# RAM BAHADUR RAI v. THE STATE OF BIHAR & ORS - **Citation:** [1975] 2 S.C.R. 732 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1974-11-12 - **Case number:** Writ Petition No. 347 of 1974 - **Bench:** Y. V. Chandrachud, P. N. Bhaowati - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/ram-bahadur-rai-v-the-state-of-bihar-ors-6230 - **Pages:** 11 ## Headnote A Prtvtntivc Detcntion-EflectlVe representation af(alnst order of de1e111io11, B -Grounds of detention, when to be read as inter-related-Petitioner, wht?tlier .entitled to have notice of inter-play of one gr0und on a11other. Maintenance of lnf!)rnal Security Act, Section 3 ( 1) (a) (ii)-"Guj1irat type .of agitation In Bihar"-Expresslon, if vague. . . On April 9, 1974, ht the exercise of powers c_onferred by section 3(1)(~)(ii) .of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, the District Magistrate, Piltna, made an order directing that the petitioner, who is a student leader, be detained C with a . view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance qf public orherao the office of the Bihar Chief Minister, the Patni. Disu'ict Magistrate and other officials. By the. second ground the following particulars yiere furnished to the petitictner (1) A meeting of the Students Steering Committee was held 011 March 1, 197 4 under Presidentship of Shri Laloo Prasad Yadav; (2) it was decided in that meeting to form a San;:halan Samiti f:or conducting the students agitation and (3) the petitioner readily agreed in that G meeting to become a member of the Sanchalan Samiti. It 1s impossible · by merely reading these particulars to decipher the connection between grounds 1 and 2. Grounds I a·nd 2 must be read disjunctive!)(, each one referring to a distinct episode. One is not a sequel to the other and the validity of the 'two grounds has to be determined independently on the merits of ea<:h. [73 7C·D} (iii) One of the allegations in ground 110. 1 is that, in the meethig of the Bihar Rajya Chatra Net& Sammelan, it was decided at the insta1~=e of the petitioner "to start a Gujarat type of agitation in Bihar." The reforen•:e H ·obviously is to the recent happenings in Gujarat which culminated in the dissolution of the State Legislature and the introduction of the Presidents Rule. The Court may and ought to take judicial notice of well-known facts of contemporary life. But it is very difficult to comprehend the true connotation of A B c R. M. RAI v. BIHAR (Chandrachud, /.) 733 the so-called Gujarat type of agitation. It may inean differently to different people and is, therefore, vague. The ·:oun will be treading on a dangerous ground if it attempted to interpret judicially th ## Text 132 RAM BAHADUR RAI v. THE STATE OF BIHAR & ORS. November 12, 1974 [Y. V. CHANDRACHUD AND P. N. BHAOWATI, JJ,] A Prtvtntivc Detcntion-EflectlVe representation af(alnst order of de1e111io11, B -Grounds of detention, when to be read as inter-related-Petitioner, wht?tlier .entitled to have notice of inter-play of one gr0und on a11other. Maintenance of lnf!)rnal Security Act, Section 3 ( 1) (a) (ii)-"Guj1irat type .of agitation In Bihar"-Expresslon, if vague. . . On April 9, 1974, ht the exercise of powers c_onferred by section 3(1)(~)(ii) .of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, the District Magistrate, Piltna, made an order directing that the petitioner, who is a student leader, be detained C with a . view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance qf public orherao the office of the Bihar Chief Minister, the Patni. Disu'ict Magistrate and other officials. By the. second ground the following particulars yiere furnished to the petitictner (1) A meeting of the Students Steering Committee was held 011 March 1, 197 4 under Presidentship of Shri Laloo Prasad Yadav; (2) it was decided in that meeting to form a San;:halan Samiti f:or conducting the students agitation and (3) the petitioner readily agreed in that G meeting to become a member of the Sanchalan Samiti. It 1s impossible · by merely reading these particulars to decipher the connection between grounds 1 and 2. Grounds I a·nd 2 must be read disjunctive!)(, each one referring to a distinct episode. One is not a sequel to the other and the validity of the 'two grounds has to be determined independently on the merits of ea<:h. [73 7C·D} (iii) One of the allegations in ground 110. 1 is that, in the meethig of the Bihar Rajya Chatra Net& Sammelan, it was decided at the insta1~=e of the petitioner "to start a Gujarat type of agitation in Bihar." The reforen•:e H ·obviously is to the recent happenings in Gujarat which culminated in the dissolution of the State Legislature and the introduction of the Presidents Rule. The Court may and ought to take judicial notice of well-known facts of contemporary life. But it is very difficult to comprehend the true connotation of A B c R. M. RAI v. BIHAR (Chandrachud, /.) 