# SANT LAL MAHTON v. KAMALA PRASAD - **Citation:** [1952] 1 S.C.R. 116 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1952 - **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 81 of 1950 - **Bench:** PATANJALI SAsTRI, MuKHERJEA, Das, VMAN BosE - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/sant-lal-mahton-v-kamala-prasad-217 - **Pages:** 12 ## Headnote [1952] Indian Limitation Act (IX of 1908); s. 20 (I )-Paymen: of interest before expiry of period of limitation-Acknowledgment in writing after limitation-Whether gives fresh period of limitation-- Ack,nowledgement after institution of suit, whether sufficient. While s. 20 of the Limitation Act requires that the payment should be made before the expiration of th~ period of limitation, it does not require that the acknowledgement of the payment should also be made within that period. But it is essential that such acknowledgement, whether made before or after the period of limitation, must be in existence prior to the instittuion of the suit. An acknowledgement of the payment by the defendant in a written statement filed after the institution of the suit is not enough. Mohd. Moizaddin v. Nalini Bala (I.L.R. [1937] 2 Cal. 137), IA/ Singh Guiab Rai (J.L.R. 55 All. 280), Venkatasubbu v. Appo Sundaram (I.L.R. 17 Mad. 92), Ram PrilSad v. Mohan IA/ (AJ.R. 1923 Nag. 117), Viswanath v. Mahadeo (I;L.R. 57 Born. 453), approved. CML APPELLATE JuRISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 81 of 1950. Appeal from a judgment and decree dated 17th March, 1944, of the High Court of Judicature at Patna (Fazl Ali C. J. and Beevor J.) in F. A. No. 47 of 1942, arising out of decree dated 27th February, 1942, of the Subordinate Judge of Pumea in Title Mortgage Suit No. 7 of 1940. B.. C. De (Bhabhananda· Mukherjee, with him) for the appellants. S. P .. Sinha (B. K. Saran, with him) for the respondent. 1951. October 17. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MuKHERJEA J.-This appeal, which was originally taken to the Judicial Committee, on special leave, granted by an Order in Council dated August 2, 1946, ) f S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 117 now stands transferred to this coun by reason of the a~lition of the jurisdiction 0£ the Privy C.Ouncil. It is directed against a judgment and decree of a Division Bench of the Patna High C.Oun dated March 17, ·'1944, affirming, on appeal, a decision of the Subordinate Judge of Purnea dated February 27, 1942. The appellants before us are the first party defendants in a suit, commenced by the plaintiffs respondents, for enforcement of a simple mortgage bond, by sale of the mortgaged property. The trial Judge, while deciding all the other issues in favour of the plaintiffs, held on the evidence on the record, that the bond sued upon was not legally attested and hence could not rank as a mortgage bond. On this finding he refused to make a decree for sale of the mortgaged property in favour of the plaintiffs and passed a money decree, for the amount due on the bond, personalty against the defendants first party. According to the Subordinate Judge, although the suit was instituted more than 6 year~ after the date fixed for payment in the bond, yet the claim for personal relief against the mortgagors did not become time-barred by reason of the fact that there were several payments made by the defendants towards the satisfaction of the debt, which attracted the operation of section 20 of the Indian Limitation Act. Against this decision an appeal was taken by the defendants mortgagors to the High Court of Patna, but no appeal or· crOS&-Objection was filed by the plaintiffs against the refusal of the trial C.Ourt to make an order for sale of the mortgaged property in their favour. The appeal was heard by a Division Bench of the Patna High C.Ourt, consisting of Fazl Ali C. J. and Beevor J., and the principal point canvassed on behalf of the defendants appellants was, that the trial coun was wrong in holding that the plaintiffs' claim for a personal decree was not barred by time. The argument put forward was that the suit, as one for personal relief against the debtors, was barred on the expiry of 6 years from the date for repayment mentioned in the bond and the part payments relied upon by the plaintiffs in their plaint were ineffectual for 1951 Sant LoJ.MIJbtn v. Kamla PrtU11J. . 1951 Sant Lal Mahton v. Kam/a Prasad. 'Mukherjee /. ## Text 1951 0'1. 17. 