# RAMASWAMI v. TAMIL NADU ( Untwalia, !.)

- **Citation:** [1976] 3 S.C.R. 876
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1976-03-24
- **Case number:** Criminar Appeal No. 251 of 1972
- **Bench:** R. S. Sarkaria, N. L. Untwalia
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/ramaswami-v-tamil-nadu-untwalia-6844
- **Pages:** 7

## Headnote

Indian Penal Code, S. 34, essence of-Application- of S. 34, whether physicai
presence and actual participation necessary in
offences
involving
physical
vidlenc,e.
Previous enmity between the appellant Ramaswami Ayyangar and the deceased Kaliapen1rnal resulted in ah occurrence, in which Kaliaperumal got seriously
injured and died in the hospital.
Various charges were framed against the six
accused, including those of murder and rioting. The Trial Judge acquitted
three of the accused persons, convicted two under S. 302 I.P.C. and one under
s. 324.
Cross-appeals were preferred in the High Court; one by the three accused
against their convictions, and another by the State, against the acquittals. The
High Court convicted all the six accused of the offence of rioting, A-2 to A-6
under S. 302 read with S. 34. A-I under Ss. 302/149 and 3021109, and A-2
under S. 324.
It was contended before this Court that. on the facts of the
case, the High Court was not justified in interlering with the acquittal of A-1.
A-5 and A-6, and that A-2 who did not physically _participate in the fatal
beating of the deceased, could not be held vicariously liable for the acts of
others, and that S. 34 was not applicable to him.
Partly allowing the appeals, the Court
"
I
HELD : ( 1) In the case of an offence involving physical violence. it is
essential for the application of S. 34 that the person who inStigates or aids the
commission of the crime must be physically present at the actual commission
of the crime for the purpose of facilitating or promoting the offence, the com-
~
mission of which is the aim of the joint c:r.irninal \"eDture. [881 C-D]
(2) The "act" spoken of in S. 34 includes a series of act9 as a single act.
It follows that the words "when a criminal act is done by several persons" in
S. 34, may be construed to mean "when criminal acts are done by several
persons". The acts committed by different confederates in the criminal action
may be different but all must in one way or the other participate and engage
in the criminal enterprise.
Such presence of those who in one way or the
other facilitate the execution of the common design, is itself tantamount to
actual participation ih the 'criminal act'. [881 A-B & D]
(3) The essence of S. 34 is simultaneous consensus of the minds of persons
participating in the 'criminal action' to bring about a particular result. Such
sonsensus can be developed at the spot and thereby intended by
all
of
them .. [881 D-E]

## Text

A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
876
RAMASWAMI AYYANGAR AND ORS.
"·
STATE OF TAMIL NADU
March 24, 1976
[R. S. SARKARIA AND N. L. UNTWALIA, JJ.J.
Indian Penal Code, S. 34, essence of-Application- of S. 34, whether physicai
presence and actual participation necessary in
offences
involving
physical
vidlenc,e.
Previous enmity between the appellant Ramaswami Ayyangar and the deceased Kaliapen1rnal resulted in ah occurrence, in which Kaliaperumal got seriously
injured and died in the hospital.
Various charges were framed against the six
accused, including those of murder and rioting. The Trial Judge acquitted
three of the accused persons, convicted two under S. 302 I.P.C. and one under
s. 324.
Cross-appeals were preferred in the High Court; one by the three accused
against their convictions, and another by the State, against the acquittals. The
High Court convicted all the six accused of the offence of rioting, A-2 to A-6
under S. 302 read with S. 34. A-I under Ss. 302/149 and 3021109, and A-2
under S. 324.
It was contended before this Court that. on the facts of the
case, the High Court was not justified in interlering with the acquittal of A-1.
A-5 and A-6, and that A-2 who did not physically _participate in the fatal
beating of the deceased, could not be held vicariously liable for the acts of
others, and that S. 34 was not applicable to him.
Partly allowing the appeals, the Court
"
I
HELD : ( 1) In the case of an offence involving physical violence. it is
essential for the application of S. 34 that the person who inStigates or aids the
commission of the crime must be physically present at the actual commission
of the crime for the purpose of facilitating or promoting the offence, the com-
~
mission of which is the aim of the joint c:r.irninal \"eDture. [881 C-D]
(2) The "act" spoken of in S. 34 includes a series of act9 as a single act.