733 the so-called Gujarat type of agitation. It may inean differently to different people and is, therefore, vague. The ·:oun will be treading on a dangerous ground if it attempted to interpret judicially the genesis of recent political events. The court cannot assume that the decision to start a 'Gujarat type of agitation' meant a clarion call to violence. If the charge be that the petitioner had preached violence, the grounds of detention must say so. If the petitioner was not apprised of what was trulr alleged against him and if the accusation, when reasonably read, was unintelhgible, he was deprived of an opportunity to make an effective representation against the detention order. [738E-G] (iv) The second ground is irrelevant. An order of detention passer under any law providing for preventive detention has to answer the test that there has to be a nexus between the acts of the detenu ·faundin~ the order of detention and the purpose of detention. The purpose here 1s to prevent the petitioner from acting in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. The mere fact that the petitioner was instrumental in forming the Sanchalan Samiti for conducting the students agitation or that he readily agreed to become a member of that Samiti cannot justify the conclusion that these a.:ts are calculated to disturb public order. Peaceful protests and the voicing of a contrary opinion· are powerful wholesome weapons in the democratic repertoire. It is therefore unconstitutional to pick up a peaceful prot~tant and to put him behind the prison ba:rs. [740F-G] • · ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition No. 347 of 1974. Petition Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. o N. M. Ghatate and S. Balakrishnan for the petitioner. E G H Babadra Prasad Advocate Generm, for the State of Bihar. Birendra Prasad and U. P. Singh, for the respondents. The Judgment of the Court )Vere delivered by CHANDRACHUD, 1.-These proceedings for the writ of habeas corpus are directed against an order passed by the District Magis- ·trate, Patna, on April 9, 1974 in the exercise of powers conferred by section 3(1) (a)(ii) of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 26 of 1971. The District Magistrate directed by the aforesaid order that the petitioner, who is a stutlent leader, be detained with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. The 'Grounds' of detention were served on the petitioner on April 13, 1974. They read thus: "1. Whereas the said Shri Ram Bahadur. Rai, .in his capacity as Secretary of All India Vidyarthi · Parishad, attended a meetinl! of the Bihar Raiva Shatra Neta Sammelan held on the 17th anli 18th February, 1974; in Patna University campus, in which from amongst ~ther things, it was decided, at his instance, to start a .Gu1arat tYpC ~f . agitation in Bihar,. and whereas in .th~ same meetmg 1t was also decided to resort to ·hunger strike and gherao of the office of the Chief Minister, Bihar, District Magistrate, Patna and other officials. . 2. Whereas a meeting. of the . Students Steering Committee was held on the 1st. March, .1974 ~der the J>;esidentabip of Shri Laloo Prasit.i Yadav where it was decided . - 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1975] 2 s.C.R. to form a Sanchalan Samiti for conducting the students A agitation, and whereas in the same meeting you readily accepted to become one of the members of the Sanchalan Samiti; 3. Whereas the said Shri Ram Bahildur Rai attended a meeting of the Sanchalan Samiti on 4-3-7 4 at the Legislature Club where he was· instrumental in forcing a deciB sion to Gherao the Assembly on the 18th March, 1974 and to prevent the Governor from addressing the Assembly on the same date; 4. Whereas the said Shri Ram Baliadur Rai further attended a meeting of the Bihar Rajya Chatra Sangharas Samiti on the 12th March, 1974 in the office of the Students Union, Patna University in which it was decided, at his instance, to commence the gherao of the Assembly on the 18th March. 1974 from 8.30 A.M. 5. Whereas there are reports to indicate that the said Shri Ram Bahadur Rai was actually leading and actively participating in the gherao of the Assembly on the 18th March, 1974; and 6. Whereas even after the 18th March 74, the. said Shri Ram Bahadur Rai has been actively guiding the students agitation and with this end in view he convened a . meeting of the students in the National Hall, Kadamkuan, Patna on the 8th April. 