116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS SANT LAL MAHTON v. KAMALA PRASAD. [PATANJALI SAsTRI, MuKHERJEA, DAS and VMAN BosE JJ.] [1952] Indian Limitation Act (IX of 1908); s. 20 (I )-Paymen: of interest before expiry of period of limitation-Acknowledgment in writing after limitation-Whether gives fresh period of limitation-- Ack,nowledgement after institution of suit, whether sufficient. While s. 20 of the Limitation Act requires that the payment should be made before the expiration of th~ period of limitation, it does not require that the acknowledgement of the payment should also be made within that period. But it is essential that such acknowledgement, whether made before or after the period of limitation, must be in existence prior to the instittuion of the suit. An acknowledgement of the payment by the defendant in a written statement filed after the institution of the suit is not enough. Mohd. Moizaddin v. Nalini Bala (I.L.R. [1937] 2 Cal. 137), IA/ Singh Guiab Rai (J.L.R. 55 All. 280), Venkatasubbu v. Appo Sundaram (I.L.R. 17 Mad. 92), Ram PrilSad v. Mohan IA/ (AJ.R. 1923 Nag. 117), Viswanath v. Mahadeo (I;L.R. 57 Born. 453), approved. CML APPELLATE JuRISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 81 of 1950. Appeal from a judgment and decree dated 17th March, 1944, of the High Court of Judicature at Patna (Fazl Ali C. J. and Beevor J.) in F. A. No. 47 of 1942, arising out of decree dated 27th February, 1942, of the Subordinate Judge of Pumea in Title Mortgage Suit No. 7 of 1940. B.. C. De (Bhabhananda· Mukherjee, with him) for the appellants. S. P .. Sinha (B. K. Saran, with him) for the respondent. 1951. October 17. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MuKHERJEA J.-This appeal, which was originally taken to the Judicial Committee, on special leave, granted by an Order in Council dated August 2, 1946, ) f S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 117 now stands transferred to this coun by reason of the a~lition of the jurisdiction 0£ the Privy C.Ouncil. It is directed against a judgment and decree of a Division Bench of the Patna High C.Oun dated March 17, ·'1944, affirming, on appeal, a decision of the Subordinate Judge of Purnea dated February 27, 1942. The appellants before us are the first party defendants in a suit, commenced by the plaintiffs respondents, for enforcement of a simple mortgage bond, by sale of the mortgaged property. The trial Judge, while deciding all the other issues in favour of the plaintiffs, held on the evidence on the record, that the bond sued upon was not legally attested and hence could not rank as a mortgage bond. On this finding he refused to make a decree for sale of the mortgaged property in favour of the plaintiffs and passed a money decree, for the amount due on the bond, personalty against the defendants first party. According to the Subordinate Judge, although the suit was instituted more than 6 year~ after the date fixed for payment in the bond, yet the claim for personal relief against the mortgagors did not become time-barred by reason of the fact that there were several payments made by the defendants towards the satisfaction of the debt, which attracted the operation of section 20 of the Indian Limitation Act. Against this decision an appeal was taken by the defendants mortgagors to the High Court of Patna, but no appeal or· crOS&-Objection was filed by the plaintiffs against the refusal of the trial C.Ourt to make an order for sale of the mortgaged property in their favour. The appeal was heard by a Division Bench of the Patna High C.Ourt, consisting of Fazl Ali C. J. and Beevor J., and the principal point canvassed on behalf of the defendants appellants was, that the trial coun was wrong in holding that the plaintiffs' claim for a personal decree was not barred by time. The argument put forward was that the suit, as one for personal relief against the debtors, was barred on the expiry of 6 years from the date for repayment mentioned in the bond and the part payments relied upon by the plaintiffs in their plaint were ineffectual for 1951 Sant LoJ.MIJbtn v. Kamla PrtU11J. . 1951 Sant Lal Mahton v. Kam/a Prasad. 'Mukherjee /. H8 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1952] the purpose of extending the period of limitation under section 20 of the Indian Limitation Act. The High Court on hearing the appeal came to the conclusion that the bond in suit was duly attested and was effective and enforceable as a mortgage bond, and that the view taken by the trial court on the question of attestation could not be sustained on the evidence on the record. As the bond could be treated as a mortgage bond, the suit, as one for enforcement of a mortgage, was, in the opinion of the learned Judges, quite within time, and it was not necessary in these circumstances to call in aid the provisions of section 20 of the Limi- . tation Act for the the purpose of eXtending the period of limitation. The learned Judges held, however, that as the plaintiff~ had not preferred any appeal or cross.