# REV. FATHER W. PROOST AND ORS v. THE STATE OF BffiAR & ORS

- **Citation:** [1969] 2 S.C.R. 73
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1968-09-13
- **Case number:** Writ Petition No. 1 of 1968
- **Bench:** M. Hidayatullah
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/rev-father-w-proost-and-ors-v-the-state-of-bffiar-ors-4587
- **Pages:** 11

## Headnote

J. C. SHAH,
V. RAMASWAMI,
G. K. MITTER AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.)
Constitution of India, Articles 29(1) and 30(1)-Whether minority
can only claim protection under Art. 30( 1) in furtherance of
rights
under Art. 29(1).
The St. Xavier's College was established by the Jesuits of Ranchi and
was affiliated to Patna University in 1944.
The management of the
College was in the bands of a governing body consisting of 11 members.
The terms of service of the religious staff of the College, were determined
by the Jesuit Mission authorities an.cl those of the lay staff,
including
their appointment, were determined by the governing body of the College.
The object of founding the college inter alia was "to give Catholic youth
.a full course of moral and liberal education, by imparting a thorough religious instruction and by maintaining a Catholic atmosphere in tho Institution". However, the college was open to non-Catholics and
all noncatholic students received a course of moral science.
The petitioners in thei present petition under Article 32 contended that
the college was founded by a Christian minority and claimed the right to
administer it as a constitutional right guaranteed to minorities by Art. 30.
The petitioner's complaint was that the Bihar Legislature, by introducing
s. 48-A in the Bihar Universities Act with effect from March 1, 1962,
deprived them of the right under Art. 30 in that its provisions required,
inter alia : that appointments, disil)issals, reduction in rank, etc., of staff
must be made by the Governing body on the recommendation of the
University Service Commission for affiliated colleges; in no case could
the Governing body appoint a person not recommended by the Commission; the Commission had to be consulteQ in all disciplinary matters
and any punishment imposed on a teacher only in atjcordance with the
findings of the Commission, etc.
Subsequent to the introduction of
s. 48-A, in view of differences arising between the University and the
college, the University withdrew the affiliation of the college on September 26, 1967 for violating the provisions of the Act and the statute of
the University.
While the present petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution was
pending s. 48-B was inserred into the Bihar Universities Act whereby it
was provided that the Governing body of affiliated colleges established
by a minority based on religion or language which the minority bad a
right to administer, would be entitled to make appointments, dismissals,
termination of service or reduction in rank of teachers or take other
disciplinary measures subject only to the approval of the Commission
and the Syndicare of the University. The petitioners therefore
also
claimed the protection of s. 48-B.
On behalf of the respondents it was conceded that the Jesuits answerH
ed the description of a minority based on religion; but it was conten.ded
that as the protection to minorities in Art. 29 ( 1) is only a right to conserve a distinct language, script or culture of its own, the college did not
qualify for the protection of Art. 30(1) because (i) it was n.ot founded
2 Sup. Cl/69-6
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(1969] 2 S.C.R.
to conserve them and (ii) it was open to all sections of the people. The
A
question therefore was whether the college could only claim protection of
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s. 48-B of the Act read with Art. 30( 1) of the Constitution if it proved
that it was furthering the rights mentioned in Art. 29 (I) .
HELD : The protection claimed by the petitioners clearly flowed from
the words of Article 30( 1).
The width of Art. 30(1) cannot be cut down by introducing in it
considerations on which A'rt. 29 (I) is based. The latter article
is
a
general protection which is given to mioorities to conserve their language,
script or culture. The former is a special right to minorities to establish
educational
institutions of their choice. This choice is not limited to
institutions seeking to conserve language, script or culture and the choice
is not taken awa

## Text

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REV. FATHER W. PROOST AND ORS.
v.
THE STATE OF BffiAR & ORS.