1974 wherein he exhorted .them to paralyse the functioning of the Government offices with effect from the 9th April, 197 4 by resorting to gherao dhama. etc. 7. \Vhereas the sai\.1 Shri Ram Bahadur Rai actually led a demonstration of the students on the 9th April, 197 4 in defiance of the prohibitory orders under Section 144 Cr.P.C. with a clear inten•in' and known objective to 2herao the Government officials particularly the Secretariat buildings; 8. I am, therefore, satisfied that in the circumstances mentioned above if you are ·allowed to remain at iarge, you will indulge in further activities prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. I. V. S. Dubey, District Magistrate, Patna therefore, consider it necessary to detain you in custody with a view to preventing you from acting in any manner Pr.eiudicial to the maintenance of the public order." The order of detention was confirmed by the Governor of Bihar on on May 28, 1974. Bv the order of ronfirmation the petitioner is to remain In detention till April 8, 1975. c D E F G H A B c D E F G H R. M. RA! v. l!IHAR (Chandrachud, /.) 735 The petitioner filed a writ petition (No. 47 of 1974) in the High Court at Patna under Article 426 of the Constitution challenging the validity of the detention order on various grounds. That petition was dismissed by a Division Bench of the High Court on May 8, 1974. This Court, on Sept.ember 3, 1974 granted to the petitioner le::ve ts> appeal from the judgment of th~ High Court. On JUiy 22, 1974 the petitioner filed in this Court a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitutiqn challenging the validity of the detention order. Ru!e was issued on this petition on the same date en which special leave was granted to the petitioner to appeal from the judgment of the High Col!ft. The appeal and the writ petition involve common questions and can be disposed of together. In his writ petition here and in the High Court the petitioner has made these averments; The petitioner is a Secretary of the All India, Vidyarthi Parishad whose aim is to inculcate amongst the student a sense of discipline, patriotism, character and devotion to studies. The Vidyarthi Parishad has branches in various Indian colleges and "Universities, more than a la:kh of students and teachers being members of the Parishad. The Vidyarthi Parishad has been striving to bring about cordiality betwee_n the teachers and the taught. The offices of the President and_ the Vice-President of the Parishad are held by teachers while those of the Secretary and the Joint Secretary are held by stud:!nts. The Executive Committee consists of bOth the teach·ers and the students. The studerits of the Patna University placed certain demands before the Chief Minister and the Education Minister .of Bihar as also before the District Magistrate of Patna impressing upon them that due to high prices, articles of food were not available in the various hostels of Patna and therefore it was necessary to issue ration cards for supply of foodgrains to the students. A similar .demand was made in regard to the non-availability of text-books and writing material. Verbal assurances were given to the students that their demands would be considered but the situation remained as before. On February 17 and 18 a meeting of the student leaders was held in the Patna University campus to consider the problems facing the student community. The petitioner says that the particulars furnished to him .in regard to what transpired in those meetings do not set out as· to what. was said by him in those meetings. The main grievance of the petitioner as r-eflccted in hi_s writ petitions is that the grounds of detention furnished to him are vague, that some of the allegations contained in the grounds are false and that the grounds bear no relevance to the object of the d·etention, namely the maintenance of public order. The District Magistrate of Patna has filed an affidavit in this Court in answer to the contentions of the petitioner. He says that there were reliable reports that the petitioner had attended meetings in the University campus on February 17 and 18, 1974, where at his instance, it was decided to start a "Gujarat type agitation" in Bihar. The petitioner had readily agre,ed to become a member of the 16--L319·SupCI/75 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1975] 2 ~.C.R. Sanchalan Samiti which was formed for conducting the students' agitation .. The petitioner had attended a meeting of the Sanchalan Samiti on March 4, 1974 at Legislature Qub and he was instrumental in enforcing the decision to gherao the Assembly on March 18 and to prevent the Governor of Bihar !from addressing the Assembly on that day. On March, 18 the petitioner, according to reliable reports, had actually led the gherao of the Assembly. Similar reports were received that the petitioner had convened a meeting of the students in the National Hall, Kadamkuan, Patna on April 8, 1974 where he had