It follows that the words "when a criminal act is done by several persons" in
S. 34, may be construed to mean "when criminal acts are done by several
persons". The acts committed by different confederates in the criminal action
may be different but all must in one way or the other participate and engage
in the criminal enterprise.
Such presence of those who in one way or the
other facilitate the execution of the common design, is itself tantamount to
actual participation ih the 'criminal act'. [881 A-B & D]
(3) The essence of S. 34 is simultaneous consensus of the minds of persons
participating in the 'criminal action' to bring about a particular result. Such
sonsensus can be developed at the spot and thereby intended by
all
of
them .. [881 D-E]
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminar Appeal No. 251
of 1972 and 243 of 1973.
Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and order dated
22-9-72 of the Madras High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 369 /72
and 976/71.
Debaratea Mookerjee, M. S. K. Sastri and M. S. Narasimhan for
the Appellants.
A. V. Rangam and Miss A. Subhashni, for the Respondents.
' •
j
RAMASWAMI v. TAMIL NADU ( Untwalia, !.)
877
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
UNTWAL!A, J. Criminal Appeal No. 251 of 1972 has been filed
under section 2 of the Supreme Court
(Enlargement of Criminal
Appellate Jurisdiction) Act, 1970 and Crimlllal Appeal No. 243 of
1973 is by special leave.
In all there are six appellants.
lt would
be convenient to refer to them with reference to their accused number
given in the judgment of the Sessions Court.
They are as follows :
Accused No. I (A-1)-Ramaswami Ayyangar.
Accused No. 2 (A-2)-Vattappan .
. Accused No. 3 (A-3)-Kaipillai alias Karuppayyan.
Accused No. 4 (A-4)-Raman.
Accused No. 5 (A-5)-Katbayyan.
Accused No. 6 (A-6)-Kulandaiyan.
A
B
c
1
The occurrence giving rise to these two appeals took place on
Monday the 21st April, 1971 at about 4.00 p.m. at Sivan Koil tank
in village Thadulhalkondapuram. In the said occurrence was seriously injured one Kaliaperumal who later died in the Hospital at about
9.00 p.m. the same evening.
Another person injured in the occurD
rencc
was
also
named
Kaliaperumal, P.W. 1.
The prosecution
case is that deceased Kaliaperumal was living with his
matcrna·l
uncle Pichai Konar, P.W. 7 since infancy.
A-1 is the Karnam of
the village and A-6 is the Government vetti. A-2 and A-3 are brothers,
A-4, A-5 and A-6 are also inter-se brothers. A-2 to A-6 worked
under A-1.
There was enmity between P.W. 7 and the deceased on
the one hand and A-1 on the other on account of several causes.
E
The facts showing the enmity between them are stated in the judgments of the courts below and are not necessary to be detailed here.
Two days prior to the occurrence Marimuthu, P.W. 10 was
driving
some cattle, 4 or 5 of them went astray and entered into the Gingilli
Hai (field) belonging to A-1.
A-l's men scolded P.W. 10 and the
deceased who was informed about the incident by the former at a
tea shop.
P.W. 1 was also present there.
Deceased Kal!apcrumal
F
passed on the information to P.W. 7.
Ramalingam, P.W. 4 brother of the deceased was taking his bath
in the Sivan Kail tank.
Kaliaperumal (deceased) also came
there
saying something against the Karnam.
He also started bathing at the
north-western corner of the tank.
According to the prosecution case,
A-1 came there followed by A-2 to A-6. A-2 had a cross-stop (an
instrument used in Survey and measurement, perhaps the correct name
of tho instrument is cross-staff). A-3 and A-4 were each armed with
an Aruval. A-5 had a stick and A-6 was carrying a stick with a spear
attached to it.
According to the evidence in Court, A-1
told
the
other accused "Not content to with grazing (his) cattle in my gingilly
field, he is also abusing me.
Cut him, whatever be the expenses, I
will look after that." Thereupon A-4 asked the deceased Kaliaperumal
"Why are you abusing the 'Iyer' ?" Saying something Kaliaperumal
ascended the bank.
A-3 and A-4 assaulted him on his bead with
Aruvals.
P.W, 1 ran to &eparate them when A-2 assaulted him on
725 SCI/76
G
H
878
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1976] 3 s.c.R.