September 13, 1968
(M. HIDAYATULLAH, C.J.,
J. C. SHAH,
V. RAMASWAMI,
G. K. MITTER AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.)
Constitution of India, Articles 29(1) and 30(1)-Whether minority
can only claim protection under Art. 30( 1) in furtherance of
rights
under Art. 29(1).
The St. Xavier's College was established by the Jesuits of Ranchi and
was affiliated to Patna University in 1944.
The management of the
College was in the bands of a governing body consisting of 11 members.
The terms of service of the religious staff of the College, were determined
by the Jesuit Mission authorities an.cl those of the lay staff,
including
their appointment, were determined by the governing body of the College.
The object of founding the college inter alia was "to give Catholic youth
.a full course of moral and liberal education, by imparting a thorough religious instruction and by maintaining a Catholic atmosphere in tho Institution". However, the college was open to non-Catholics and
all noncatholic students received a course of moral science.
The petitioners in thei present petition under Article 32 contended that
the college was founded by a Christian minority and claimed the right to
administer it as a constitutional right guaranteed to minorities by Art. 30.
The petitioner's complaint was that the Bihar Legislature, by introducing
s. 48-A in the Bihar Universities Act with effect from March 1, 1962,
deprived them of the right under Art. 30 in that its provisions required,
inter alia : that appointments, disil)issals, reduction in rank, etc., of staff
must be made by the Governing body on the recommendation of the
University Service Commission for affiliated colleges; in no case could
the Governing body appoint a person not recommended by the Commission; the Commission had to be consulteQ in all disciplinary matters
and any punishment imposed on a teacher only in atjcordance with the
findings of the Commission, etc.
Subsequent to the introduction of
s. 48-A, in view of differences arising between the University and the
college, the University withdrew the affiliation of the college on September 26, 1967 for violating the provisions of the Act and the statute of
the University.
While the present petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution was
pending s. 48-B was inserred into the Bihar Universities Act whereby it
was provided that the Governing body of affiliated colleges established
by a minority based on religion or language which the minority bad a
right to administer, would be entitled to make appointments, dismissals,
termination of service or reduction in rank of teachers or take other
disciplinary measures subject only to the approval of the Commission
and the Syndicare of the University. The petitioners therefore
also
claimed the protection of s. 48-B.
On behalf of the respondents it was conceded that the Jesuits answerH
ed the description of a minority based on religion; but it was conten.ded
that as the protection to minorities in Art. 29 ( 1) is only a right to conserve a distinct language, script or culture of its own, the college did not
qualify for the protection of Art. 30(1) because (i) it was n.ot founded
2 Sup. Cl/69-6
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(1969] 2 S.C.R.
to conserve them and (ii) it was open to all sections of the people. The
A
question therefore was whether the college could only claim protection of
..,
s. 48-B of the Act read with Art. 30( 1) of the Constitution if it proved
that it was furthering the rights mentioned in Art. 29 (I) .
HELD : The protection claimed by the petitioners clearly flowed from
the words of Article 30( 1).
The width of Art. 30(1) cannot be cut down by introducing in it
considerations on which A'rt. 29 (I) is based. The latter article
is
a
general protection which is given to mioorities to conserve their language,
script or culture. The former is a special right to minorities to establish
educational
institutions of their choice. This choice is not limited to
institutions seeking to conserve language, script or culture and the choice
is not taken away if the minority community having established an educational iostitution of its choice also admits members of other communities. This is a circumstance irrelevant for the application of Art. 30(1)
sioce no such limitation is expressed and none
can
be implied. The
two articles create two separate rights, although it is possible that they
may meet in a given case. [80 G, Hl
In re the Kera/a Education Bill,
1957, [1959] S.C.R. 995,
Rev.
Sidhajbhai Sabhai and Ors. v. State of Bombay end Anr. [1963] 3 S.C.R.
837. 850; considered.
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 1 of 1968.
Petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution of India for the
enforcement of the fundamental rights.