exhorted the students to paralyse the functioning of the· Government offices with effect from April 9 by resorting to ghanio and dharna. On April 9 the petitioner, according to authentic reports, had led a demonstration of students defying the prohibitory order issued by the District Magistrate under section 144, Criminal Procedure Code. The petitioner was arrested on that date, was taken to the Police Station at about 1 p.m., was released from. police custody at about 2 p.m. and was served with a detention order at 4 p.m. The learned Judges of the High Court constituting the Division Bench delivered separate but concurring judgments. Nagendra Prasad Singh J. held in the main judgment that the grounds of detention supplied to the petitioner "are not absolutely independent and unconnected"; that none of the grounds is vague so as to affect the petitioner's right" to make a representation against th-e order of detention; that 'gherao' per se involves an element of compulsion and therefore any resistance on the part of the person gheraoed ·is bound to affect public peace; that to agitate means 'to. stir violently' and therefore students' agitation would affect public order; and that the grounds of detention are relevant and germane to the purpose of detention: A. N. Mukherji J. by his concurring judgment held that it was "well-known that large scale violence and arson were indul~!d in Gujarat" and since the petitioner was the Secretary of All India Vidyarthi Parishad, he wou]d know what was mea,nt by "Gujarat type of agitation"; that_ a gherao may .t>e accompanied with violence; that it is not necessary for the detaining authority to incorporate in grounds of detention the details of what the petitioner said and did in meetings referred to in the groundr.; a11d that the grounds of detention were neither vamie nor irrelevant. Various contentions were raised before us by learned counsel for the petitioner but we pr~pose to confine our attention to certain basic considerations which are vital in habeas corpus petitions filed to challenge detention orders passed under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act. The primary question in these procedings arising, no doubt on their own facts is whether, as contended by the learned Advocate:. General appeari~ for the State of Bihar, the grounds of detention ought to be read as one composite -document or whether as contendecl by the petitioner's counsel, each one of the grounds forms A B c D E F G H A B c F R. M. RAI v. BIHAR (Chandrachud, /.) 737 a distinct and separate re11.~on for detention and ought to be examined separa_tely on its own merits. Considering the facts stated in the various grounds, both parties have over-pitched their respective cases. The grounds of detention do not furnish intrinsic aid to justify the conclusion that all of them are inter-relateq. Nor is any material placed before us from which we could conclude that the petitioner ·can be said to have had notice of such inter-play of one ground on another. The first ground contail}J these partic~lars : (1) The petitioner, in his capacity as Secretary of All .India Vidyarthi Parishad, attended a· meeting of the Bihar Rajya Chatra Neta Sammelan held on 17th and 18th Fe1>ruary, 1974, in the .Patna University campus; (2) A decision was taken in those meetings at the instance of the petitioner that a Qujarat type agitation should be started in Bihar; and (3) it was also decided in those meetings to resort to hunger. strike and to gherao the office of the Bihar Chief Minister, the Patna District Magistrate and other officials·. By the second grounds the following particulars were furnished-to the petitioner : (1) A meeting of the Students Steering Committee was held on March 1, 1974 under the Presidentship of Shri Laloo Prasad Yadav; (2) it was decided in that meeting to form a ·Sanchalan Samiti for conducting the students agitation; and ( 3) the petitioner readily agreed in that meeting to become a member of the Sanchalan Samiti. We find it impossible, by merely reading these particulars, to decipher the connection between grounds 1 and 2. Calendar-wise the 1st of March incontrovertibly falls after the 17th and 18th February but no one can for that reason contend that the events of March are an aftermath of the events of February. They may eonceivably bear a causal connection but such a connection must either be reflected in the recitals of particulars· or else the detaining autl).ority must disclose in its affidavit the basis of its belief that the events followed upon one another as cause· and effect or as a part of the satne plan or movement. The petitioner has made an express averment in para_gi:aph 22 of his writ petition here that the mere fact of his acceptance of the membership of the