A
his head with the cross-stop. P. W. 1 attempted to run. Thereupon
it is said A-6 obstructed him from running with the help of the stick
wi,h spear head.
A-4 agam cut on
..n~ neau
ur
1'.aiwp.:rumal
(deceased) with his Aruval. A-2 beat on P.W's head with the crossstvp ,uur or Jive times.
J'.W. 1 fell down unconscious. P.W. 7 and
others took the injured to the Government Dispensary Kodavasal.
Dr, Kadha Singh,
Civil
Assistant ·Surgeon,
P.W. 15
exaniined
Kal1apcrumal aeceasect at 4.55 p.m. and. 1~.:>ued a Wound Ccruuca.Le.
B
Smee his condition was senous he was
sent to the
Government
Hospital, Kumbakonam. P. W. 15 exammed the injuries 01 P.W. 1
at 5.20 p.m. and found as many as nine injuries on his person. As
already stated Kaliaperumal died at about 9.00 p.m. Dr. N. Jayaraj,
P. W. 18 performed the autopsy over the dead body.
As many as
'14 injuries were found.
The injuries given on the head with Aruval
according to the opinions of the Doctors 'were sufficient in the ordinary
C
course of nature to cause his death.
Various charges were framed against the six ·accused including
that of rioting under section 14 7 !PC against A-1
and
A-5
and
section 148 against A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-6. A-1 was further charged
under sections 302/149 and sections 302/ 109. A-2 to A-6 were charged
under section 302. An extra charge under section 324 was levelled
D
against A-2 for causing simple hurt to P.W. 1 with the · cross-stop,
an instrument which had sharp edges.
A-6 was also charged under
section 341 of the Penal Code for preventing P. W; 1 from escapmg.
The accused denied their complicity in the occurrence and
pleaded
not guilty.
A-1 took . a plea of alibi also and asserted that he had
gone to Madras in connection with some marriage negotiations. Two
days after the date of occurrence. he was arrested at Kumbakonam
E
Railway Station when he alighted from the train on his return from
Madras.
The Trial Judge acquitted A-1., A-5 and A-6 of all the
charges. He convicted A-3 ·and A-4 under section· 302 of the Penal
. Code and awarded a sentence of life imprisonment to each of them.
, They were acquitted of the charge under section 148. A-2 was convicted only under section 324 with a sentence of 4 months' rigorou,;
imprisonment_ iind acquitted of all other charges.
'
F
G
H
·
. A~2, A-3 and A-4 preferred an appeal in the Madras High Court
· against their conviction and the sentences imposed upon them by the
Trial Court. State preferred an appeal against the acquittals of A-1,
· A-5 and A-6 as also against the acquittal of A-2 of the charge under
section 302. It, ·however, did not prefer any appeal against the
acquittal of A-2, A-3 and A-4 of the charge under section 148 of the
Penal Code.
Yet it is surprising to find that the High Court has
· convicted all the six accused fat the offences of rioting. A-I and A-5
· under section 147 with two years' rigorous imprisonment and A-2,
.A-3, A-4 and A-6 under section 148 with 3 years' rigorous imprison-.'
ment.
Conviction of A-3 and A-4 for the offence of murder under
section 302 has been maintained with the aid of section 34. High
Court has also convicted A-2, A-5 and A-6 under sections 302/34 and
awarded each of them life imprisoninent.
A-1 has been convicted by
the High Court under sections 302/149 and 302/109 with sentence
I•
•
-.,(-- -
RAMASWAJ\ffv. TAMIL NADU (Untwalia, I.)
879 /
of life imprisonment under each. Conviction of A-2 under section 324
has been ma1mamed. Hence these two appeals.
- That there was enmity and bad blood between A-1 and P. W. 7
is not open to any doubt. · An occurrence did take place on the date,
time anu place a, given by the prosecullon. The manner of occurrence
in so far as it relates to the attack on the deceased is concerned by A-2
and A-3 has also been proved· to the hilt.
The factum of assault by
A-2 on P.W. 1 also does not admit of any doubL
But the High·
Court does not seem to be justified in reversing the order of acquittal
recorded by the Trial Court in favour of A-1, A-5 and A-6.
It was claimed by the prosecution that apart from P.W. 1 there
were four more eye witnesses to the occurrence namely Govindaswami,
P.W. 3, Ramalingam, P.W. 4, Rajagopal, P.W. 5, and Ka!Japcrumal,
P.W. 6. P. Ws 3 and 4 are brothers of the deceased.