M. C. Setalvad and R. Gopalakrishnan for the petitioners.
C. K. Daphtary, Attorney-General and U. P. Singh, for respondents No. 1 and 4.
P. K. Chatterjee, for respondent No. 3.
R. Gopalakrishnan, for the interveners.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Hidayatullah, C.J.
The Principal and the Rector of St.
Xavier's College, Rainehi and two parents of students have filed
the present petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution.
The petition also purports to be filed on behalf of St. Xavier's College,
Ranchi and the Association of St. Xavier.
The petitioners challenge s. 48-A of the Bihar State Universities (University of Bihar,
Bhagalpur and Ranchi) Act, 1960 as amended by Second Amendment Act, 1961 as ultra vires Arts. 29 and 30 of the Constitution.
St. Xavi1<r's College was established by the Jesuits of Ranchi.
It was affiliated to Patna University in 1944.
The management
of the college vests in a Governing Body consisting of 11 members.
They are:
"(i) The Superior Regular of Ranchi Jesuit Mission
-President ex-officio.
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( ii-v) Four Counsellors to the Superior Regular to
be nominated by the Jesuit Mission authorities.
(vi) The Principal of the College-Vice-President
and Secretary ex-officio.
(vii) One representative of the teaching staff of the
college elected by the members of the staff.
(viii) One representative of the Patna University.
(ix-xi) Three persons to represent Hindu, Muslim
and Aboriginal interests."
.
"
The terms of service of Religious staff are determined by the Jesuit
Mission Authorities, but those of the members of the Lay staff
including their appointment are determined by the
Governing
Body.
All appointments to the teaching staff, both Religious and
Lay are reported to the Syndicate of the Patna University.
The
object of founding the college inter alia is 'to give Catholic youth
a full course of moral and liberal education, by imparting a
thorough religious instruction
and by maintaining
a Catholic
atmosphere in the institution.'
The college is, however, open to
all non-catholic students.
All non-catholic students receive a
course of moral science.
The College was thus founded by a christian minority and the
petitioners claim they have a right to administer it, a constitutional
right guaranteed to minorities by Art. 30.
The petitioners' complaint is that the Bihar Legislature passed an amending Act and
introduced in the Bihar Universities Act s. 48-A to come into
force from March 1, 1962, which deprives them of this protection
and is, therefore, ultra vires.
The provisions of this section are
as follows:-
"48-A. Establishment of
a
University
Service
Commission for affiliated colleges not belonging to the
State Government and its powers and functions :-
( 1) With effect from such date as the State Government may,
by notification in
the Official
Gazette, appoint,
there shall be established a
Commission by the name of the University
Service Commission.
(2) .The said Commission shall be a body corporate
having perpetual succession and
a
common
seal,
and shall by the said name sue and be
sued.
( 3) The commission shall consist of a Chairman and
two other members to be appointed by the State
Government who shall be whole time officers,
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and shall hold office for a term of three years
from the date of assumption of charge of office,
on the expiration of which term they, or any of
of them, may be reappointed for only one more
term which shall not exceed three years.
( 4) There shall be a Secretary to the Commission
who shall also be a whole-time officer to be
.appointed by the State Government.
(5) Other terms and conditions of service of the
Chairman, members and the Secretary shall be
determined by the State Government.
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(6) Snbject to the approval of the University, appointC
ments, dismissals, removals termination of service
or reduction in rank of teachers of an affiliated
college not belonging to the State Government
shall be made by the governing body of the
college on the recommendation of the Commission.
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(7) (i) In making recommendations for appointment to every post of teacher of any such affiliated college, the Commission shall have the
assistance of two experts in the subject for which
an appointment is to be made, of whom one
shall whenever possible be a teacher of the
University
to be nominated by the Syndicate
and the other shall be a person, other than a
teacher of the University, to be nominated by
the Academic Council.
