunal held that the income from salary, commission and sitting fees earned by the karta wa~ his separate income. The High Court, on a reference, held that the income was assessable in the hands of the family. On appeal this Court held that the question whether the income was the income of the Hindu undivided family or of the individual was a mixed question of law and fact and the final conclusion drawn by the tribunal from the primary evidentiary facts was open to challenge on the plea that ihe relevant principle has been misapplied by the tribunal. On the facts of the case, this Court affirming the decision of the High Court held that the income was primarily earned by utilising the joint family assets or funds and the mere fact that in the process of gaining the advantage an .element of personal service or skill or (I) 72 I. T. R. 192. (2) 731. T. R., 539. 758 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1971] 1 S.C.R. labour was involved did not alter the character of Qie income. Therein this Court further observed that in cases of this class the character of the receipt had to be determined by reference to its source, its relation to the assets of the family of which the recipient was a member and the primary object with which the benefit received was disbursed. Lastly we come to the decision of this Court in Commissioner of Income-tax, Mysore v. D. C. Shah.( 1 ) Therein the respondent, a Hindu undivided family was the partner in two firms through its karta D. C. Shah. The karta was paid by the two firms remu· neration as a managing partner. He was found to be a man of rich exrerience in the line of business which the two firms were carrying on. Clause ( 8) of the partnership dc;ed of the first firm prcvided that Shah ,who has been managing the business of the firm shall continue to•act as managing partner for conducting the said business free from any interference of the other partners with power to manage, direct, appoint and/ or remove any one of the employees and/ or do all other things including the right to draw cheques, to make, deliver and accept documents either legal or commercial in respect of the partnership business. l:lause ( 9) provided that Shah shall continue to be the managing partner for his lifetime or his retirement whichever is eariier. In the deed of the second firm Clause ( 14) provided for appointment of another partner, K, as the managing partner and gave :lie managing partner powers similar to those in the deed of the other firm. Clause (15) provided for Shah's appointment after K's retirement and Shah was appointed after his retirement. No other partner was paid any salary in this firm. ·on -these facts this Court held that there was no real or sufficient connection between the investment of the joint family funds and the .. remuneration paid to Shah and that remuneration was not earned on account of any detiiment to the joint famiiy assets and the remuneration recejved by Shah as the managing partner of the two firms was not assessable as the income of his Hindu undivided family. At first sight there appears to be conflict between the two lines of decisions namely Kalu Babu's case, Mathura Prasad's case; two Dhanwatey's cases and Krishna lyer's case on one side Palaniappa Chettiar's case, Dakappa's case and D. C. Shah's case on the other. The line that demarcates these two lines of decisions is not very distinct but on a closer examination that line can be located. In order to find out whether i; given income is that of the person to whom it was purported to have been given or that of his family, several tests have been enumerated in the aforementioned decisions but none of them excepting Kalu Babu's case ( ll 73 I. T. R. 692. A B c D E F G H RAJ KUMAR v. C.I.T. (Hegde, I.) 759 A makes reference to the observations of Lord Sumner in Gokal Chand's case that "in considering whether gains are partible, there ls no valid distinction ·between jhe direct use of the joint family funds and a use which qualifies the member to make the gains by his own efforts". We think that that principle is no more vahd. The other tests enumerated are : B c D E F G H ( 1) whether the income received by a co-parcener of a Hindu undivided family as remuneration had any rtal connection with the investment of the joint family funds; ( 2) whether the income received was directly related to any utilization of family assets; (3) whether the family had suffered any detriment in the process of realization of the income; and ( 4) whether the income was received with the aid and assistance of the family funds; Jn our opinion from these subsidiary principles, the broader principle that emerges is whether the remuneration received by the coparcener in substance though not in form was but one of the mode~ of return made to the family because of the investment of the family funds in the business or whether it was a compensation made for the services rendered by the individual coparcencr. If it is :3e former, it is an income of the Hindu undivided family but if it is the latter then it is the income of the individual coparcener. ]f the income was essentially earned as a result of the funds investe.d the fact that a coparcener has rendered some service would not change the character of the receipt. But if on the other hancl it is essentially a remuneration for the services rendered by a coparcener, the circumstance that his services were availed of because of the reasop that he was a member of the family which had invested funds in that business or that he had obtained the qualification shares from out of the family funds would not make the receipt, the income of the Hindu undivided family. Applying the tests enumerated above to the facts found by the tribunal in the present case, there is hardly any room to doubt that the income in question was the individual income of Rajkumar. He die! not become the managing director of the firm for the mere reason that his family had purchased considerable shares in the fim1. He w~s elected as a managing director by the board of directors. The tnbunal has found that he received his salary for his personal ~ervic~s. There is no material to hold that he was elected managJng director i:n behalf of the family. In the pa;t th~ s'llary received by him was assessed as his individual income. The same w.as the case as refards the salary received by the other managing dJTectors. The tnbunal ha~ found that he was not appointed as 760 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1971] 1 S.C.R. mana~ing director as a result of any outlay or expenditure of or detriment to the family property. It has further found that the manafiing direetorship was an emJJloyment of personal responsibility and ability. In these circumstances we agree with the conclusions reached hy the tribunal that the income in question cannot be treated as the income of the assessee. For these reasons we are unable to agree with the High Court that the income in question can be held to be the income of the asses1ee. Hence this appeal is allowed and in the place of me amwer given by the High Court to the question referred to it, we a