P.W. 5· is the
brother-in-law of P.W. 3. Ext. P-1 is the statement of P.W. 1 before
the
police on the basis
of which
the
First
Information
Report was drawn up.
On reading this statement as also the
evidence oi P.W. I in Court, the Trial Judge rightly came to the
. conclusion that P.Ws. 3, 4, 5 and 6 arrived at the scene of occurrence
after it had taken place. None of them had witnessed it. It considered the evidence ot ·each w1tnesS, viz. P.Ws. 3 to 6, individually and
did not rely upon it. In our judgment, the High Court was not right
as against the explicit statement and evidence of P.W. 1 in treatmg
P.Ws. 3 to 6 as eye witnesses to the occurrence. It is significant to
note that although P.Ws. 3 and 4 were the brothers of the deceased
Kaliaperumal but none of them made any attempt to save him !c "'
the attack of the assailants. Had they been present at the occurrence
surely they would have _tried to save their brother, as was done by
P.W. 1.
We are, therefore, left with the evidence of P.W. 1 alone.
Since he· was injured in the same occurrence, undoubtedly, his ocular
version of the incident· is· of great· value to the prosecution.
The plea of alibi set up by A-1 has not been substantiated at all.
The Trial Judge was not right in doubting the prosecution case
merely because A-1 had applied for leave on the 18th April-3 days
before the occurrence. There was no evidence to show that he was
at Madras on the date of occurrence.
According to the Investigating
Agency, A-1 was arrested not on the Railway platform but near the
Railway level crossing of Kumbakonam Railway Station.
But
the
Trial Court was right in saying that the only part attributed to A-1
was the order giving for assault. In the statement Ext. P-1 the only
words of order attributed to A-1 are "to cut" .. In court there was
great embellishment and improvement in the evidence. of P.W, 1 when
he put several sentences in the mouth of A-1 at the time
of the
alleged order-giving. As already stated, A-1 was the Karnam of the
village and even if he was at the back of the assault on the deceased.
it does not stand to reason that he. himself would go to the place of
occurrence merely for giving the order for assault.
The order, if any,
must have been given to the assailants in secret by A-1. . He must not
have come to the place of occurrence merely for this purpose. We
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
8 80
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1976] 3 S.C.R.
are, therefore, of the view that although the High Court in its judgment purported to keep in front the well-settled principles of law to
jusmy an mterlercnce by it with the order of acqumal, ll did commit \, 1
a mistaKe in the applications of those pnnc1ples.
Conviction of A-1
by the High Court unoer any count is not justified.
So do we find in the case of A-5 and A-6 that they had not taken
any part in the occurrence at all.
The alleged obstruction given by
A-6 to P.W. 1 when he wanted to run was not be!Jevable and has.
not been believed by the Trial Court. The reasons given by the Trial
Court for their acquittal were not such as to justity an interference
by the High Court. The view taken by the Trial Court was reasonably
possible to be taken.
Coming to the case of A-2 we find that he did assault P.W. 1
with the cross-staff marked Ext. MO-I. This cross-staff, as alleged,
has been recovered from the house of A-1. The Trial Court, rightly, ,
did not believe the story of its recovery from his house.
But surely +
A-2 had used the cross-staff for assaulting P.W. I. A serious question
for consideration is whether his conviction under section 302 with
the aid of section 34 is justified or not.
In this connection we find
the statement of P.W. 1 in Ext. P-1 to the following effect:
"Raman too with the aruval in his hitnd dealt a cut at
the front portion of his head. I ran there to prevent it.
At
that time Vattappan with the string fixed
wood he
was
having in his hand beat on my head."
In the Sessions Court also he deposed :
"Thereupon, Accused No. 3 immediately cut on the head
of Kaliyaperumal in the front portion with the aruval he was
having in his hand. I ran to separate them. Immediately
Accused No. 2 beat on my head with M.O. 1 ......... .
Then accused number 2 beat on my head with M.O. 1, 4
or 5 times.
I fell down unconscious.
After some time,
President Kaliyaperumal, Rajagopal, Mani alias Rajagopal,
Ramalingam, Govindaswami-these persons came there.