Sanchalan Samiti referred to in ground No. 2 cannot justify the passing of a detentiori order under section 3(1)(a)(ii) of the Act. The affidavit of the DistriCt Magistrate does not . deal with paragraph 22 of the petition at all. It deals only with paragraphs 1 to 18 of the Writ petition. What is the tangible connection between the meetings of the Bihar Rajya Chatra Neta Sammelan. held in the University campus on Febniary 17 ·and 18 and Jhe meeting of the Students Steerintt Committee held on iMarch 1, 1974,' under the Presidentship of Shri Laloo Prasad Yadav? None is alleged or shown io exist and we cannot fatll.om it. The Neta Sammelan of February and the Students Steering Committee which met iii March .may perhaps have been animated by a similar object and t~ two, without a common bond, · may have been striving to achieve a Similar purpose. B~t the diffe- 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1975] 2 S.C.R. rencc between ~imilar and same purpose is well-known to trained minds and \\'hat we are asked to accept ·by the Advocate-General is that the particulars stated _in grounds 1 and 2 refer to a series of continuous events woven together by a common intention. That contention is impossible to accept. Grounds 1 and ~ must, in our opinion, be read disjunctively, each one referring to a distinct <~pi sode. One is not a sequel to the other and the validity of the two grounds has to be determined independently on the merits of each. But such a motivation can be seen in the incidents referred to in the other grounds. Those grounos show that the petitioner attended a meeting of the Sanchalan Samiti on March 4, 1974; that he was instrumental in forcin_g a decision to gherao the Assembly on March 18 and to prevent the Governor from addressing the Assembly on that date; that he attended a ·meeting of the Bihar Rajya Chatra Neta Sammelan on March 12 in which it was decided at his instance to commence tfie gherao of the Assembly from 8-30 a.m. on March 1~; thaf he led the gherao _911 March 18; that on April 8 he convened a meeting of the stuaehts and exhorted them to paralyse the functioning of the Government offices by resorting to gherao, dharna etc. with effect from April 9; and that he led a demonstration of students on April 9 in defiance of the prohibitory orders issued under section 144 Cr. P .C. with the intention of gheraoing the Government offices, particularly the secretariat buildings. Grounds 3 to 7 may there.fore be read legitimateiy as constituting a composite, inter-connected indictll]ent comprising events which followed in quick succession as a part of the same pre-planned objective. Counsel for the petitioner concentrated his _attack on the first ground by which it is alleged that on February 17 and 18 it was decided at the instance of the petitioner to start a "Gujarat type of agitation in Bihar". The reference obviously is to the recent happen~ ings in Gujarat which culminated in the dissolution of the State Legislature and the introduction of the President's Rule. We may and ought to take judicial notice of the well-known facts of contemporary life like the dis~olution of the Assembly or the introduction of President's Rule. But, frankly, we are unaware of the true connotation of the so-called 'Gujarat type of agitation'. That is not to feign ignorance of what the newspapers and journals reported but outside the layman's way of thinking there is a distinction between what happened in fact and what wa.s intended to happen. The court will be treading on a dangerous ground if it attempted to interpret judicially the genesis of recent political events. Often, the titit of glasses furnishes a pre-conceived answer to such problems and the glasses of the court have no tint. Some one claimed that the Gujarat agitation was essentially an anti price-rise stir which went out of ·hand because of supf'.rvening c_ircumstances. Some one else claimed that the movement in its inception was and was intended to ba. a violent means of creating chaos and public disorder. The fence-sitters saw sense in both points qf view while the independent politician, not committed to thi.s or that ideology, discovered yet new dimensions A B c E F G H •; A 8 c D R. M. RAI v. BIHAR (Chandrachud, J.) 7 39 of the problem rejected alike by those who lanuched the movement and those w~o opposed it. So conflicting ar..e the popular verdicts. It would be wholly improper for a court to pronounce on the prognosis of such political events. We shall therefore not assume that the decision to start a 'Gujarat type of agitation' meant a clarion call to violence. If the charge be that the petitioner had breached violence, the grounds of detention must say so. Such a serious accusation ought not to be left to mere speculation. And