- objection attacking that part of the judgment of the trial Judge which dismissed their claim for a sale of the mortgaged property, they were unable to pass a mortgage decree in their favour. The result was that the decree made by the trial Judge was affirmed. It . is the propriety of this decision that has been challenged before us in this appeal. Mr. De, who appeared in support of the appeal, has contended in the first place that even if the High Court was right in holding that the bond in suit wa' effective as a mortgage bond and the suit could be treated· as one ·for enforcement of a mortgage, no decree for money could be passed against the defendants personally, unless the suit was instituted within the period prescribed by Article 116 of the Limitation Act. The High Court, it is said, overlooked this aspect of the case altogether and was wrong in not .considering the question of limitation. It is argued by the learned Counsel that on the point of limitation the decision of the Subordinate Judge was wrong, and as the payments relied upon by the plaintiffs had not been acknowledged in the manner contemplated by section 20 of the Limitation Act, no extension of time was permissible under the provisions of that section. Mr. De further contends that 011 the question of attestation, the correct finding was that arrived at by the Subordinate Judge and it ·' • { 1. • t s.c.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 119 is impossible adduced in attested. to hold on the evidence that has been this case that the bond was legally Mr. Sinha, appearing on behalf of the plaintiffs respondents, has, on the other hand, attempted not only to ·repel the contentions advanced on behalf of the appellants ; he has further argued that even if no appeal or cross-objection was filed by the plaintiffs against that part of the decree of the trial court which . went agaiv~t them, it was open to the High Court, in view of the findings which it arrived at on the question of attestation, to make a mortgage decree in this case under the provisions of Order 41, Rule 33, of the Civil Procedure Code. The learned Counsel invited us to exercise our powers under the said provision of the c;:;iVil Procedure Code in this appeal and pass a mortgage decree in favour of his clients on the basis of the findings of the High Court. We will first take up the question of limitation, and to :appreciate the nature of the controversy that centres round this point, it will be convenient to advert to a few relevant dates. The mortgage bond is dated the 8th of April, 1927, but it is no longer disputed that the executants put their signatures to the document on the 12th of April following, and admittedly it was . registered oil the latter date. Whether the attesting witnesses signed the deed Oil the 12th of April or on th~ 8th when the document was actually scribed, is a debatable point upon which the courts below have divergent views · and we will discuss this matter later on. The due date, as given in the mortgage, is the 6th of March, 1928. The suit was instituted on 4th of March, 1940, and if it could be treated as a mortgage suit pure and . simple for enforcement of a charge on immovable property, the suit was obviously within time and no que)ltion of limitation would arise. If, however, the attestation is held to be defective and the mortgagee seeks to recover the debt personally from the mortgagor on the basis of a covenant to pay, such suit, if the bond is registered, would be governed by Article 116 of the Limitation 1951 Sant Lal Mabton .v. Kamla Prasad. 1951 Sant Lal Mahton v. Kam/a 'Prasad. Muk_herjea /. 120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1952) Act and the period of limitation would be 6 years from the date fixed for repayment· unless it could be extended under some other provision of the Limitation Act. The mere fact that in such cases the plaintiff chooses to frame his suit as one for enforcement of a charge, would not give him an extended period of limitation for obtaining a personal decree against the debtor. The position, therefore, is that if the bond in the present case cannot be treated as a mortgage • bond and the only relief which the plaintiffs can claim is one for recovery of money against the defenliants personally, the suit m~ be deemed to be barred, as it was instituted beyond 6 years from the due date ' of payment unless limitation is saved by reason of the payments under section 20 of the Limitation Act. This leads us to enquire as to whether the trial Judge was right in holding that the payments made by the defendants. satisfied the requirements of section 20 of the Limitation Act and were hence available to the plaintiffs for the purpose of extending the period of limitation within which the suit should otherwise have been brought. The plaintiffs stated . specifically in their plaint that the defendants made eight payments in all, aggregating to a sum of Rs. 780-9-0, in part satisfaction of the debt, since the execution of the mortgage bond. The first payment which was of a sum of It<,. 