From the evidence of P.W. 1 corroborated as it is from his statement
in Ext. P-1 it is clear that P.W. 1 wanted to save Kaliyaperumalthe deceased, from the murderous attack by A-3 and A-4.
A-2 was
standing as a guard and did not allow P.W. 1 to protect the deceased.
A-2 went to the length of assaulting P.W. I and making him fall
down unconscious.
It is contended that A-2 cannot be held vicariously liable with
the aid of s. 34 for the act of A-3 and A-4, for two reasons : Firstly,
he did not physically participate in the fatal beating administered by
A-3 and A-4 to the deceased and thus the "criminal act" of murder
was not done by all these three accused within the contemplation of
s. 34, the act committed by A-2 in regard to the beating of P.W. 1
being a different and separate act of A-2.
Secondly, it has
not
been shown that the act of A-2 in beating P.W. 1 was committed in
•
RAMASWAMI v. TAMIL NADU (Untwalia, J.)
8 81
furtherance of the common intention of all the three, pursuant to a
A
pre-arranged plan.
)
The contention is fallacious and cannot be accepted.
Section 34
is to be read along with the preceding s. 33 which makes it clear that
the "act" spoken of in s. 34 includes a series of acts as a single act.
It follows that the words "when a criminal act is done by several
persons" in s. 34, may be construed to mean "when criminal acts are
done by several persons".
The acts committed by different
confederates in the criminal action may be different but all must in one
way or the other participate and engage in the criminal enterprise,
for instance, one may only stand guard to prevent any person coming
to the relief of the victim or to otherwise facilitate the execution of
the common design.
Such a person also commits an "act" as much
as his co-participants actually committing the planned crime.
In the
i case of an offence involving physical violence, however, it is essential
for the application of s. 34 that the person who instigates or aids the
commission of the crime must be physically present at the actual
commission of the crime for the purpose of facilitating or promoting
the offence, the commission of which is the aim of the joint criminal
venture.
Such presence of those who in one way or the other facilitate
the execution of the common, design, is itself tantamount to actual
participation in the 'criminal act'. The essence of s. 34 is simultaneous
consensus of the minds of persons participating in the criminal action
to bring about a particular result.
Such consensus can be developed
at the spot and thereby intended by all of them.
In the case before
us, A-2 obviously, was acting in concert with A-3 and A-4 in causing
the murder of the deceased, when he prevented PW 1 from going to
the relief of the deceased. Section 34 was therefore fully
attracted
and under the circumstances A-2 was equally responsible for
the
murder of the deceased. Under these circumstances we think the High
Court was justified in convicting A-2 for the offence of murder of
Kaliyaperumal with the aid of section 34 of the Penal Code.
There
was absolutely no difficulty in maintaining the convictions of A-3 and
A-4 for the murder of Kaliyaperuma1 with the aid of section 34 because
both had mercilessly assaulted him with Aruvals on the vital parts of
the body.
In the case of A-2 also it is quite legitimate to hold that he
had shared the common intention of A-3 and A-4 in the commission
of the murder of Kaliyaperumal.
The conviction of none of the accused for the offence of rioting
can be maintained either in law or, on facts.
In the view which we
have expressed above that the High Court was not justified in reversing
the acquittals of A-1, A-5 and A-6, there were only 3 left in the
party of the assail~nts. Moreover the State did not file any appeal, as
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
882
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1976] 3 S.C.R.
A
stated already, against the acquittal of A-2, A-3 and. A-4
under
section 148 of the Penal Code.
That being so, they could not be
convicted for having formed an unlawful assembly for any criminal "
1
common object.
None could be convicted, therefore, under sections
B
c
D
147 or 148.
Section 149 could not be pressed into service against
any.
In the result we allow both the appeals in part, restore the order
of acquittal recorded in favour of A-1 viz., Ramaswami Ayyangar,
A-5 Kathayyan and A-6 Kulandaiyan acquitting them of
all
the
charges, set aside the conviction of the remaining accused
under
sections 14 7 and 148 of the Penal Code and maintain the convictions
of A-2 Vattappan, A-3 Kaipillai alias Karuppayyan, A-4
Raman
under section 302/34 with the sentence of life imprisonment to each.
We also maintain the conviction of A-2 under section
324 Indian '
Penal Code with the concurrent sentence of 4 months' rigorous im- +
prisonment under the said count.
M.R.
Appeals partly allowed.
.."'