if there is not a whisper of violence --in the grounds of detention or in the affidavit of the District Magistrate, how cao the court conclude that the petitioner exhorted t_he student community to take to the path of violence in the pur8uit of its deiDands ? The judgment of the High Court shows that in March 1974 Bihar was in the grip of violence. But we cannot argue back and hold that since the Chatra Neta Sammelan took a certain decision in February and the violence erupted in March therefore on~ was the cause and the other the consequence. Such an inferenee may ¢.rhaps be permissible in respect of historical events which have been subjected to an expert and dispanssionate examina- . tio11 by ·historians. But green facts of contemporary life are an unsure foundation for raising such an inference. 'Gujarat type of agitation' being thus a phrase of vague and uncertain import, the petitioner could have had no opportunity to make an effective respresentation against the order of detention. Article 22 ( 5) of the Constitution requifes that the detenμ shall be E afforded the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order of detention. By a !orig series of decisions, this right has to be .real alid effective, not illusive or empty. If the petitioner wasnot apprised of what was tiuly alleged against him and if the accusation, reasonably, was unintelligible, he was deprived of an opportunity to make an effective representation against the detention order. F ' Anything said by him to clear his conduct would then, 'at best, be a fishing answer to meet a roving charge. Such a representation involves. the risk of being rejected out of hand as being beside the point. · The District Magistrate says in. his affidavit that 'Gujarat type of agitation is a matter of common knowledge and the petitioner being Secretary of All India Vidyarthi Parishad and a good student G · throughout his· career, as stated by the petitioner himself, it is preposterous to imagine that the words 'Gujarat type of agitation' would be unintelligible to him". In the first place, common kpowledge like commonsense is. not so common and; at any rate, what may be said to_ be common knowledge is the fact of happenings in Gujarat .and not what is· meant by 'Gujarat type of .agitation'. Saying that an_y one and·evecy one kn~s what is meant by 'Gujarat type of agitation' is not a legal answer to the contention that the petitioner did not and could not know what is meant by the particular phrase; H The. Secretaryship of the Vidyarthi Parishad or the petitioner's claim to scholarship has no bearing on the question whether the phrase has 740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1975] 2. S.C.R. a fixed connotation. The point of the matter is that it would mean differentJy •to different people and is therefore vague. Inability to comprehend the meaning of vague expression cannot surely be dubbed as 'preposterous'. The learned Advoc·ate-General urged that the petitioner had taken a leading part in the two meetings of February and has stated in ground No. 1, "it was decided at his instance" to s~art a 'Gujarat type of agitation' in Bihar. The petitioner had therefore adopted the ex2ression "Gujarat type of agitation' and, it is urged, that he cannot be heard to say that his own words carry no meaning for him. We cannot accept this new slant on what the petitioner did in the meeting. The ground does not allege that the petitioner himself used the particular- expression. The counter-affidavit of the District Magistrate also does not say that the petitioner himself used the particular words. It seeks to justify the use of the expression in the ground by saying that to a clever student leader like the petitio.ner, the expression must have been intelligible. Ground NQ. 2 has a different facet : whereas the first ground is vague, the second is irrelevant. It is alleged in this latter ground that in the meeting of the Steering Committee held on March 1, 1974, (i) it was decided to form a Sanchalan Samiti for conducting the students agitation; and (ii) that the petitioner readily agreed in that meeting to become a member of the Samiti. The formation of an Association for the ventilation of grievam;es in a lawful manner is a part of the. Constitutional right of free speech and expression, the right to assemble peaceaoly and without areas and the right to form association guaranteed by Article 19(1) (a), (b) anct (c) of 1he Constitution. The State, under claμses (2), (3) and (4) of Artide 19 has the right to make .Jaws for imposing reasonable restrictions on the exerci&e of th6se rights in the interests, inter alia, of public order. That power lends illegality to preventive detentions under the authortty of a law. But an order of detention passed