300 was made on 21st January, 1928, and this was before the expiry of the due date mentioned in the bond. The second payment was of Rs. 75 and was made on the 5th of June, 1929. The third payment is dated 8th of March, 1931, and the fourth was made within one month after that on 3rd April, 1931. The fifth and the sixth payments were both made in the month of May, 1932, the seventh on 25th July, 1934, and the last payment was made on 15th of May, 1936. The present suit was instituted, as said above, on the 4th March, 1940. There cannot be any doubt that if a fresh period of limitation could be computed from each one of the payments mentioned above, the plaintiffs' suit would be quite in time even if it is treated as a suit for ·~ )_ .. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 121 obtaining a money decree against the defendants personally. The contention of the appellant is that as there is no acknowledgement in the handwriting of, or in ariy, writing l>!igned by, the payer in respect of any of these payments, they could be of no avail in giving a fresh start to the period of limitation under section 20 of the Limitation Act For determination of this point, it is necessary to turn to the provision of section 20 of the Limitation Act. The section, after it was amended by Act I of 1927, stands as follows:- 20(1 ). "Where interest on a debt or legacy is, before the expiration of the prescribed period, paid as such by the person liable to pay the debt or legacy, or by his agent duly authorized in this behalf, or where part of the principal of a debt is, before the expiration of the prescribed period, paid by the debtor or by his agent duly authorized in this behalf, a fresh period of limitation shall be computed from the time when the payment was made : Provided that, save in the case of a payment of interest made before the 1st day of January, 1928, an acknowledgment of the payment appears in the handwriting of, or in a writing signed by, the person making the payment." Admittedly in the case before us, none of the payments specified above were endorsed on the bond itself and there was no acknowledgment either in the handwriting of, or signed by, the debtors prior to the institution of the suit. What the Subordinate Judge relied upon, is the admission contained in paragraph 15 of the written statement filed on behalf of defendants 1 to 3 in the present suit where these defendants admitted not only that the payments specified in the plaint were actually made on the respective dates but asserted that there were other payments besides these, which reduced the debt still further and for which the plaintiffs did not give any credit to the defendants. In the opinion · of the Subordinate Judge as the written 1951 ... Sant Lal Mahton v. Kamla Prasai. - 1951 Sant Lal Manton v. ,Kam/a Prasad. Mukherjee 1· 122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1952] statement was signed by these defendants, it would fulfil all the requirements of a signed acknowledgment as is contemplated by the proviso to section 20. The short point for our consideration is: whether the view taken by the Subordinate Judge is correct? It would be clear, we think, from the language of section 20 of the Limitation Act that to attract its operation two conditions are essential : first, the payment must be made within the prescribed period of limitation and secondly, it must be acknowledged by some form of writing either in the handwriting of the payer himself or signed by him. We agree with the Subordinate Judge that it is the payment which really extends the period of limitation under section 20 · of the Limitation Act ; but the payment has got to be proved in a particular way and for reasons of policy the legislature insists on a written or signed acknowledgment as the only proof of payment and excludes oral testimony. Unless, therefore, there is acknowledgment in the required form, the payment by itself is of no avail. The Subordinate Judge, however, is right in holding that while the section requires that the payment , should be made within the period of limitation, it does not require that the acknowledgment should also be made within that period. To interpret the proviso in that way would be to import into it certain words which do not occur there. This is the view taken by almost all the High Courts in India and to us it seems to be a proper view to take('). But while it is not necessary that the written acknowledgment should be made prior to the expiry of the period of limitation, it is, in our opinion, essential that such acknowledgment, whether made before or after the period of limitation, must be in existence prior to the institution of the suit. Whether a suit is time-barred or not has got to be determined exclusively with reference to the date on which the plaint is filed and the allegations made therein. The legislature has expressly (I) See Md. Moizuddin v. Nalini Bala (A.I.R. 1937 Cal. 284; I.L.R (1937) 2 Cal.137), Lal Singh v. Guiab Rai (1.L.R. 55 All 280), Venkata Subbhu v. Appa Sundaram (I.L.R. 17 Mad. 92), Ram Prasad v. Mohan Lal (A.I.R. 1923 Nagpur 117), Viswanath v. Mahadeo (57 Born. 453). ) ; ,. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 123 declared in section 3 of the Limitation Act that whether defence of limitation be pleaded or not, the court is bound to dismiss a suit which is brought after the period provided therefor in the first schedule to the Limitation Act. If the plaintiff's right of action is apparently barred under the statute of limitation, Order 7, Rule 6, of the Civil Procedure Code makes it his duty to state specifically in the plaint the grounds of exemption allowed by the Limitation Act upon which he relies to exclude its operation; and, if the plaintiff has got to allege in his plaint the facts which entitle him to exemption, obviously these . facts mμst be in existence at or before the time when the ,plaint i's filed ; facts which come into existence after the· filing of the plaint cannot be called in aid to revive a right of · actiori which was dead at the date of the suit. To claim exemption under section 20 of the Limit;tion Act the plaintiff must be in a position to allege and prove not only that there was payment of interest on a debt or part payment of the principal, but that such payment had been acknowledged iri. writing · in the manner contemplated by that section .. The ground of exemption 'is not complete without this second el(O'.ment, and unless both ·these elements are proved to exist at the date of the filing of the plaint the suit would be held to be time-barred. In the plaint as it was originally filed in this case, the prayer was only for a mortgage decree in the usual form. After the hearing was closed, the plaintiffs, it. seems, were apprehensive that the court might not hold the bond to be properly attested. In these circumstances, they prayed for an amendment of the plaint which was allowed by the court. By the amended plaint the cause of action was stated to arise from the different payments made on different dates as were stated in paragraph 7 of the plaint and at the end of paracrraph 7 the following words were added :- "' "The suit is saved from limitation so far as the personal remedy is concerned and the payments were made by the, defendants on different dates as mentioned in Schedule A below." 2-3 S.C. Indi"./71 1951 Sant lAl Mahton v. Kamla Prasad. Mukherjea /. 1951 Sant LalMahton v. Karola Prasad. Mukherjea /. 124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1952] There amendments must be deemed in the eye of law to be a part of the original plaint, and obviously there is neither any averment nor proof that any of these payments was acknowledgment in writing prior to the institution of the suit. This being the position, the suit treated as one for obtaining a money decree against the defendants must be held to be barred by limitation at the date on which it was instituted and the courts below consequently were not jusJ:ified in giving the plaintiffs a money decree in this suit. ··- The question now is whether we can pass a mortgage decree in favour of the plaintiffs on the basis of the finding of the High Court that the bond was properly attested; and it is not disputed that no question of limitation would in that case ari.<>e. To decide this question there are two points which require rnnsideration :- ,I ( 1) Whether the finding of the High Court on the question of attestation is a correct and proper finding on the evidence adduced in this case ? (2) If it is '00, whether the facts of the plaintiffs not having preferred an appeal or cross-objection ft against that part of the judgment of the trial Judge which refused them a mortgage decree, stands in the way of their claiming any relief other than what was given to them by the trial Judge? As regards the first point, the evidence shows that the mortgage bond was written and engrossed at the plaintiffs' house at village Chakla Maulanagur and the date which the document bears is 21st Chaitra 1334 y Fasli corresponding to 8th April, 1927. Obviously, it was on that date the document was written. There are four , · attesting witnesses whose names appear in the deed, to wit, Sunderlal, Matukdhari Prasad, Dwarka Prasad and Nanak Prasad-the last named person being also the scribe of the document-and all of them were residents of Chakla Maulanagur which is the place of residence of the mortgagees. The mortgagors, on the other hand, are inhabitants of a different village, namely, ! Chandpur, Nanak Chand, the scribe, was not alive i I, s.