(ii) The experts shall be associated with the
Commission as assessors whose duty it shall be
to give expert advice to the Commission but
who shall have no right to vote.
{8) The Commission shall, wherever feasible, recommend to the governing body of a college for
appointment to every post of teacher of the
college names of two persons arranged in order
of preference and considered by the Commission
to be the best qualified therefor.
'( 9) In making appointment to a post of teacher of
a college, the governing body of the college shall,
within three months from the date of the receipt
of the recommendation under sub-section (8),
make its selection out of the names recommended by the Commission, and in no case shall the
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governing body appoint a person who is not recommended by the Commission.
(10) Notwithstainding anything contained in the preceding sub-sections, it shall not be necessary for
the governing body to consult the Commission if
the appointment to a post of teacher is not expected to continue for more than six months and
cannot be delayed without detriment to the
interest of the College :
Provided that if it is proposed to retain the
person so appointed in the same post for a period
exceeding six months or to appoint him to another post in the college the concurrence of the
Commission shall be necessary in the absence of
which the appointment shall be deemed to have
been terminated at the end of six months.
( 11) (ii) The Commission shall be consulted by the
governing body of a colle~ in all disciplinary
matters affecting a teacher of the college and no
memorials or petitions relating to such matters
shall be disposed of nor shall any action be
taken against, or any punislunent imposed on,
a teacher of the college otherwise than in conformity with the finding of the Commission :
Provided that it shal! not be necessary to
consult the Commission where only an order of
censure, or an order withholding increment,
including stoppage at an efficiency bar, or an
order of suspension pending investigation of
charges is passed against a teacher of a col!ege.
(12) It shal! be the duty of the Commission to present annual!y to the University a report as to the
work done by the Commission in relation to such
col!eges affiliated to the University and a copy
of the report shall be placed before the Senate
at its next meeting, and the University shall
further prepare and submit to the State Government a memorandum explaining, as respects
the cases, if any, where the advice of the Commission was not accepted, the reasons for such
non-acceptance and the State Government shall
cause the same to be laid before the Legislature
of the State".
This provision completely takes away the autonomy of the
Governing Body of the College and virtually vests the control of
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1969] 2 S.C.R.
the college in the University Service Commission.
Long correspondence ensued into which it is not necessary to go because of
what followed.
The University began enforcing Article 178(2)
of the New Statutes. That Article provides :
"178 (1 ) All appointments of teachers in admitted
colleges shall be made by the Governing Body of the
college concerned on the recommendation of the University Service Commission, and shall be subject to the
approval of the Syndicate . No such appointment shall
be approved unless :
(a) the post exists or the Vice-Chancellor is satisfied and its creation is necessary;
(b) the claims of teachers, possessing the requisite
qualifications and serving in a lower grade in the
college, for promotion have been examined and
rejected;
( c) the vacancy was duly advertised, except where
promotion was recommended;
( d) the person appointed possesses the minimum
qualifications prescribed for the post; and
( e) the appointment was made by the Governing
Body at its meeting.
(2) Within a fortnight of the appointment of any
teacher or teachers made by the Governing Body of any
admitted college on the recommendation of the University Service Commission, the Secretary of the College
shall forward to the University, along with a copy of the
advertisement for the post, the following information :
(a) Names of the candidates recommended by the
University Service Commission
together with
the name or names of the candidates appointed
by the Governing Body;
(b) Age;
( c) Home address;
( d) Previous appointment held by them, if any;
( e) Whether they are qualified to teach through the
medium of Hindi;
(f) Nature of the appointment and the
vacancy
against which the appointment has been made;
(g) If the order of preference indicated by the University Service Commission has not been followed by the Governing Body, the reason for not
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following the order of preference shall be indicated. If no appointments were made against
the recommendation received from the University Service Commission, the reason for not
m11king the appointments shall also be indicated."
More correspondence followed.
The University asked for an explanation under Art. 179 of the Statutes, how the Governing Body
had by-passed the University Service Commission and some tea-
~hers were appointed without prior consultation.