under any such law has again to answer the t~st that there has .to be a nexus between the. acts of the detenu founding the order of detention and the purpose of detention. The purpose here is to prevent the petitioner from acting in a manner prejudi~ial to the maintenance of public order. The mere fact that . the petitioner was. instrumental in forming the Sanchalan Samiti for ~onducting the students agitation or that he readily agreed to become a member of that Samiti cannot justify the conclusion th~t these acts are calculated to disturb public order. Peaceful pr<;>tests and the voicing of a contrary opinion are powerful wholesome weapons in the democratic repertoire. It is therefor,e unconstitutional to pick . up a peaceful protestant and to put hin1 behind the pri~n bars. The right to repine can be taken away onlv for a Constitutionally recognised purpose, a~ for example in · thi: interests of public order. That nexus is lacking in this case. The District Magistrate says in hiS affidavit that the "Sanchalan Samiti was fonned for conducting the students agitation and, theref~, the contention of the petitioner that this ground has nothing A c D E F G B A B c D E . F G H R. M.·RAI v. BIHAR (Chandrachud, /.) 741 to do with any breach or contravention of any law ,is·erroneous; as · the word ~itation itself implies violence and threat to public order". The High Court relied on the authority of Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary in support of its conclusion that · to 'agitate' is to stir violently'. It is, in our opinion, wrong to treat every agitation as implying violence on a priori considerations. The glorious history of our freedom movement examplifies that agitations may be primarily be intended to be and can be ·peaceful. ln this regard Gandhiji's life work has perhaps no parallel. Nor indeed in the West, of Dr. Martin Luther King. But agitations can also be meant to be violent under an apparently lawful cloak and there. is ample power to equal these. As for dictionaries, Webster's Third· New International Dictionary ( 1961 Ed., p. 42) says that to ~agitate' is 'to stir up'; to arouse public feeling or influence public opinion (as by consiant discussion)'. 'Agitation' is. defined to mean 'the persistent and sustained attempt to arouse public feeling or influence public opinion (as by appeals, discussions, or demonstrations)'. The Random House Dictionary ( 1970 Ed., p. 28) says that to 'agitate' is 'to call attention to by speech or writing; discuss; debate.'; to arouse or !lttempt to arouse public interest, as in some political or social question', 'Agitation' accordingly means 'persistent urging of a political or social question before the public'. The Shorte.r · Oxford English Dictionary (1964 Ed., Vol. I, p. 36) says th~t to 'agitate' means 'To perturb, excite or stir up by appeals'; 'To discuss or push for:· ward'. Dictionaries give v'arious shades of meanings and the effort has to be to choose the meaning which is appropriate ·'in the context. When "the wind agitates the sea", the meaning of the word agitate is 'to move or force into violent, irreg~ar action'. When a crowd is "agitated to a frenzy. by impassioned oratory", the meaning ofthe word is 'to disturb or excite emotionally'. But in regard to social ·or political questions, the normal meaning of the word is 'to arouse or attempt to arouse public interest' (See The Random House Dictionary, 1970· Ed.~ p. 28). When "the ladies sigh and agitate their fans" the meaning of the word 'agitate' is simply 'to move to and fro'. But when one is "agitating for the schools and .th~ vote" the meaning is 'to arouse public ~eeling or influence public tipinion (as by C"onstan.t discussion)' (See the Webster's Third New International · Dictionary, 1961 Ed., p. 42). The seconq. ground therefore. has no bearing on the m~intenance of public order· aild is irrelevant for attaining that purpose. The first ground being vague and the. second irrelevant, the order of detention is liable to be set aside. It is too late in the day to 742 SUPREME COUkT REPORTS [197512 s.c.Jt. contend, as the learned Advocate-General did, that the detaining authority assesse~ the comulative etfyct of the activities of the detenu while passing the . order. of detention. Where the order of dete'ntion is founded on distinct and separate grounds if any . one of the grounds is vague or irrelevant the entire order must fall. The satisfaction of the detaining authority being subjective, it is impo6sible to predicate whether the order would have been passed in the absence of vague or irrelevant data. · For thest~ reasons, we set aside the order of detention, make the Rule absolute and direct that the petitioner shall be set at liberty forthwith. V.M.K. Petition allow11d. A· D c