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 125 af lhe time when the suit came up for hearing and • out of the remaining three witnesses two ·were examined on behalf of the plaintiffs. They are Sunderlal and Matukdhari Prasad. Sunderlal, who is P. W. 1, states when . cross-examined on behalf of some of the defendants : "I signed the bond at the piaintiffs' house, as did the attesting witnesses." The attestation of the bond was on the same day that it . was written." The other attesting witness, Matukdhari Prasad, during cross-examination said as follows : "The bond was written, signed by the executants and attested by the witnesses on the same date." The document shows that all the three executants put their signatures to it on 12th of April, 1927, and on the same day it was presented for registration before the Registering Officer at Katihar. Katihar is at s<>rne distance from the plaintiffs village and a part of the. journey has to be covered by train. The evidence of the two attesting witnesses makes it clear that. the document was attested on the same day as it was actually executed on the 12th, the Subordinate Judge written. As the document was written on the 8th but was of opinion that the attesting witnesses must have signed the deed before it was executed and this was no attestation in the eye of law. The High Court, on the other hand, has held that the vernacular equivalent of the word "written" as used by the attesting witnessrs might mean execution a.si well and the Subordinate Judge, who was not familiar with the language of the witnesses might have committed the mistake pf taking the word "written" in the sense of mere engrossing or scribing of the deed, although the · word coμld be interpreted to mean execution as well. We do not think that this assmumption on the part of the learned Judg~ of the High Court is justified. In the first place, Matukdhari Prasad, the plaintiffs' . own witness, is quite precise in his statement and makes a distinction betWeen the writing of a document and its· signing or execution. According to him, the bond was writfrn, executed and attested on . the same day. But 17 19~1 Sane Lal Mabwn · v. Kamla Pratatl. M uk,/ierjea f. 126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1952] . 1951 what is more important for our purpose is the place of s ~ h the execution of the document. If it was executed at an• v' a ton the plaintiffs' house, where it was admittedly written, Kamla Pmad. the date of execution would naturally be the date when the deed was scribed or engrossed. This is exactly the Jtukherj.a J. suggestion which the plaintiffs' lawyers ,.made to defendant No.· l Sant Lall. when he was b_~ing crossexamined. He was asked as to whether tl:ie document was executed at the plaintiffs' village or at Katihar, where it was taken for registration. The witness persisted in saying that he and the other executants put their signatures not at the place of the plaintiffs but at Katihar where they reached by train between 9and 10 a.m. in_ the morning. This story seems to fit in with the circumstances and probabilities of the case. The document was certainly taken to Katihar on the 12th of April, 1927, and the executants were all present there on that day and admitted execution of the document by putting their signatures before the Registering Officer. The signatures by way of execution .of the document also bear the same date. From these circumstances it would be natural to presume that the execution took place at Katihar some time before the document was presented for registration. On the other hand, it is nobody's case that any of the attesting witnesses bad gone to Katihar; they belong to the plaintiffs' village and were present ·at the time when the document was written. It was quite natural in these circumstances that they would sign the deed at the plaintiffs' place and on the date when it was written. It might have been in contemplation of the parties that the executants should also sign the document on the same day but it seems that somehow or other that did not happen. \Ve are not unmindful of the fact that no specific defence was taken by defendants 1and3 plead· ing want of attestation of this document and defendant No. 1 also did not say anything . on the point in his •examination in chief. But the point was definitely taken in the written statement not only of the minor · defendants but also of defendants 4 and 9, who are the sons of Bharath and defendant No. 2 res?ectfrely and ; S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 127 Sant.bat MalttofJ •\ JOYLAL AGARWALA t1. THE STATE UNION OF INDIA-Intervener. BICHAN CHAND MORTA t1. THE STATE * [HARILAL KANIA C. J., PATANJALI SAsTRI, MuKHERJEA, DAs and CHANDRASEKHARA ArYAT JJ.] ii>" Essrntial Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act (XXIV of 1946), ss. l (~), 7-Applicability to "excluded areas"-Dumtion of Act extended in British India by Governor-General, and by Constituent Assembly after Indian Independence Act, 1947-Whether Act . continues to be in force in excluded areas-Necessity of fresh notifi-