Finally the
University by a letter, September 26, 1967, communicated to the
College that the Senate had decided on September 24, 1967 to
withdraw the affiliation of the College under Article 171 of the
Statutes for violating the said provisions of the Act and the Statutes
with effect from the session of 1969-70.
The Senate, however,
was generous enough to put on record its appreciation of the good
work done by the college in the field of education. The petition
was then filed to impugn the offending s. 48-A.
While this petition was pending in this Court, the Governor
of Bihar promulgated an Ordinance on July 16, 1968. It amended the Bihar State Universities Act, 1960 by inserting s. 48-B after
s. 48-A.
The new section read :
"48-B. College established and administered by a
minority entitled to make appointments etc. with approval of the Commission and the Syndicate.
Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section
(6), (7), (8), (9), (10) and (11) of Section 48-A,
the Governing Body of an affiliated college established
by a minority based on religion or lan~age, which the
minoricy has the right to administer,· shall be entitled to
make appointments, dismissals, removals, termination
of service or reduction in rank of teachers or take other
disciplinary measures subject only to the approval of
the Commission and the Syndicate of the University".
Simultaneously the Magadh University Act, 1961 was also similarly amended.
The petitioners, therefore, claim the protection of section 48-B
and submit that as an afliliated college established by a minoritY
based on religion or language, they are exempt from the operation
of s. 48-A (6), (7), (8), (9), (10) and (11). They say that
if this position is accepted, they will withdraw t11e petition which
has become superfluous now.
The learned Attorney General
while conceding that the Jesuits answer the description of minoritY
based on religion, argues that the protection is available only if
the institution was founded to conserve 'language; script or culture'
and since the college is open to all sections of the people and there
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[1969] 2 S.C.R.
is no programme of this kind, the protection of Article 30(1)
is riot available.
In our opinion, this argument cannot be accepted.
Before we give our reasons we may read Arts. 29( 1) and
30(1), which are involved :
"29. Protection of interests of minorities. ·
( 1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to
conserve the same.
(2)
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"30. Right of minorities to establish and administer
educational institutions.
( 1) All minorities, whether based on religion or
language, shall have the right to establish and
administer educational institutions of their
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(2)
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The learned Attorney General seeks to read into the protection granted by Art. 30(1) a corrollary taken from Art. 29(1).
He concedes that the Jesuits community is a minority community
based on religion and that, therefore, it has a right to establish
. and administer educational institutions of its
choice.
But he
contends that as the protection to minorities in Art. 29 ( 1) is only
a right to conserve a distinct language, script or culture of its
own, the college does not qualify for the protection of Art. 30 (1)
because it is not founded to conserve them. The question, therefore, is whether the l'ollege can only claim protection of s. 48-B
of the Act read with Art. 30(1) of the Constitution if it proves
that the college is furthering the rights mentioned in Art. 29 ( 1).
In our opinion, the width of Art. 30( 1) cannot be cut down
by introducing in it considerations on which Art. 29 ( 1) is based.
The latter article is a general protection which is given to minorities to conserve their language,, script or culture.
The former
is a special right to minorities to establish educational institutions
of their choice.
This choice is not limited to institution seeking
to conserve language, script or culture and the choice is not taken
aw'ay if the minority community having established an educational
institution of its choice also admits members of other communities.
That is a circumstance irrelevant for the application of Art. 30 ( 1)
since no such !imitation is expressed and none can ~e implied.
The two articles create two separate rights, although it is possible
that they may meet in a given case.
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The learned Attorney General refers to two cases of this.
Court which he thinks support his contention.
What we find in
them does not bear out this submission.
On the other hand, they
point the other way. In In re the Kerala Education Bill, 1957 ('),
Arts. 29 and 30 were considered in relation to an Education Bill
referred by the President of India to the Supreme Court for its
advisory opinion.
The points that arose in the case were different
but certain passages from the opinion were brought to our notice.
The Court after pointing out that Arts. 29 and 30 are grouped
together under the heading "Cultural and Educational Rights"·
points out that the articles are intended to confer certain fundamental rights on certain sections of the community which constitute minority communities.
Explaining clause ( 1) of Art. 29•
this Court observed at p. 104 7 :
" ...... It is obvious that a minority community
can effectively conserve its language, script or culture
by and through educational institutions and, therefore,
the right to establish and maintain educational institutions of its choice is a necessary concomitant to the
right to conserve its distinctive language,
script
or
culture and that is what is conferred on all minoriti'es
by Art. 30 ( 1) which has herein before been quoted in
full ...... ".
The learned Attorney General argues that here the two articles were read together.
But the other side relies on two other
passages.
The first is at page 1050.
The argument on behalf
of the State there appears to be that there are three conditions
before the protection and privileges of Art. 30(1) may be claimed:-
" ( 1) there must be a minority community, (2) one
or more of the members of that community should, after
the commencement of the Constitution, seek to exercise
the right to establish an educational institution of his
or their choice, and (3) the educational institution
must be established for the members of his or their own
community."
This Court repelled the contention that the protection and privilege of Art. 30 ( 1) extended only to the educational institutions
established after the Constitution.
Dealing with Art. 29 (1) this
Court observed :
"The real import of Art. 29(2)
and Art. 30(1)
seems to us to be that they clearly contemplate a minority institution with a sprinkling of outsiders admitted
into it.
By admitting a non-member into it the minority
institution does not shed its character and cease to be
(I) [1959] SC.R. 995.
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[1969] 2 S.C.R.
a minority institution. Indeed the object of conservation
of the distinct language, script and culture of a minority may be better served by propagating the same
amongst non-members of the particular minority community.
In our opinion,1 it is not possible to read this
condition into Art. 30 (I) of the Constitution."
While one side considers that the observation suggests that the
two articles go together, the other side contends that mix~ng of
the other communities with the minority community in the benefits
of educational institution shows that the real test is not that there
must be an institution purely of one community.
The learned
Attorney General places great importance on the word 'sprinkling'
and says that the minority must found the institution for itself and
not for others and the aim or object must be to conserve distinct
language, script or culture.
In our opinion both sides are attempting to read far too much into these observations. They are not
intended to be read in every context.
On the other hand, in
Rev, Sidhajbhai Sabhai and others v.
State of Bombay and
Another('), there is the following passage :-
" ...... The fundamental freedom is to establish
and to administer educational institutions : it is a right
to establish and administer what are in truth educational
institutions, institutions which cater to the educational
needs of the citizens, or sections thereof."
The emphasis here was rightly placed not upon the needs of the
community exclusively but upon the educational needs of the
citizens or sections thereof.
In other words, the suggestion that
Art. 30 ( 1) is limited to the needs of a single community or that
only its own culture, language or script need to be provided for is
not the right approach.
Here too if we may say so, the point
decided was different but the observation does make Art. 30 ( 1)
much wider than the learned Attorney General would have us
hold.
In our judgment the language of Art. 30 ( 1) is wide and must
receive full meaning.
We are dealing with protection of minoriA
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ties and attempts to whittle down the protection cannot be allowG
ed. We need not enlarge the protection but we may not reduce
a protection naturally flowing from the words.
Here the protection clearly flows from the words and there is nothing on the basis
of which aid can be sought from Art. 29 (1).
We are, therefore, quite clear that St. Xavier's College was
·founded by a Catholic Minority Community based on religion and
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that this educational institution has the protection of Art. 30( 1)
.(Ii. [1951] 3 S.C.R. 837, 850.
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of the Constitution. For the same reason it is exempted under
s. 48-B of the Act. The petition will therefore be allowed with
this declaration but in the circumstances of the case we make no
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order about costs.
R.K.P.S.
Petition allowed .